ProVaticanus

#shorts CONSTANTINVS MAGNVS EST COLOSVSS PRO XP+SPQR NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705809517981728769/ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus The great head, arms and legs of the Colossus were carved from white marble, while the rest of the body consisted of a brick core and wooden framework, possibly covered with gilded bronze. Judging by the size of the remaining pieces, the seated, enthroned figure would have been about 12 meters (40 feet) high. The head is about 21⁄2 meters tall and each foot is over 2 meters long. One of the two right hands of the Colossus. The statue's right hand is said by Eusebius to have held "a trophy of the Saviour's passion with the saving sign of the Cross", possibly therefore in the form of a staff with the sacred monogram XP affixed to it. Medals minted by Constantine at about this time show him so decorated. Eusebius further records the Latin inscription engraved below the statue, which may be translated as follows: through this sign of salvation, which is the true symbol of goodness, i rescued your city and freed it from the tyrant's yoke, and through my act of liberation i restored the senate and people of rome to their ancient renown and splendour. The great head is carved in a typical, abstract, Constantinian style ('hieratic emperor style') of late Roman portrait statues, whereas the other body parts are naturalistic, even down to callused toes and bulging forearm veins. The head was perhaps meant to convey the transcendence of the other-worldly nature of the Emperor over the human sphere, notable in its larger-than-life-size eyes which gaze toward eternity from a rigidly impersonal, frontal face. The treatment of the head shows a synthesis of individualistic portraiture: aquiline nose, deep jaw and prominent chin characteristic of all images of Constantine, with the trends of late Roman portraiture which focus on symbolism and abstraction, rather than detail. Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de Tevvez ex ZYZZ GYM HARDSTYLE - Maroon 5 Payphone (Aftergeneration Bootleg Remix) pro bono rei publicae - Creative Commons Acknowledgement - Cf. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=upG13Xmmz04 #Constantine #Roma http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

IMPERIUM (Roman Law Concept) http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus IMPERIUM, as a concept taken from Roman Law, in Latin means “command” & “empire”, is the supreme executive power in the Roman state, involving both military and judicial authority. It was exercised first by the kings of Rome; under the Republic (--circa years 509 through 27 B.C.) it was held by the chief magistrates (that is: consuls, dictators, praetors, military tribunes with consular power, and masters of the cavalry) and private citizens entrusted with a special command. In the later Republic, proconsuls, propraetors, second members of certain commissions also possessed the imperium. Restrictions on its use were instituted from the inception of the Republic. The principle of collegiality provided that each of the magistrates of the same level (that is for example: the two consuls) who held it should hold it to the same degree. Down to the 2nd century B.C., a series of laws was passed requiring trials for Roman citizens in capital cases, and also the right of appeal to the people (or ius provocandi ad populum). The same rights were conventionally extended to Roman citizens in the military or other official service outside Rome. Magistrates were required to exercise imperium within the limits of their office (or provincia). Imperium was officially conferred by the Comitia Curiata (as the popular assembly) for one year or until the official completed his commission. Only in the last years of the Republic was the imperium granted for specific terms beyond one year. Caesar’s opponent Pompey was the first to receive such a commission, specifically for three years by the Lex Gabinia (--circa year 67 B.C.). Octavian obtained the imperium as holder of various offices under the Republic before he became the first emperor, under the name of Augustus, in year 27 B.C. From then on he was granted imperium for periods of 10 or 5 years by the Senate throughout his tenure of office. The Senate thereafter voted the imperium to each succeeding emperor upon his accession. Some emperors, such as Augustus, had it voted to their chosen successor. Under the empire the title imperator (emperor), which had been used by victorious Roman generals under the Republic, was reserved as an exclusive title for the head of state. The emperors received their first acclamation as emperor at their accession and thereafter each time a Roman general won a victory. Imperium was sometimes given to others in cases of special military commands, such as that of Germanicus in A.D. 17. When it was granted with no special duties, as in the case of Tiberius in A.D. 13, it implied that the recipient was an appropriate successor to the princeps, the unofficial title used by Augustus and subsequent emperors. With the expansion of Roman power during and after the reign of Augustus, imperium took on the meaning of “empire.” Painting: The Age of Augustus, the Birth of Christ, c. 1852–1854, Musée de Picardie. Cf. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "imperium". Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 Jun. 2017, https://www.britannica.com/topic/imperium-Roman-law. Accessed 12 October 2022. #Imperium #RomanLaw #Empire http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

#shorts : Ο Χριστόφορος Κολόμβος τῷ θεῷ διά την λῐ́μνην ☧ Deo per rivum Christophorus Columbus ✠ NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705807318958473217/ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus https://www.zazzle.com/alexandri_pp_vi_bulla_inter_caetera_4_mai_1493_photo_print-190319255735991208 Christophorus Columbus (Italice: Cristoforo Colombo; Catalane: Cristòfor Colom; Hispanice: Cristóbal Colón, unde nonnulli eum Christophorum Colonum dicunt; natus Genuae anno 1451 verisimiliter; mortuus Pintiae 20 Maii 1506) fuit explorator praeclarissimus. Regum Catholicorum Hispaniae, Ferdinandi II (regis Aragoniae) et Isabellae I (reginae Castellae), mandatu, Columbus viam securam ab occidente die 12 Octobris 1492 in Americam (adhuc ignotam, vel sine documentis) invenit, ubi ille, credens se Indiam advenisse, terram pro regibus Hispanicis adrogavit. Te Deum laudamus: te Dominum confitemur. Te aeternum Patrem omnis terra veneratur. Tibi omnes Angeli; tibi caeli et universae Potestates; Tibi Cherubim et Seraphim incessabili voce proclamant: Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus, Dominus Deus Sabaoth. Pleni sunt caeli et terra maiestatis gloriae tuae. Te gloriosus Apostolorum chorus, Te Prophetarum laudabilis numerus, Te Martyrum candidatus laudat exercitus. Te per orbem terrarum sancta confitetur Ecclesia, Patrem immensae maiestatis: Venerandum tuum verum et unicum Filium; Sanctum quoque Paraclitum Spiritum. Tu Rex gloriae, Christe. Tu Patris sempiternus es Filius. Tu ad liberandum suscepturus hominem, non horruisti Virginis uterum. Tu, devicto mortis aculeo, aperuisti credentibus regna caelorum. Tu ad dexteram Dei sedes, in gloria Patris. Iudex crederis esse venturus. Te ergo quaesumus, tuis famulis subveni: quos pretioso sanguine redemisti. Aeterna fac cum sanctis tuis in gloria numerari. Salvum fac populum tuum, Domine, et benedic hereditati tuae. Et rege eos, et extolle illos usque in aeternum. Per singulos dies benedicimus te; Et laudamus Nomen tuum in saeculum, et in saeculum saeculi. Dignare, Domine, die isto sine peccato nos custodire. Miserere nostri domine, miserere nostri. Fiat misericordia tua, Domine, super nos, quemadmodum speravimus in te. In te, Domine, speravi: non confundar in aeternum. https://www.scribd.com/document/357298889/Inter-Caetera-Alexander-VI-Tractatus Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de Zyzz - Thrive 🙏 (et Tevvez) pro bono rei publicae (Creative Commons Acknowledgement), cf. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cRmpqHLwiZU #Columbus #Byzantine #Barcelona #Constantinpolitan #Colom #Thrive #Hehe #Colombo #Colom #CristobalColon #ChristopherColumbus #MusicVideo #shortvideo #tribute #HappyColumbusDay #Spain #Chios #RomanCatholic #EasternRomanHistory #LastRoman #Kolumbus #Kolombos #Kolombia #Columbia #Colombia #Colon #K #XPO #Oct12 #October12 #Year1492 #Italy #America #Bahamas #History #Discovery #Divine #Crusader #CK #4K #SPQR #XP #RomanEmpire #RomanReigns #ChiRho #Palaiologos #CouncilOfFlorence #Catholicism #Orthodoxy #CatholicChurch #Greek #Latina #Catala #AlexanderSextus #Borja #ReyesCatolicos #ΡΩΜΑΙΟΙ #Vaticano #Roma #Madrid #ElClasico #Armanda #ESP $RUM http://patreon.com.com/ProVaticanus

Credo in...sanctam ecclesiam catholicam ☧ Πιστεύω εἰς...ἁγίαν καθολικὴν ἐκκλησίαν NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705808418470100993/ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus SYMBOLUM APOSTOLICUM. FORMA RECEPTA: Credo in DEUM PATREM omnipotentem; Creatorem cæli et terræ. Et in J ESUM CHRISTUM, Filium ejus unicum, Dominum nostrum; qui conceptus est de Spiritu Sancto, natus ex Maria virgine; passus sub Pontio Pilato, crucifixus, mortuus, et sepultus; descendit ad inferna; tertia die resurrexit a mortuis; ascendit ad cælos; sedet ad dexteram Dei Patris omnipotentis; inde venturus (est) judicare vivos et mortuos. Credo in SPIRITUM SANCTUM; sanctam ecclesiam catholicam; sanctorum communionem; remissionem peccatorum; carnis resurrectionem; vitam æternam. Amen. Πιστεύω εἰς ΘΕΟΝ ΠΑΤΕΡΑ, παντοκράτορα, ποιητὴν οὐρανοῦ καὶ γῆς. Καὶ (εἰς) ἸΗΣΟΥΝ ΧΡΙΣΤΟΝ, υἱὸν αὐτοῦ τὸν μονογενῆ, τὸν κύριον ἡμῶν, τὸν συλληφθέντα ἐκ πνεύματος ἁγίου, γεννηθέντα ἐκ Μαρίας τῆς παρθένου, παθόντα ἐπὶ Ποντίου Πιλάτου, σταυρωθέντα, θανόντα, καὶ ταφέντα, κατελθόντα εἰς τὰ κατώτατα , τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ ἀναστάντα ἀπὸ τῶν νεκρῶν, ἀνελθόντα εἰς τοὺς οὐρανούς, καθεζόμενον ἐν δεξιᾷ θεοῦ πατρὸς παντοδυνάμου, ἐκαῖθεν ἐρχόμενον κρῖναι ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς. Πιστεύω εἰς τὸ ΠΝΕΥΜΑ ΤΟ ἍΓΙΟΝ, ἁγίαν καθολικὴν ἐκκλησίαν, ἁγίων κοινωνίαν, ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν, σαρκὸς ἀνάστασιν, ξωὴν αἰώνιον. Ἀμήν. THE APOSTLES' CREED. (a) RECEIVED FORM. I believe in GOD THE FATHER Almighty; Maker of heaven and earth. And in J ESUS CHRIST his only (begotten) Son our Lord; who was conceived by the Holy Ghost, born of the Virgin Mary; suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, dead, and buried; he descended into hell [Hades, spirit-world];ii the third day he rose from the dead; he ascended into heaven; and sitteth at the right hand of God the Father Almighty; from thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead. I believe in the HOLY GHOST ; the holy catholic Church; the communion of saints; the forgiveness of sins; the resurrection of the body [flesh];iii and the life everlasting. Amen The Latin and Greek texts of the Apostles' Creed are taken from the Psalterium Græcum et Romanum (previously ascribed to Pope St. Gregory the Great), first published from a MS. preserved in the library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, by Archbishop Ussher: De Romanæ Ecclesiæ Symbolo Apostolico vetere, London, 1647. I used the Geneva edition, 1722, pp. 6, 7. The MS. is written in two parallel columns, the one Latin, the other Greek, but the Greek likewise in Latin characters. The same text is given by Hahn, Biblioth. der Symb. p. 10, and Heutley (in Greek), Harmonia Symb. pp. 81–83. The Latin text agrees with the creed of Pirminius (d. 758) in Heurtley, p. 71. Gratias ago tibi Deo per instrumenta de Jove Mauro Cámara pro bono rei publicae (Creative Commons Acknowledgement), cf. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UGxZB1ovVm0 #Orthodoxy #Credo #CatholicChurch http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

Roma MDIII A.D. zazzle.com/roman_senate_necktie-151562152286481253 Roma, (-ae, f.) vel simpliciter Urbs, est urbs in Latio, caput Latii atque Italiae. Nomen verbum rumach replicat; hoc verbum est Etruscum et 'flumen' fere significat, nam non est procul a Roma Tiberis. Sed fieri potest ut 'Roma' replicet verbum Etruscum rhome, quod 'vis' significat. Roma super septem montes iuxta flumen Tiberim iacet. A Roma orta est Latina lingua, ex qua multae linguae praesentis temporis Europae nationum genitae sunt. Roma "caput mundi" et "urbs aeterna" appellata est. Dicitur etiam "Omnes viae Romam perducunt" ; una autem via peregrinationis est perantiqua, cui nomen "Via Francigena" datum est. Litterae S.P.Q.R. significant, "Senatus Populusque Romanus." Romulus et Remus erant filii Martis, dei belli. Eorum mater erat Rhea Silvia, filia Numitoris, qui rex Albanorum antea fuerat, sed a malo fratre Amulio pulsus erat. Itaque Amulius, qui regnum Albanorum tum obtinebat, pueros magnopere timuit et eos interficere consilium cepit. Rhea vitam filiorum suorum conservare studebat, sed rex iussit servum eos in flumen deicere. Imperio regis autem servus non paruit, sed pueros in arca lignea posuit, quae aqua fluminis sine periculo vehi poterat. Mox pueri ad ripam fluminis vecti sunt. Ibi lupa, quae non longe aberat, pueros audivit atque curavit. Postea pastor benignus eos invenit et in casam parvam portavit. Post longum tempus Romulus et Remus, qui viri iam erant, et malum regem interfecerunt et regnum Numitori reddiderunt. Tum auxilio sociorum suorum novum oppidum i s ad flumen posuerunt. Eius fluminis nomen est Tiberis. Eius oppidi nomen est Roma. Roma posita est in eo loco ubi Romulus et Remus inventi erant. "Possis nihil Urbe Roma visere maius."--Horatius, Carmen saeculare, 11-12. #Rome #TheCity #Roma youtube.com/channel/UCGRizY96gsfts3lWXLWbYLg

Σφραγίδα του Πόθου Αργυρού: ✚ Πόθος Ἀργυρός ☧ πρωτοσπαθάριος και κατεπάνω της Ἰταλίας NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705806219446845441/ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Ο Πόθος Αργυρός ήταν Βυζαντινός στρατηγός, μέλος της οικογένειας των Αργυρών. Ήταν αρχικά Δομέστικος των εξκουβιτόρων, έπειτα δούξ της Αντιόχειας το 1029 κι έπειτα Κατεπάνω της Ιταλίας κατά τα περιπετειώδη χρόνια από το 1029 έως το 1031. Ο Πόθος αντικατέστησε τον Χριστόφορο Βούλγαρη ως κατεπάνω και αμέσως έπρεπε να ασχοληθεί με τις επιθέσεις των Σαρακηνών. Το 1031, νικήθηκε στο Καζάνο αλλό Ιόνιο και αντικαταστάθηκε από τον Μιχαήλ τον πρωτοσπαθάριο. Pothos Argyros or Argyrus (Greek: Πόθος Ἀργυρός; Italian: Potone Argiro or Poto Argiro) was a Byzantine commander, who served as the catepan of Italy during the eventful years of 1029 to 1031. Pothos is first mentioned in the history of John Skylitzes in c. 1026/27, or perhaps still under Basil II (r. 976–1025), as a commander in the eastern frontier, when he captured the Arab chieftain Nasr ibn Musharraf al-Rawadifi, ruler of the disputed border area of Jabal Rawadif near Antioch. Nasr succeeded in being set free after promising assistance to Pothos' superior, the doux of Antioch, Michael Spondyles. Following the rise to the throne of Romanos III Argyros (r. 1028–1034), Pothos was appointed Catepan of Italy in 1029. Pothos' relation to Romanos III is unknown, but according to the historians Jean-Claude Ceynet and Jean-François Vannier, he may have been his nephew. A surviving lead seal of office gives his titles as "protospatharios and katepano [catepan] of Italy". According to Lupus Protospatharius, he arrived at Bari as the new Catepan of Italy in July 1029, and immediately fought in its vicinity against the Muslim commander Rayca, who had previously forced the capitulation of the fortress of Obbianum (probably modern Uggiano). Lupus then reports that in 1031 (or 1032, according to some modern interpretations), he faced another invasion by the Emirate of Sicily. The Italian chroniclers report that the Muslims sacked Cassano in June, and that, hurrying to confront them, on 3 July, Pothos Argyros was defeated and killed. Pothos' death in battle is not entirely certain, however, since an inventory of the metropolitan see of Reggio di Calabria includes a set of panegyrics offered by kyr Pothos and his wife, both related to a possession of a katepanissa Theoktiste. An identification of Theoktiste with the wife of kyr Pothos, and of Pothos with the catepan is very likely, but the copyist of the works recorded that this was done in 1033/34, "during the times of catepan Pothos, under the reign of Romanos and Zoe", by which time Pothos is supposed to have been dead. Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de Alexandro Nakarada pro bono rei publicae. Cf. ad fontes de musica libera sine regia: https://freepd.com/music/Beat%20Thee.mp3 "Written by Alexander Nakarada. Added January, 2020. This music is available for commercial and non-commercial purposes." #Byzantine #RomanEmpire #Catepanate #Numismatics #Scholarship #RoyaltyFreeMusic #PublicDomain #FairUse #ByzantineItaly #Bulla http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

∞Infinitas Divinae Misericordiae ex Satisfactione IESU☧CHRISTI per Veram†Crucem pro SPQR et Heraclio http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus S. Thomas Aquinas scripsit: “Dicendum quod aliqua satisfactio potest dici dupliciter sufficiens. Uno modo perfecte, quia est condigna per quandam adaequationem ad recompensationem culpae commissae. Et sic hominis puri satisfactio sufficiens esse non potuit pro peccato; tum quia tota humana natura erat per peccatum corrupta; nec bonum alicuius personae, vel etiam plurium, poterat per aequiparantiam totius naturae detrimentum recompensare; tum etiam quia peccatum contra Deum commissum quandam infinitatem habet ex infinitate divinae maiestatis; tanto enim offensa est gravior, quanto maior est ille in quem delinquitur. Unde oportuit, ad condignam satisfactionem, ut actus satisfacientis haberet efficaciam infinitam, utpote Dei et hominis existens” (ST III, q.1, a.2, ad 2). "Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod sicut offensa habuit quamdam infinitatem ex infinitate divinae majestatis, ita et satisfactio accipit quamdam infinitatem ex infinitate divinae misericordiae, prout est gratia informata, per quam acceptum redditur quod homo reddere potest. Quidam tamen dicunt, quod habet infinitatem ex parte aversionis, et sic gratis dimittitur; sed ex parte conversionis finita est, et sic pro ea satisfieri potest. Sed hoc nihil est; quia satisfactio non respondet peccato nisi secundum quod est offensa Dei: quod non habet ex parte conversionis, sed solum ex parte aversionis. Alii vero dicunt, quod etiam quantum ad aversionem pro peccato satisfieri potest virtute meriti Christi, quod quodammodo infinitum fuit, ut in 3 Lib., dist. 18, qu. 1, art. 6, quaestiunc. 1, dictum est; et hoc in idem redit quod prius dictum est; quia per fidem mediatoris gratia data est credentibus. Si tamen alio modo gratiam daret, sufficeret satisfactio per modum praedictum." (Super Sent., lib. 4 d. 15 q. 1 a. 2 ad 1) Emperor Heraclius was trying to return the true cross to Jerusalem, but an angel told him he had to do this first. Around 615 a Persian king captured Jerusalem and carried off the relic of the true cross of Jesus Christ that had been discovered by St. Helena. It stayed with the Persians for roughly 14 years, until Byzantine Emperor Heraclius came and defeated their armies. Heraclius found the relic of Jesus’ cross still preserved and resolved to return it to Jerusalem. When he neared the gates of Jerusalem he intended to take the cross through the same gate Jesus used on his way to the crucifixion. However, Heraclius wanted to do it with great royal pageantry while riding on his horse. Then something miraculous happened that prevented Heraclius from going through the gate. The Golden Legend records what happened next. But suddenly the stones of the gateway fell down and locked together, forming an unbroken wall. To the amazement of everyone, an angel of the Lord, carrying a cross in his hands, appeared above the wall and said: “When the King of heaven passed through this gate to suffer death, there was no royal pomp. He rode a lowly ass, to leave an example of humility to his worshipers.” With those words the angel vanished. Heraclius was stunned and began to weep. He dismounted his horse and took off every article of royal clothing, except for his simple undergarment. Then he took the relic of the true cross and walked slowly toward the gate. It instantly returned to its former position and allowed Heraclius to enter Jerusalem. This caused him to burst out in prayer and exclaim to God, “O cross, more splendid than all the heavenly bodies, renowned throughout the world, deserving of all men’s love, holier than all things else! O cross, you were worthy to carry the ransom of the world! O sweet wood, sweet nails, sweet sword, sweet lance, you were the bearer of sweet burdens! Save the host gathered today in praise of you and signed with your banner!” When the relic was returned to the basilica the miracles resumed, and according to tradition, “dead men were raised to life, four paralytics were cured, ten lepers were made clean, fifteen blind people received their sight, demons were driven out, and great numbers were delivered of various infirmities.” While legendary in character, the stories highlight the power of the cross and its connection to humility, not royal pomp or outward show. Denial and self-sacrifice are required to carry the cross of Jesus Christ. If we wish to enter the heavenly Jerusalem, this is the only gate that is open to us. Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de Tevvez pro bono rei publicae. #APEIRON #Heraclius #TrueCross #Infinity #DivineMercy #GodsWisdom #GodsKnowledge #ThomasAquinas #CatholicTeaching #Religion #Satisfaction #Crusader #Indulgences #SPQR #Jerusalem #Orthodoxy #Christianity #CatholicChurch #Orthodox #RomanTriumph #TriumphOfTheCross #Greek #Latin #Palestine http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

Introitus "Nunc Scio Vere" per festam SS. Apostolorum Petri et Pauli in Basilica Vetere Vaticana NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705805119935217665/ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Nunc scío vere, quia mísit Dóminus Angelum súum: et erípuit me de mánu Heródis, et de ómni exspectatióne plébis Judæórum. Now I know in very deed, that the Lord hath sent His angel, and hath delivered me out of the hand of Herod, and from all the expectation, of the people of the Jews. Ps. Dómine probásti me, et cognovísti me: tu cognovísti sessiónem méam, et resurrectiónem méam. Lord, Thou hast proved me and known me : Thou hast known my sitting down and my rising up. Ꝟ Glória Pátri, et Fílio, et Spirítui Sáncto. Sicut erat in princípio, et nunc, et semper, et in saécula saeculórum. Amen. Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost; as it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without end. Amen. Nunc scío vere, quia mísit Dóminus Angelum súum: et erípuit me de mánu Heródis, et de ómni exspectatióne plébis Judæórum. Now I know in very deed, that the Lord hath sent His angel, and hath delivered me out of the hand of Herod, and from all the expectation, of the people of the Jews. (Acts 12.11; Ps.138.1-2) #OldStPeters #Vatican #GregorianChant http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

ΒΥΖΑΝΤΙΝΗ ΚΑΛΑΒΡΙΑ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Η Καλαβρία ήταν επαρχία της Βυζαντινής Αυτοκρατορίας, (Βυζαντινό Θέμα) στη Νότια Ιταλία και τη σημερινή περιφέρεια της Καλαβρίας. Το Θέμα δημιουργήθηκε κατά το χρονικό διάστημα από το 938 (ή το 902 κατά άλλους) έως το 956 αντικαθιστώντας το Δουκάτο της Καλαβρίας, είχε πρωτεύουσα το Ρήγιο αλλά περιελάμβανε και μία πόλη στη Σικελία το μόνο μέρος που δεν καταλήφθηκε από τους Άραβες, το Ταυρομένιο. Το Θέμα χωρίζεται σε τρεις τούρμες και περαιτέρω διαιρείται σε δρούγες, μόνο μία τούρμα ταυτίστηκε με ακρίβεια, βρισκόταν στο Πιάνα ντι Τζιόια Ταύρο, η οποία είχε ως πρωτεύουσα την πόλη της Αγίας Αγκάθα και ιδρύθηκε το 1044. Το 965 ξέσπασε βίαιη εξέγερση στο Ροζάνο, η αιτία το αίτημα του στρατηγού Νικηφόρου Εξακιονίτη να στρατολογήσει τα πλοία του θέματος ενώ οι ιδιοκτήτες τους ζήταγαν να πάρουν ενοίκιο, Με την παρέμβαση του Αγίου Νείλου σταμάτησε η εξέγερση και πήραν αντάλλαγμα πεντακόσια νομίσματα. Σε 975 το Θέμα Καλαβρίας μαζί με εκείνα της Λογγιβαρδίας και της Λευκανίας σχηματίζουν το Κατεπανάτο της Ιταλίας. Γνωστοί στρατηγοί -κυβερνήτες του θέματος ήταν οι: Ευστάθιος, 10ος αιώνας Ιωάννης Μουζάλων ή Μπουζάλων, περ. 921-922 Μαριανός Αργυρός γύρω στα 958 Προκόπιος, 10ος αιώνας Βασίλειος Κλάδων, 10ος αιώνας Κρηνίτης ο Χαλδαίος, ? - 947 Πασχάλιος Πρωτοσπαθάριος, 10ος αιώνας Νικηφόρος Εξακιωνίτης, 10ος αιώνας Calabria theme The Themes of the Byzantine - Roman Empire in Southern Italy around 1000. Calabria was a province of the Byzantine Empire , ( Byzantine Theme ) in Southern Italy and the current region of Calabria . The Theme was created during the time period from 938 (or 902 according to others) to 956 replacing the Duchy of Calabria , it had its capital at Rigio but also included a city in Sicily the only part not occupied by the Arabs, the Tauromenian . The Theme is divided into three turmas and further divided into droghes, only one turma has been accurately identified, it was located in Piana di Gioia Tauro, which had as its capital the city of Agia Agatha and was founded in 1044. In 965 a violent rebellion broke out in Rozano, the cause of which was the request of the general Nikephoros Hexakionitis to recruit the ships in question while their owners were asking for rent. With the intervention of Agios Nilos, the rebellion was stopped and they received five hundred coins in exchange.. In 975 the Theme of Calabria together with those of Logivardia and Lefkania form the Katepanate of Italy . Well-known generals-governors of the subject were: Eustathius , 10th century John Mouzalon or Bouzalon , ca. 921-922 Marianos Argyros around 958 Procopius , 10th century Vasilios Kladon , 10th century Crinitis the Chaldean , ? - 947 Paschalios Protospatharios , 10th century Nikiforos Hexakionitis , 10th century #Byzantine #Calabria #RomanEmpire http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

Per Conclave 19 Aug. 1458 pro causa Byzantina a Cardinalibus Deestota Villa, Bessario, Isidoroque http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus The 1458 papal conclave (August 16–19), convened after the death of Pope Callixtus III, elected as his successor Cardinal Enea Silvio Piccolomini who took the name Pius II. The results of the second ballot on August 19 in the morning were a greatly disappointing surprise for d'Estouteville. He received only six votes – those of de Coëtivy, Colonna, Bessarion, Fieschi, Torquemada, and Castiglione. Cardinal Piccolomini obtained nine votes – those of Barbo, Orsini, Calandrini, Isidore of Kiev, de Mella, de La Cerda, Jaime de Portugal, del Mila y Borja, and that of d'Estouteville, who hesitated to vote for himself but certainly did not consider Piccolomini a serious rival. The votes of Rodrigo Borgia, Giacomo Tebaldi and Enea Piccolomini fell to other candidates. After announcing the results, Cardinal Dean opened the customary procedure of the accessus. There was a long silence broken by Rodrigo Borgia who changed his vote to Piccolomini. Then the partisans of d'Estouteville made an attempt to adjourn the session, but Cardinal Tebaldi also changed his vote to Piccolomini, who needed only one vote more for the election. At this point Cardinal Colonna arose to give his vote. Cardinals Rouen and Bessarion attempted to subdue him forcefully but Colonna was able to free himself from the scuffle to proclaim "I also vote for the Cardinal of Siena, and I make him Pope!" The rest of the adherents of the Cardinal of Rouen could do nothing but change their votes too, and a few minutes later Cardinal Bessarion congratulated Piccolomini on his unanimous election to the papacy. Cardinal Enea Silvio Piccolomini accepted his election and took the name Pius II. On September 3, 1458, he was solemnly crowned on the steps of the patriarchal Vatican Basilica by Cardinal Prospero Colonna, protodeacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro. #Byzantine #Conclave #ProjectUkraine http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

NVMMVS: D N CONSTAN – TIVS P F AVG VICTORI – A AVGGG R+V COMOB (421 A.D.) NFT:https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705802920911962113/ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus The Roman Empire, Constantius III, 8th February – 2nd September 421, Solidus, Ravenna 421, AV 4.46 g. D N CONSTAN – TIVS P F AVG Rosette-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. VICTORI – A AVGGG Emperor standing facing, head r., holding standard and Victory on globe, spurning captive with his l. foot; in field, R – V. In exergue, COMOB. C 1. RIC 1325. Depeyrot 7/4. Ranieri 48. Extremely rare and among the finest specimens known. Well struck and centred on a full flan and extremely fine Ex NFA XXX, 1992, 315 and NAC 38, 2007, 290 sales. The Danubian commander Constantius III had enjoyed a stellar career by the time he undertook a naval blockade of Spain and Gaul in 415, which caused the murder of the Visigothic king Athaulf. In achieving this victory Constantius secured the return of the emperor Honorius’ half-sister Galla Placidia, who had been captured by the Visigoths when they sacked Rome in 410, and who in the meantime had been forced to marry king Athaulf. Riding the tide of his triumph, Constantius pressed for a royal marriage with the rescued empress, which occurred on January 1, 417, when he also assumed his second consulship. Slightly more than four years passed before Constantius gained enough prestige at court that Honorius reluctantly declared him co-emperor. This elevation was well-received in the West, where the soldiers were relieved to have a proven soldier sharing the throne, but it was not acknowledged by the Eastern emperor Theodosius II. The specter of civil war loomed for seven months until the stalemate was finally resolved by Constantius’ death, seemingly of natural causes, on September 2, 421. Due in part to the brevity of his reign, only gold solidi and tremisses from Ravenna were struck in Constantius’ name. Beyond coinage, his other lasting legacy was his son Valentinian III, by Galla Placidia, who eventually ruled the Western Roman Empire, albeit impotently, for thirty years. Flavius Constantius was a former officer of the magister militum Stilicho († 408), whose star rose as a consequence of the disastrous situation of the Western Empire after the Crossing of the Rhine on 31 December 406 (or 405), the usurpation of Constantine III in 407 and the Sack of Rome by Alarich on 24 August 410. In these desperate times, it was Constantius' military brilliance that initiated a wondrous revival of Roman might: as magister utriusque militiae ('master of both forces', i.e. commander of both the infantry and cavalry), he first defeated Constantine III in 411 (see above, lot 1843) and then expelled Alaric from Italy in 412. A year later, he overcame and killed his Roman rival, the comes africae Heraclianus, before successfully campaigning against the Visigoths in Spain and Gaul in 415-416, thus ensuring the release of Honorius' half-sister Galla Placidia from Gothic captivity. Once the brilliant general gradually gained back control over large parts of the Western Empire, his stellar ascent knew no limits: in 417, Constantius married Galla Placidia and became the brother-in-law of Honorius, who was merely a puppet in his hands and proclaimed him to his co-emperor on 8 February 421. Within a decade, Constantius had raised the Western Empire from the dead, married into the Theodosian dynasty and become the true power holder in Ravenna. However, on 2 September 421, the great general suddenly died of an illness, allegedly amidst preparations for war against Theodosius II, as the eastern emperor had declined recognition of Constantius' elevation to the rank of Augustus. The unexpected demise of Constantius has been termed by some modern historians the beginning of the end of the Western Roman Empire, as none of its later magistri militum would turn out to be nearly as successful. However, the dark prospect of another disastrous civil war looming on the horizon casts doubt on whether Constantius III would really have been able to stem the tide for the Western Roman Empire, as clashes with the Theodosian dynasty seemed unavoidable. Gratias ago tibi Deo per instrumenta de Jove Mauro Cámara pro bono rei publicae. #RomanEmpire #ConstantiusIII #Numismatics http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

#FathersDay: Per numen Pontificatus Oratio Dominica «Pater Noster» recitata est a SS. Pio PP. XII http://www.zazzle.com/ProVaticanus http://youtube.com/ProVaticanus PATER NOSTER, qui es in caelis, sanctificetur nomen tuum. Adveniat regnum tuum. Fiat voluntas tua, sicut in caelo et in terra. Panem nostrum quotidianum da nobis hodie, et dimitte nobis debita nostra sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris. Et ne nos inducas in tentationem, sed libera nos a malo. Amen. #PaterNoster #PiusXII #Vaticano #Shorts #Latin #Roma http://www.zazzle.com/provaticanus/gifts?pg=2&ps=60

SS. Benedictus PP. XV per numen Pontificatus providit haec opera Dei de Indulgentia Apostolica http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Benedictus PP. XV (natus Iacobus Paulus Ioannes Baptista Della Chiesa Genuae die 21 Novembris 1854 nobili genere, filius Iosephi; mortuus die 22 Ianuarii 1922) fuit Papa catholicus, episcopus Romanus a die 3 Septembris 1914. Familia quoque matris Ioannae Migliorati a Neapoli nobilis erat et Ecclesiae iam Papam Innocentium VII donaverat. Sententia eius apostolica erat "In te, Domine, speravi; non confundar in aeternum." Iussu patris Iacobus Della Chiesa ante Romae studium theologiae apud praeclarum Collegium Capranicense, Academiam nobilum ecclesiasticorum (Italiane: Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici) atque Pontificiam Universitatem Gregorianam Genuae studia iurisprudentiae ab anno 1872 usque ad annum 1875 fecit. Iacobus Della Chiesa presbyter die 21 Decembris anno 1878 Romae ordinatus est, postea fuit scriba nuntii apostolici in Hispania cardinalis Mariani Rampollae Tindari. Cum anno 1887 Papa Leo XIII Marianum Rampollam Cardinalem Secretarium Status nominavit, Della Chiesa vicarius eius factus est. Die 16 Decembris anno 1907 Iacobus Della Chiesa episcopus Bononiae nominatus est dieque 25 Maii 1914 cardinalis Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae semper a Pio X creatus est. Die III Septembris anno 1914, cardinales eum in summum pontificem elegerunt. Iacobus Della Chiesa nomen pontificale sibi Benedictum XV imposuit ad honorem Benedicti XIV, qui etiam episcopus Bononiae fuerat et postea papa. Benedictus XV fuit papa Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae inter primum bellum mundanum. Papa semper et assidue pro pace et contra bellum, quod dixit inanem stragem et mortem voluntariam Europae esse, congreditur. Anno 1917 in solemnitate Dominica Pentecostes, Benedictus XV Codicem Iuris Canonici promulgavit. Die 1 Maii 1917, cum motu proprio Dei Providentis papa Benedictus praesentem Congregationem pro Ecclesiis Orientalibus (tunc Congregationem pro Ecclesia Orientali) a Congregatione de Propaganda Fide separavit. Benedictus XV duodecim encyclicas epistulas scripsit: Ad beatissimi Apostolorum principis (die 1 Novembris 1914) contra primum bellum mundanum et pro unitate Ecclesiae Humani generis redemptionem (die 15 Iunii 1917) de precatione Dei verbi Quod iam diu (die 1 Decembris 1918) de costituenda pace conventus In hac tanta (die 14 Maii 1919) Paterno iam diu (die 24 Novembris 1919) Pacem, Dei munus pulcherrimum (die 23 Maii 1920) de pace et de iure gentium Spiritus Paraclitus (die 15 Septembris 1920) de Sacra Scriptura Principi apostolorum Petro (die 5 Octobris 1920) Annus iam plenus (die 1 Decembris 1920) Sacra propediem (die 6 Ianuarii 1921) In praeclara summorum (die 30 Aprilis 1921) de Dante Alagherio Fausto appetente die (die 29 Iunii 1921) de Sancte Dominici #Vaticano #BenedictXV #Father Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de Vivaldi pro bono rei publicae. http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

LEG⬩VIIII 🐂 HISPANA NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705800721888706561/ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Legio VIIII Hispana vel Legio IX Hispana vel Legio VIIII Hispaniensis erat legio in imperio Romano exinde a saeculo I a.C.n. usque ad saeculum II. Non iam scimus utrum Gaii Iulii Caesaris Legio VIIII eadam erat ac illa eiusdem nominis Octaviani. Ago gratias tibi Deo per instrumenta de DJMykah et Tauro Rubrico pro bono rei publicae. #RomanEmpire #NinthLegion #Spain http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

BVLLA: ANDREAS PALEOLOGVS DEI GRATIA DESPOTES ROMEORVM NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705801821400334337/ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Byzantine-Roman seal of Andreas Palaiologos (*1453-†1502) in Western style Arms: (Gules) a crowned two-headed eagle (Or) Crown: An imperial crown Caption: ANDREAS PALEOLOGVS DEI GRATIA DESPOTES ROMEORVM (“Andreas Palaiologos, by the Grace of God, Despot of the Romans”.) As it was, the gates of the city were decorated with the arms of the Palaeologues and with crowned shields showing the two-headed eagle. During the Byzantine-Roman period, lead bullae (singular, Bulla) were widely used to seal and identify the sender of correspondence and containers in shipment. An iron, pliers-shaped instrument, a boulloterion, was used to impress the designs on a lead bulla seal. After the cord was wrapped around the package or document and the ends inserted in a channel in the blank seal, the seal was placed between the disc shaped engraved dies on the jaws of a boulloterion. The boulloterion had a projection above the jaws, which was struck with a hammer to impress the design on the seal and close the channel around the two ends of the cord. With a bulla in place a container cannot be violated without visible damage to either the bulla or the cord, ensuring the contents remain tamper-proof until they reach their destination. Andreas Palaiologos or Palaeologus (Greek: Ἀνδρέας Παλαιολόγος; 17 January 1453 – June 1502), sometimes anglicized to Andrew, was the eldest son of Thomas Palaiologos, Despot of the Morea. Thomas was a brother of Constantine XI Palaiologos, the final Byzantine-Roman Emperor. After his father's death in 1465, Andreas was recognized as the titular Despot of the Morea and from 1483 onwards, he also claimed the title "Emperor of Constantinople" (Latin: Imperator Constantinopolitanus).*Note: Imperator Constantinopolitanus (Emperor of Constantinople) was the style used by Andreas in Latin-language documents. In Greek-language documents, he styled himself as Ἀνδρέας ἐν Χριστῷ τῷ Θεῷ πιστὸς βασιλεὺς καὶ αὐτοκράτωρ Ῥωμαίων ὁ Παλαιολόγος (Andreas in Christ the God, faithful Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans, the Palaiologos), a more traditional rendition of the Byzantine imperial title. After the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the subsequent Ottoman invasion of the Morea in 1460, Andreas's father fled to Corfu with his family. After Thomas died in 1465, the then twelve-year-old Andreas moved to Rome and, as the eldest nephew of Constantine XI, became the head of the Palaiologos family and the chief claimant to the ancient imperial throne. Andreas's later use of the imperial title, never claimed by his father, was supported by some of the Byzantine refugees who lived in Italy and he hoped to one day restore the empire of his ancestors. Andreas married a Roman woman called Caterina. Though some primary sources allude to the possibility that he had children, there is no concrete evidence that Andreas left any descendants. As his stay in Rome continued, Andreas fell deeper into poverty. Although historians often blame his impoverished situation on a supposedly extravagant and irresponsible lifestyle, a more likely explanation is that the pension and funding provided to him by the papacy were regularly reduced. Andreas traveled around Europe several times in search of a ruler who could aid him in retaking Constantinople but rallied little support. The Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, who had conquered Constantinople in 1453, died in 1481, and his two sons Cem and Bayezid fought a civil war over who would succeed him. Seeing his opportunity, Andreas attempted to organize an expedition in southern Italy during the summer of 1481 to cross the Adriatic Sea and restore the Byzantine-Roman Empire. The excursion was canceled in the autumn after Bayezid had successfully stabilized his rule. Although Andreas maintained hope of recapturing at least the Morea throughout his life, he never returned to Greece. Desperate for money, Andreas sold his rights to the Byzantine crown in 1494 to Charles VIII of France, who attempted to organize a crusade against the Ottomans. The sale was conditional on Charles, who Andreas hoped to use as a champion against the Ottomans, conquering the Morea and granting it to Andreas. When Charles died in 1498, Andreas once again claimed the imperial titles, using them until his death. He died in poverty in Rome in 1502 and was buried in St. Peter's Basilica. In his will, he granted his titles to Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de Tevvez pro bono rei publicae. #RomanEmpire #Palaiologos #LumenSpei http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

Anglice LibriVox (4/4) : "Civitas Dei Contra Paganos" S. Aurelii Augustini Hipponensis Episcopi English reading of LibriVox Series - The City of God by St. Augustine of Hippo (Part 4 of 4). NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705797423353823233/ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus The City of God Saint Augustine of Hippo (354 - 430) Translated by Marcus Dods (1834 - 1909) Rome having been stormed and sacked by the Goths under Alaric their king, the worshippers of false gods, or pagans, as we commonly call them, made an attempt to attribute this calamity to the Christian religion, and began to blaspheme the true God with even more than their wonted bitterness and acerbity. It was this which kindled my zeal for the house of God, and prompted me to undertake the defence of the city of God against the charges and misrepresentations of its assailants. This work was in my hands for several years, owing to the interruptions occasioned by many other affairs which had a prior claim on my attention, and which I could not defer. However, this great undertaking was at last completed in twenty-two books. Of these, the first five refute those who fancy that the polytheistic worship is necessary in order to secure worldly prosperity, and that all these overwhelming calamities have befallen us in consequence of its prohibition. In the following five books I address myself to those who admit that such calamities have at all times attended, and will at all times attend, the human race, and that they constantly recur in forms more or less disastrous, varying only in the scenes, occasions, and persons on whom they light, but, while admitting this, maintain that the worship of the gods is advantageous for the life to come. In these ten books, then, I refute these two opinions, which are as groundless as they are antagonistic to the Christian religion. But that no one might have occasion to say, that though I had refuted the tenets of other men, I had omitted to establish my own, I devote to this object the second part of this work, which comprises twelve books, although I have not scrupled, as occasion offered, either to advance my own opinions in the first ten books, or to demolish the arguments of my opponents in the last twelve. Of these twelve books, the first four contain an account of the origin of these two cities—the city of God, and the city of the world. The second four treat of their history or progress; the third and last four, of their deserved destinies. And so, though all these twenty-two books refer to both cities, yet I have named them after the better city, and called them The City of God. (Summary by the author in his Retractationes (ii. 43) as translated by Marcus Dods) Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de S. Augustino, LibriVox.org, Marco Dods, Darreno L. Slider, et LogosLibrary.org. #AugustineOfHippo #CityOfGod #LibriVox http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

Rome wasn't built in a day! Tantae molis erat Romanam condere gentem.-Vergilius Maro (Aeneid. I, 33) http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Rome wasn't built in a day! "Tantae molis erat Romanam condere gentem." -Vergilius Maro (Aeneid. I, 33) "Of so great a task it was to build the Roman nation". Gratias ago tibi Deo per instrumenta de DJMykah et Tauro Rubrico. #Rome #GiveYouWings #RedBull http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

Veni Creator Spiritus per Basilicam Sancti Petri in Vaticano NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705799622377078785/ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus "Veni Creator Spiritus" (Come, Creator Spirit) is a traditional Christian hymn believed to have been written by Rabanus Maurus, a ninth-century German monk, teacher, and archbishop. When the original Latin text is used, it is normally sung in Gregorian Chant. It has been translated and paraphrased into several languages, and adapted into many musical forms, often as a hymn for Pentecost or for other occasions that focus on the Holy Spirit. As an invocation of the Holy Spirit, Veni Creator Spiritus is sung in the Catholic Church during liturgical celebrations on the feast of Pentecost (at both Terce and Vespers). It is also sung at occasions such as the entrance of Cardinals to the Sistine Chapel when they elect a new pope, as well as at the consecration of bishops, the ordination of priests, the sacrament of Confirmation, the dedication of churches, the celebration of synods or councils, the coronation of monarchs, the profession of members of religious institutes, and other similar solemn events. There are also Catholic traditions of singing the hymn on New Year's Day for plenary indulgence. Veni, Creator Spiritus, mentes tuorum visita, imple superna gratia, quae tu creasti, pectora. Come, Holy Ghost, Creator, come from thy bright heav'nly throne; come, take possession of our souls, and make them all thine own. Qui diceris Paraclitus, donum Dei altissimi, fons vivus, ignis, caritas, et spiritalis unctio. Thou who art called the Paraclete, best gift of God above, the living spring, the living fire, sweet unction and true love. Tu septiformis munere, dextrae Dei tu digitus, tu rite promissum Patris, sermone ditans guttura. Thou who art sevenfold in thy grace, finger of God's right hand; his promise, teaching little ones to speak and understand. Accende lumen sensibus, infunde amorem cordibus, infirma nostri corporis virtute firmans perpeti. O guide our minds with thy blest light, with love our hearts inflame; and with thy strength, which ne'er decays, confirm our mortal frame. Hostem repellas longius pacemque dones protinus; ductore sic te praevio vitemus omne noxium. Far from us drive our deadly foe; true peace unto us bring; and through all perils lead us safe beneath thy sacred wing. Per te sciamus da Patrem noscamus atque Filium, te utriusque Spiritum credamus omni tempore. Through thee may we the Father know, through thee th'eternal Son, and thee the Spirit of them both, thrice-blessed three in One. In some instances, a doxology follows: Deo Patri sit gloria, et Filio qui a mortuis surrexit, ac Paraclito, Amen. in saeculorum saecula. All glory to the Father be, with his coequal Son; the same to thee, great Paraclete, while endless ages run. Amen. Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de archive.org et Rabano Mauro pro bono rei publicae, cf. https://archive.org/details/the-way-of-the-cross-via-crucis-miserere-mei-deus_202102/A+Solis+Ortus+Cardine+-+Catholic+Christmas+Song.mp3 #VeniCreatorSpiritus #Pentecost #Chant http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

Salve Festa Dies Per Templum S. Vitalis Ravennae NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705798522865451009 http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus 1. Salve festa dies toto venerabilis aevo Qua Deus infernum vicit et astra tenet 2. Ecce renascentis testatur gratia mundi Omnia cum Domino dona redisse suo 3. Namque triumphanti post tristia tartara Christo Undique fronde nemus gramina flore favent 4. Qui crucifixus erat Deus, ecce per omnia regnat Dantque Creatori cuncta creata precem 5. Christe, salus rerum, bone Conditor atque Redemptor Unica progenies ex Deitate Patris 6. Qui genus humanum cernens mersisse profundo Ut hominem eriperes es quoque factus homo 7. Funeris exsequias pateris vitae auctor et orbis Intras mortis iter dando salutis opem 1. Hail, festal day, venerable of all ages By which God conquers hell and holds the stars 2. Behold, it declares grace for a reborn world All gifts have returned with their Lord. 3. For indeed, after hellish sorrows, to the triumphing Christ: grove with green and buds with flower, everywhere give laud. 4. The Crucified One was God, behold He reigns over all things, and all creation offers prayer to its Creator. 5. O Christ, the salvation of all things, good Creator and Redeemer, only begotten Son of God the Father. 6. You Who, seeing mankind to have plunged to the deep, that you might save man, were also made man. 7. That Thou, the author of life and the world, might open the way of death and the grave by giving hope of salvation. This is one of the oldest hymns used by the Church, written by Venantius Fortunatus before 609 AD! Sublime, poetic, and beautiful, this hymn is considered extremely precious by the Church. She only makes use of it once a year, during the greatest feast of her liturgical year! Easter is indeed the greatest feast, even greater than Christmas. There is at least 40 days preparation for Easter, but only 4 weeks for Christmas. Furthermore, Our Lord was born in order to redeem us -- so the feast celebrating his life's mission (the Redemption) must be the most important. This sequence is often sung before the Day Mass of Easter Sunday. Basilica San Vitale (526-547 AD) - Ravenna, Italy. Splendid Mosaics in the only large intact Church of the time of Roman Emperor Justinian the Great. The main building of the church is laid out octagonally. The building combines Roman and Byzantine elements. The dome, shape of doorways, and stepped towers are typical of Roman style, while the polygonal apse, capitals, narrow bricks, and an early example of flying buttresses are typical of the Byzantine. The church is most famous for its wealth of Byzantine mosaics. St Vitale boasts the largest and best preserved mosaics outside of Istanbul. The church is of extreme importance in Byzantine art, as it is the only major church from the period of the Emperor Justinian I to survive virtually intact. Furthermore, it is thought to reflect the design of the Byzantine Imperial Palace Audience Chamber, of which nothing at all survives. The belltower has four bells. According to legends, the church was erected on the site of the martyrdom of Saint Vitalis. However, there is some confusion as to whether this is the Saint Vitalis of Milan, or the Saint Vitale whose body was discovered (together with that of Saint Agricola) by Saint Ambrose in Bologna in 393. At the foot of the apse side walls are two famous mosaic panels, completed in 547. On the right is a mosaic depicting Justinian I, clad in Tyrian purple with a golden halo, standing next to court officials, generals Belisarius and Narses, Bishop Maximian, palatinae guards and deacons. The halo around his head gives him the same aspect as Christ in the dome of the apse, but is part of the tradition of rendering the imperial family with haloes described by Ernst Kantorowicz in The King's Two Bodies. Justinian himself stands in the middle, with soldiers on his right and clergy on his left, emphasizing that Justinian is the leader of both church and state of his empire. The later insertion of the Bishop Maximian's name above his head suggests that the mosaic may have been modified in 547, replacing the representation of the prior bishop with that of Maximian's. The gold background of the mosaic shows that Justinian and his entourage are inside the church. The figures are placed in a V shape; Justinian is placed in the front and in the middle to show his importance with Bishop Maximian on his left and lesser individuals being placed behind them. Another panel shows Empress Theodora solemn and formal, with golden halo, crown and jewels, and a group of court women as well as eunuchs. The Empress holds the Eucharistic vessel for wine, and her panel differs from that of Justinian in having a more complex background, with a fountain, cupola, and lavish hangings. Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de archive.org pro bono rei publicae: https://archive.org/details/PaschaGregorianChant/Easter+-+Hymn+-+Salve+Festa+Dies.MP3 #SalveFestaDies #Ravenna #GregorianChant http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

PARVA ATRA AETAS ROMAM POST ACTVS IVSTIANIANI BELISARIIQVE PER IMPERIVM ROMANVM (526-565 A.D.) http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Flavius Belisarius (Greek: Βελισάριος, c. 500 – 565 AD) was a general of the Roman Empire. He was instrumental to Emperor Justinian's ambitious project of reconquering much of the Mediterranean territory of the former Western Roman Empire, which had been lost less than a century previously. One of the defining features of Belisarius' career was his success despite varying levels of support from Justinian. His name is frequently given as one of the so-called "Last of the Romans". Belisarius was an excellent general and overall one of the best of all time. As the Magister Militum Per Orientem of the Roman army under the reign of Justinian, he was responsible for much of the territory gained under Justinian’s rule. Belisarius was a phenomenal general and one of the best that the Roman Empire has ever produced. Hence why he is often called “the last Roman”. As one of the last important figures in the Roman military tradition, he led imperial armies against the Sāsānian empire (Persia), the Vandal kingdom of North Africa, the Ostrogothic regime of Italy, and the barbarian tribes encroaching upon Constantinople bringing forth Roman Victory. PARVA ATRA AETAS: In atro spiranti, semisupino accubanti, Clades diei mihi cicatrices videntur. Et… Quo magis ego conor, eo minus cedit res, Sensus putrefiunt, dum vita transit. Oh oh, Ignosce quod talis es, quod quaedam consequi vis. Scias id non abire, quamvis te occultes. Cum e lecto surgis, noli ita stupere ob singula saxa in scaena, mea parva atra aetas. Chartas lusorias seligo, praesentiens quod prope est, Incisiones in facie dicunt id sibi difficile. Et… Motores deficiunt denuo. Simulatio habet fines. Animus non ídem est ex abnegatione ortus. Oh oh, eo nunc semper maereo, musica male sonat. Scio id non abire, quamvis me occultem. Si e lecto surgis, et me adstantem Invenis, apertis oculis, pagellam combure, mea parva atra aetas. Eo nunc semper maereo, musica male sonat. Scis id non abire, quamvis te occultes. Si forte e lecto surgo, stupentem et solum In proscaenio me invenies, mea parva atra aetas. Delectatione nauseatus, praevideo quod veniet. Imago mortuorum, in mente mea manet. Custodes ad Deum iurant, manuballistas amorem dare. Sed scio amicos et me terga daturos certe. Si e lecto surgis, inveni nos in via ad pontem. Saxum et iram fer, mea parva atra aetas. Eo nunc semper maereo, musica male sonat. Scio id non abire, quamvis me occultem. Si e lecto surgis, et me adstantem Invenis, apertis oculis, pagellam combure, mea parva atra aetas. parva atra aetas, parva atra aetas parva atra aetas, parva atra aetas parva atra aetas, parva atra aetas …adstantem, apertis oculis, pagellam combure, mea parva atra aetas. Breathing in the dark, lying on its side The ruins of the day painted with a scar And the more I straighten out, the less it wants to try The feelings start to rot, one wink at a time Oh oh, forgiving who you are, for what you stand to gain Just know that if you hide, it doesn't go away When you get out of bed, don't end up stranded Horrified with each stone on the stage, my little dark age Picking through the cards, knowing what's nearby The carvings on the face say they find it hard And the engine's failed again, all limits of disguise The humor's not the same, coming from denial Oh oh, I grieve in stereo, the stereo sounds strange I know that if you hide, it doesn't go away If you get out of bed and find me standing all alone Open-eyed, burn the page, my little dark age I grieve in stereo, the stereo sounds strange You know that if it hides, it doesn't go away If I get out of bed, you'll see me standing all alone Horrified on the stage, my little dark age Giddy with delight, seeing what's to come The image of the dead, dead ends in my mind Policemen swear to God, love seeping from their guns I know my friends and I would probably turn and run If you get out of bed, come find us heading for the bridge Bring a stone, all the rage, my little dark age I grieve in stereo, the stereo sounds strange I know that if you hide, it doesn't go away If you get out of bed and find me standing all alone Open-eyed, burn the page, my little dark age (Little dark age, little dark age) (Little dark age, little dark age) (Little dark age, little dark age) All alone, open-eyed, burn the page, my little dark age Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de "the_miracle_aligner," "Timothy Mark! the halfwit," "MusicOcean", et al pro bono rei publicae. #RomanEmpire #Belisarius #Justinian http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

Sequor Flumina... Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus +A.M.D.G. J.S. Elcano -Primus circumdedisti me- per orbem et annulum Hadriani VI (10 Aug. 1519 - 6 Sept. 1522) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i8r8hgjFVnA #Xavier #Magellan #Elcano http://twitter.com/ProVaticanus

Ὁ ΚΌΣΜΟΣ - UNIVERSUM http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Latinized form of Greek kosmos "order, good order, orderly arrangement," #UNIVERSE is a word with several main senses rooted in those notions: The verb kosmein meant generally "to dispose, prepare," esp. "to order and arrange (troops for battle), to set (an army) in array;" also "to establish (a government or regime);" "to deck, adorn, equip, dress". Thus kosmos had an important secondary sense of "ornaments of a woman's dress, decoration" (compare kosmokomes "dressing the hair," and cosmetic) as well as "the universe, the world." Pythagoras is said to have been the first to apply this word to "the universe," perhaps originally meaning "the starry firmament," but it later was extended to the whole physical world, including earth. Of "the world of people," the classical phrase was he oikoumene (ge) "the inhabited (earth)." Septuagint uses both kosmos & oikoumene. Kosmos was in Christian writ with a sense of "worldly life, this world (as opposed to the afterlife)," but the more frequent word for this was aiōn, literally "lifetime, age." The word cosmos often suggested especially "the universe as an embodiment of order and harmony." APOC.1:4-8: 4 Ἰωάννης ταῖς ἑπτὰ ἐκκλησίαις ταῖς ἐν τῇ Ἀσίᾳ: χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἦν καὶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος, καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἑπτὰ πνευμάτων ἃ ἐνώπιον τοῦ θρόνου αὐτοῦ, 5 καὶ ἀπὸ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, ὁ μάρτυς ὁ πιστός, ὁ πρωτότοκος τῶν νεκρῶν καὶ ὁ ἄρχων τῶν βασιλέων τῆς γῆς. τῷ ἀγαπῶντι ἡμᾶς καὶ λύσαντι ἡμᾶς ἐκ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν ἐν τῷ αἵματι αὐτοῦ, 6 καὶ ἐποίησεν ἡμᾶς βασιλείαν, ἱερεῖς τῷ θεῷ καὶ πατρὶ αὐτοῦ, αὐτῷ ἡ δόξα καὶ τὸ κράτος εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων: ἀμήν. 7 Ἰδοὺ ἔρχεται μετὰ τῶν νεφελῶν, καὶ ὄψεται αὐτὸν πᾶς ὀφθαλμὸς καὶ οἵτινες αὐτὸν ἐξεκέντησαν, καὶ κόψονται ἐπ' αὐτὸν πᾶσαι αἱ φυλαὶ τῆς γῆς. ναί, ἀμήν. 8 ἐγώ εἰμι τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ, λέγει κύριος ὁ θεός, ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἦν καὶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος, ὁ παντοκράτωρ. 9 Ἐγὼ Ἰωάννης, ὁ ἀδελφὸς ὑμῶν καὶ συγκοινωνὸς ἐν τῇ θλίψει καὶ βασιλείᾳ καὶ ὑπομονῇ ἐν Ἰησοῦ, ἐγενόμην ἐν τῇ νήσῳ τῇ καλουμένῃ Πάτμῳ διὰ τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ. 10 ἐγενόμην ἐν πνεύματι ἐν τῇ κυριακῇ ἡμέρᾳ, καὶ ἤκουσα ὀπίσω μου φωνὴν μεγάλην ὡς σάλπιγγος 11 λεγούσης, ὃ βλέπεις γράψον εἰς βιβλίον καὶ πέμψον ταῖς ἑπτὰ ἐκκλησίαις, εἰς Ἔφεσον καὶ εἰς Σμύρναν καὶ εἰς Πέργαμον καὶ εἰς Θυάτειρα καὶ εἰς Σάρδεις καὶ εἰς Φιλαδέλφειαν καὶ εἰς Λαοδίκειαν. 4 Joannes septem ecclesiis, quæ sunt in Asia. Gratia vobis, et pax ab eo, qui est, et qui erat, et qui venturus est: et a septem spiritibus qui in conspectu throni ejus sunt: 5 et a Jesu Christo, qui est testis fidelis, primogenitus mortuorum, et princeps regum terræ, qui dilexit nos, et lavit nos a peccatis nostris in sanguine suo, 6 et fecit nos regnum, et sacerdotes Deo et Patri suo: ipsi gloria et imperium in sæcula sæculorum. Amen. 7 Ecce venit cum nubibus, et videbit eum omnis oculus, et qui eum pupugerunt. Et plangent se super eum omnes tribus terræ. Etiam: amen. 8 Ego sum alpha et omega, principium et finis, dicit Dominus Deus: qui est, et qui erat, et qui venturus est, omnipotens. 9 Ego Joannes frater vester, et particeps in tribulatione, et regno, et patientia in Christo Jesu: fui in insula, quæ appellatur Patmos, propter verbum Dei, et testimonium Jesu: 10 fui in spiritu in dominica die, et audivi post me vocem magnam tamquam tubæ, 11 dicentis: Quod vides, scribe in libro: et mitte septem ecclesiis, quæ sunt in Asia, Epheso, et Smyrnæ, et Pergamo, et Thyatiræ, et Sardis, et Philadelphiæ, et Laodiciæ. [4] John to the seven churches which are in Asia. Grace be unto you and peace from him that is, and that was, and that is to come, and from the seven spirits which are before his throne, [5] And from Jesus Christ, who is the faithful witness, the first begotten of the dead, and the prince of the kings of the earth, who hath loved us, and washed us from our sins in his own blood, [6] And hath made us a kingdom, and priests to God and his Father, to him be glory and empire for ever and ever. Amen. [7] Behold, he cometh with the clouds, and every eye shall see him, and they also that pierced him. And all the tribes of the earth shall bewail themselves because of him. Even so. Amen. [8] I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, saith the Lord God, who is, and who was, and who is to come, the Almighty. [9] I John, your brother and your partner in tribulation, and in the kingdom, and patience in Christ Jesus, was in the island, which is called Patmos, for the word of God, and for the testimony of Jesus. [10] I was in the spirit on the Lord's day, and heard behind me a great voice, as of a trumpet, [11] Saying: What thou seest, write in a book, and send to the seven churches which are in Asia, to Ephesus, and to Smyrna, and to Pergamus, and to Thyatira, and to Sardis, and to Philadelphia, and to Laodicea. Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de "1hr Everything" et Tevvez pro bono rei publicae. #Apocalypse #Katholikos http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

S. IOANNES APOSTOLVS ANTE PORTAM LATINAM IN FLAMMIS ILLÆSVS (95. A.D.) NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705796323842195457/ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Torture of St John the Evangelist 1487-1502 Fresco Strozzi Chapel, Santa Maria Novella, Florence The Torture of St John the Evangelist is in the lunette above the scene of St John the Evangelist Resuscitating Drusiana on the left wall of the chapel. The torture of John the Evangelist takes place in a splendidly decorated courtyard. On orders from Emperor Domitian he was placed in a cauldron of boiling oil near the Porta Latina, but emerged unharmed. One of the soldiers is poking the fire so strenuously that another, in the group on the right, about to throw more wood on it, has to protect his face with his hand, and a third screens himself with his shield. At this moment the emperor has risen from his seat and extended his arm, bringing a stop to the torture. Maii 6. S. JOANNIS APOSTOLI ANTE PORTAM LATINAM. AD PRIMAS ET SECUNDAS VESPERAS. Urbem Romuleam quis furor incitat? Christi discipulus Caesare judice Damnatus rapitur: nil venerabilis Frontis canities movet. In fervens olei conjicitur mare: Nil aestus nocuit, flamma sed hospiti Parcit blanda suo; ceu pugil ungitur, Hinc et fortior exilit. [120] Edicto steriles pulsus in insulas Exul tunc socio perfruitur Deo: Hic ventura videt, quae calamo notans Sublustri nebula tegit. Sic nos Christus amet, sic doceat pati; Discamusque mori, simus ut et necis Sacrae participes: non aliis patet Coelum conditionibus. Patri maxima laus, maxima Filio, Amborumque sacro maxima Flamini: Haec est certa fides, fontibus e tuis Quam divinitus hausimus. AD LAUDES. Jussu tyranni pro fide Pulsus, Joannes, exulas: Fertur volatu libero Mens celsa supra sidera. Illic revelat se tibi Qui mortuus vivit Deus, Agnus salutis hostia, Et morte devicta leo. Arcana te vatem docet Regni sui mysteria: Pandit cruore Martyrum Ubique spargendam fidem. [121] Da, Christe, nos tecum mori; Tecum simul da surgere; Terrena da contemnere; Amare da coelestia. Sit laus Patri; laus Filio, Qui nos, triumphata nece, Ad astra secum dux vocat: Compar tibi laus, Spiritus. In the year 95, Saint John the Evangelist, the only surviving Apostle, who was governing all the churches of Asia Minor (present-day Turkey), was apprehended at Ephesus and sent in chains to Rome. The Emperor Domitian did not relent at the sight of the venerable old man, but condemned him to be cast into a cauldron of boiling oil. The martyr doubtless heard, with great joy, this barbarous sentence; the most cruel torments seemed to him light and agreeable because he hoped they would unite him forever to his divine Master and Saviour. But God accepted his will and crowned his desire; He conferred on him the honor and merit of martyrdom while suspending the operation of the fire, just as He had formerly preserved the three children from injury in the Babylonian furnace. The seething oil was changed for him into an invigorating bath, and the Saint came out more refreshed than when he had entered the cauldron. The glorious triumph of Saint John happened just beyond the gate of Rome called the Latina. A church which ever since has borne this title was consecrated there, in memory of the miracle. Domitian saw this miracle without deriving the least advantage from it, remaining hardened in his iniquity. Nonetheless, he contented himself afterwards with banishing the holy Apostle to the little island of Patmos. Saint John returned to Ephesus during the mild reign of Nerva (96-98), who during his short imperial government lasting one year and four months, merely labored to restore the faded luster of the Roman Empire. Reflection. Saint John suffered above the other Saints a martyrdom of love, being a martyr and more than a martyr, at the foot of the cross of his divine Master. All Our Lord's sufferings were by love and compassion imprinted in his soul, and thus shared by him. O singular happiness, to have stood under the cross of Christ! O extraordinary privilege, to have suffered martyrdom beside Jesus, and been eye-witness of all He did or endured! If nature revolts within us against suffering, let us call to mind those words of the divine Master to Saint Peter: Now thou knowest not why, but thou shalt know hereafter. (John 13:7) Little Pictorial Lives of the Saints, a compilation based on Butler's Lives of the Saints and other sources by John Gilmary Shea (Benziger Brothers: New York, 1894) #StJohn #LatinGate #Phoenix Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de "Epic Music VN" pro bono rei publicae. http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

#ProjectUkraine: MARCA CLEMENTINA http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Pope Clement VIII (Latin: Clemens VIII; Italian: Clemente VIII; 24 February 1536 – 3 March 1605), born Ippolito Aldobrandini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 2 February 1592 to his death. Born in Fano, Italy to a prominent Florentine family, he initially came to prominence as a canon lawyer before being made a Cardinal-Priest in 1585. In 1592 he was elected Pope and took the name of Clement. During his papacy he effected the reconciliation of Henry IV of France to the Catholic faith and was instrumental in setting up an alliance of Christian nations to oppose the Ottoman Empire in the so-called Long War. He also successfully adjudicated in a bitter dispute between the Dominicans and the Jesuits on the issue of efficacious grace and free will. In 1600 he presided over a jubilee which saw many pilgrimages to Rome. He presided over the trial and execution of Giordano Bruno and implementing strict measures against Jewish residents of the Papal States. He may have been the first pope to drink coffee. Clement VIII died at the age of 69 in 1605 and his remains now rest in the Rome city church of Santa Maria Maggiore. The Synod of Brest was held 1595 in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, by which a great part of the Ruthenian clergy and people were reunited to Rome. #ClementVIII #UnionOfBrest #Ruthenia #Ukraine #UkranianFlag #Ucrania #RussiaUkraine #History #Vatican #Reunification #CatholicChurch #GreekCatholic #Orthodoxy #Poland #Lithuania #HolyLeague #Christianity #Orthodox #Catholicism #OrthodoxCatholic #Filioque #Primacy #Easter #Europe #EasternEurope #BlueAndYellow #UkranianColors #music #UkrainiAnanthem #music #Reunion #PapalArms #Marca #Clementine #Commonwealth #Poland #Lithuania #Christians Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de EasyPiano.cz pro bono rei publicae. http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

XP+SPQR STATVS EXCESSV Δ PER IMPERIVM ROMANVM ϗ ΒΒ+ΒΒ PLVSQVE VLTRAQVE NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705793025307312129/ https://www.zazzle.com/ProVaticanus In Christogramma habemus potentiam reunificationis, sic dicitur + : ἐν τούτῳ νίκα = In Hoc Signo Vinces Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de Gaia-X pro bono rei publicae. #RomanEmpire #SPQR #Byzantine http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus