Carpal Tunnel Syndrome _- Causes, Clinical Presentation, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis & Treatment
Carpal tunnel syndrome is a collection of characteristic signs and symptoms, that occur following compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel. The median nerve is damaged within the rigid confines of the carpal tunnel, initially undergoing demyelination, followed by axonal degeneration. Sensory fibers are affected first, followed by motor fibers. The exact mechanism of this damage is not well established. However, it seems likely that abnormally high carpal tunnel pressure causes obstruction of venous outflow, with resultant edema formation, ultimately leading to nerve ischemia.
Carpal tunnel syndrome is not fatal. However, it can lead to complete, irreversible median nerve damage with consequent severe loss of hand function if left untreated. Whites are at a higher risk of developing carpal tunnel syndrome. The peak age range for the disease is between 45 to 60 years, and about 10% of cases are reported in people aged less than 31 years. Females are commonly affected than men, with a ratio of 3 to 10 in females to 1 in males.
#CarpalTunnelSyndrome #CarpalTunnelSyndromeTreatment #MedToday
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Foods Rich In Probiotics _Probiotic Foods _Best Foods To Promote Your Gut Health
Probiotics are live microorganisms that have health benefits when consumed.
Consuming probiotics in supplement form is one popular way to get them, but you can also get them from fermented foods.
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Healthiest Nuts You Can Eat_ Eat Nuts To Stay Healthy_ Health Benefits Of Nuts
Nuts are a very popular food.
They’re tasty, convenient, and can be enjoyed on all kinds of diets — from keto to vegan.
Despite being high in fat, they have a number of impressive health benefits.
So, in this vide we are going to look at some important health benefits of nuts.
01. Nuts are loaded with antioxidants.
02. Nuts may aid weight loss.
03. Nuts can lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels in blood.
04. Nuts are beneficial for type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
05. Nuts reduce inflammation in the body.
06. Nuts are high in beneficial fiber.
07. Nuts reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke.
#HealthiestNutsYouCanEat #HealthBenefitsOfNuts #MedToday
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Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) _- Uses, Mechanism Of Action, Adverse Effects & Contraindications
Hydroxychloroquine, commercially known as Plaquenil, is a medication used in the treatment & prevention of malaria in areas where malaria remains sensitive to chloroquine. In addition, it is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Systemic lupus erythematosus. And porphyria cutanea tarda.
Hydroxychloroquine has different mechanisms of actions according to the disease being treated by the drug. In case of malaria, it is indicated for prophylaxis in geographic areas where chloroquine resistance is not reported. Additionally, it is used in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria caused by plasmodium vivax, plasmodium malariae, plasmodium ovale, and plasmodium falciparum. Here, hydroxychloroquine accumulates within the lysosomes of malaria parasite, raising the P H within. This causes inability to proteolyze human hemoglobin, and consequently, impaired growth & replication of the parasite.
In the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, hydroxychloroquine acts as a disease modifying anti rheumatic drug. Though the mechanism of action is not well understood here, it reduces the inflammation, pain, and swelling associated with rheumatoid arthritis. It also reduces joint damage and helps prevent disability in the long term. Hydroxychloroquine is the first line drug in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus, regardless of the disease severity. Here it acts as an immunomodulator & reduces flare ups and improves survival of the patient.
#Hydroxychloroquine #Plaquenil #MedToday
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Atorvastatin _- Everything You Need To Know _Mechanism Of Action, Adverse Effects & Indications
Statins, also known as HMG Co A reductase inhibitors, are a class of medications used to prevent cardiovascular events in patients with cardiac risk factors; and abnormal lipid profiles. They are most effective in reducing LDL cholesterol via several mechanisms. There are naturally occurring statins, as well as synthetic statins. Atorvastatin is one of the synthetic statin, and has a relatively longer plasma half life compared to the naturally occurring statins.
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Amoxicillin - Uses, Mechanism Of Action, Coverage, Adverse Effects _Everything You Need To Know
Amoxicillin is one of the most commonly consumed antibiotics in the primary care setting. It is an amino penicillin created by adding an extra amino group to penicillin to battle antibiotic resistance. Amoxicillin belongs to the class of beta lactam antibiotics. They act by binding to the penicillin binding proteins in bacterial cell walls, and inhibiting a process called transpeptidation. Transpeptidation is the cross linking process of peptides during bacterial cell wall synthesis and it is essential for the replication & survival of bacteria. So, inhibition of transpeptidation leads to cell wall lysis and death of the bacteria. This type of action is called the bactericidal activity since bacteria get killed by the antibiotic.
Amoxicillin covers a wide variety of gram positive bacteria, with some additional gram negative coverage compared to standard penicillins. Like penicillin, it covers most streptococcus species, and is also effective against listeria monocytogens, and enterococcus species. It also covers Hemophilus influenzae, E coli, Actinomyces species, clostridium species, salmonella, shigella, and Corynebacterium species.
FDA approved indications of amoxicillin include the following.
Ear, nose, and throat infections such as tonsilitis; pharyngitis; and otitis media.
Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in gastritis.
Acute bacterial sinusitis.
Skin infections.
Urinary tract infection.
And post exposure prophylaxis foe anthrax.
Off label uses of amoxicillin include the following.
Lyme disease, if doxycycline is contraindicated.
Prophylaxis for infective endocarditis.
Periodontitis, in combination with metronidazole.
And actinomycosis.
Bactericidal antibiotics like amoxicillin are most effective when given in a time dependent manner rather than a concentration dependent manner. Time dependent refers to the time that serum concentrations of the drug exceed the minimal inhibitory concentration for the micro organism. Therefore, these drugs are dosed more frequently.
Amoxicillin is only taken per orally. It is available in immediate and extended release tablets. It also comes as a chewable tablet or a suspension. Common adverse effects of amoxicillin include the following. Gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea and vomiting, and diarrhea. Superinfection, especially with candida species and clostridium difficile. Nephrotoxicity.
Hepatotoxicity.
And hypersensitivity reactions like rash, and in more serious situations, anaphylactic shock.
Amoxicillin is considered to be safe in pregnancy and breastfeeding.
#Amoxicillin #AmoxicillinUses #AmoxicillinSideEffects
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Why Do We Get Fever When We Are Sick_ The Actual Mechanism Behind Fever _Pathophysiology Of Fever
Fever is probably the most common symptom of all, and every single person experiences a fever at least once in a while. So, in this video we will see the mechanism behind fever.
To understand this, let’s recall the normal temperature regulation first. Humans are referred to as homeotherms, meaning that they are able to maintain their body temperature at a constant range of 98 to 98.6 Fahrenheits, or 36.6 to 37 in Celsius. This critical range is called the temperature set point in humans. Hypothalamus is the principal thermoregulator in our body. It regulates the temperature set point within this constant range by maintaining a balance between heat producing and heat losing mechanisms.
Fluctuations in the temperature are detected by peripheral thermoreceptors, which include the Ruffini endings, Kraus end bulbs, and free nerve endings, and central thermoreceptors, which are in the central nervous system and internal organs. These receptors then send signals to the hypothalamus, which in turn activates either heat generating mechanisms, or heat losing mechanisms to bring the body temperature to normal.
When the body temperature is elevated, it is detected by the hypothalamus, and it activates heat losing mechanisms to get rid of excess heat, and at the same time, it inhibits heat producing mechanisms in the body. Heat losing mechanisms include increased blood supply to the skin, which increases heat loss through radiation. And increased sweating. When sweat evaporates, it absorbs heat from the skin, which helps lower the body temperature. To prevent excess heat from generated, hypothalamus also reduces the metabolic rate within the body. As a result, cellular functioning will be much slower than normal.
When the body temperature is reduced, hypothalamus activates heat producing mechanisms, and inhibits heat losing mechanisms. Blood supply to the skin will be reduced, so the heat loss through radiation is minimal. And body hair gets straighten, which helps keep a static airflow near the body surface. This helps to reduce heat loss through convection. Additionally, hypothalamus may induce shivering, which helps generate some excess heat. And the metabolic rate will also be increased.
Fever is actually a symptom, rather than a disease. It is a condition where the body temperature is persistently elevated than the normal level. Bacterial and viral infections are the commonest causes for fever. Other than that, allergic reactions. Certain drugs. Post operative status. Certain cancers, especially renal cell carcinoma. Alcohol withdrawal. Blood transfusions. And pancreatitis can also induce fever.
In stressful conditions like infection, body produces large amounts of cytokines, specifically tumor necrosis factor, interleukins 1 and 6. These cytokines act on the hypothalamus, and they elevate the temperature set point to a level higher than the normal. Now the hypothalamus tries to get the body temperature up to that point. To do so, it activates heat producing mechanisms, and inhibits heat losing mechanisms. Ultimately, the body temperature will be increased, resulting in fever. this is the actual mechanisms of fever. in addition to cytokines, certain bacterial products, and toxins can also induce fever. these substances are collectively known as pyrogens. Finally, certain brain abnormalities such as brain tumors and trauma can cause direct effects on the hypothalamus, which also can lead to fever.
#WhyDoWeGetFever #MechanismOfFever #Fever
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Sildenafil (Viagra) - Uses, Dosage, Mechanism Of Action, Pharmacokinetics & Adverse Effects
Sildenafil, commonly known as Viagra, is a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor that is predominantly employed for two primary indications. Treatment of erectile dysfunction. And the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Diclofenac (Voltaren) - Uses, Mechanism Of Action, Pharmacology, Adverse Effects & Contraindications
Diclofenac is a medication that belongs to the class of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which are used in the treatment of inflammatory conditions, pain, and fever.
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Zincovit Multivitamin _- Indications (Uses), Ingredients, Benefits & Risks, Drug Interactions
Zincovit is a nutritional supplement that contains ingredients such as vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, and Folate. Vitamin A; Vitamin D3; Vitamin E. And minerals like zinc; copper; selenium; chromium; magnesium; and manganese. So, in other words, it is a multivitamin and multi mineral supplement.
#Zincovit #ZincovitBenefits #ZincovitVitamins
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Hydronephrosis _- Definition, Causes, Pathogenesis, Signs & Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment
Hydronephrosis is defined as distention of renal calyces and renal pelvis with urine as a result of urine outflow obstruction.
The other term, hydroureter is defined as distention of the ureter with urine due to obstruction. It could be either unilateral or bilateral.
In both hydronephrosis and hydroureter, obstruction of urine outflow leads to build up and back flow of urine, increasing the pressure inside the ureter. This will ultimately lead to changes in GFR, tubular function, and renal blood flow. GFR declines significantly with hours following acute obstruction.
And the tubular ability to transport ions and dilute urine will be severely impaired. In addition, increased ureteric pressure will lead to pyelovenous and pyelolymphatic back flow.
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Tamsulosin - Indications, Mechanism Of Action, Pharmacology, Adverse Effects
Tamsulosin is a selective alpha 1 A and alpha 1 D adrenoceptor antagonist, that is mainly used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostatitis. Ureteral stones. And female voiding dysfunction.
Alpha 1 A and 1 D receptors are commonly found in the prostate and sub maxillary tissue. And alpha 1 B receptors are mainly found in aorta and spleen. Blocking of alpha 1 receptors will lead to relaxation of prostatic smooth muscle cells, and reduction of obstructive symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Additionally, blocking of alpha 1 D receptors causes relaxation of the detrusor muscle of the bladder, and reduction of storage symptoms such as altered bladder sensation. Increased daytime frequency. Nocturia. And urinary urgency.
#Tamsulosin #TamsulosinUses #TamsulosinSideEffects
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Cetirizine (Zyrtec, Reactine, Prevalin) - Uses, Mechanism Of Action, Adverse Effects, Pharmacology
Cetirizine is a second-generation anti histamine medication that is primarily used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. It is also available as a prescription only ophthalmic solution to treat allergic conjunctivitis.
Cetirizine is a fast acting, highly selective antagonist of the peripheral H1 receptors, which are mainly located in the respiratory smooth muscle cells; Vascular endothelial cells; Immune cells; And cells of the gastrointestinal tract. Unlike first generation anti histamines such as diphenhydramine and doxylamine, cetirizine does not cross the blood brain barrier to a larger extent, avoiding the neurons of central nervous system. As a result, cetirizine produces minimal sedation compared to the first-generation anti histamines.
#Cetirizine #Prevalin #MedToday
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Boost Your Testosterone Levels Naturally _Best Testosterone Boosting Foods Without Any Supplement
Testosterone is the major sex hormone in males. It is produced by male testes and is responsible for many important functions in the body.
In men, it increases the sex drive, also known as libido, regulates bone mass, fat distribution, muscle mass and strength, and the production of red blood cells and sperm.
It is also responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in male children, such as deepening of voice, male pattern hair distribution, and growth of the genital organs.
Testosterone levels decline as a person ages.
However, certain other factors can also cause low testosterone levels, including certain medications, high body fat levels, and some health conditions, including hypogonadism.
A health promoting lifestyle, including diet, is important for maintaining optimal testosterone levels.
Many nutrients, including vitamin D, magnesium, and zinc, are important for maintaining optimal testosterone levels, because these nutrients act as precursors for the synthesis of testosterone.
So, in this video we are going to look at six foods that can boost your testosterone levels naturally.
01. Fatty Fish
02. Shellfish
03. Eggs
04. Garlic
05. Pomegranate
06. Avocado
Thanks for watching!
Hope someone found this video interesting and helpful.
See you soon in the next video.
#FoodsToBoostTestosteroneLevelsNaturally
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Monkeypox _The Latest Outbreak _- Everything You Need To Know - History, Prognosis, Treatment
Human monkey pox infection is a viral zoonotic disease, with symptoms similar to those seen in past smallpox patients. However, monkey pox infection is clinically less severe than smallpox, and the mortality rates are also quite low.
Human monkeypox was first identified in 1970, in the democratic republic of Congo in a 9 month old boy. Since then, the disease was limited to the rainforests of central and western Africa, until the first outbreak was emerged in 2003, in the united states of America, and was linked to contact with infected pet prairie dogs. Over 70 cases were reported during this outbreak.
In 2018, several cases of monkeypox infection were reported among travelers who travelled to Nigeria, and subsequently, a few cases were reported among several nations, until the recent outbreak was emerged in 2022. On July 23rd of 2022, the world health organization declared monkeypox a global health emergency. Up to that point, over 16000 cases of monkeypox infection are reported, involving more than 70 countries and territories. A total of five death were reported in Africa during this outbreak. However, no deaths have been reported outside Africa so far.
#Monkeypox #MonkeypoxOutbreak #MonkeypoxVsSmallpox
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What Causes Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (Menorrhagia) _Causes Of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding
Menorrhagia is defined as menstruation at regular cycle intervals but with excessive flow and duration and is one of the most common gynecologic complaints in contemporary gynecology.
Causes of menorrhagia can be divided into several categories.
1. Organic causes
2. Endocrinologic causes
3. Anatomic causes
4. Iatrogenic causes
In this video I discuss about these causes in more detail.
#HeavyMenstrualBleeding #Menorrhagia
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Warfarin - Indications, Mechanism Of Action, Pharmacology, Adverse Effects, Contraindications
Warfarin is an anti-coagulant medication that is used mainly in the treatment and prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis, and to prevent thromboembolic complications in atrial fibrillation and cardiac valve replacement.
In addition, it is also used in secondary prevention of recurrent strokes and transient ischemic attacks. And recurrent myocardial infarctions. Moreover, it is commonly used to prevent thromboembolic events after a stroke or myocardial infarction.
#Warfarin #AntiCoagulants #MedToday
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Signs & Symptoms Of Dengue Fever _- Febrile, Critical, And Recovery Phases
Dengue fever is one of the most common viral illnesses in human. It is transmitted by the mosquitoes of genus Aedes. More specifically, Aedes aegypti, and Aedes albopictus, which are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. Dengue affects more than 120 countries around the world, and it has been named as one of the top 10 threats to world health by the WHO.
#DengueSymptoms #MedToday
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What Causes Gastritis_ _Major Causes Of Gastritis
Gastritis is simply the inflammation of gastric mucosa. It is one of the most common conditions affecting the human race, and has a wide range of spectrum, from a simple inflammation involving the gastric mucosa, to a life-threatening gastric ulcer, complicated by perforation.
So, in this video we are going to discuss about the different causes of gastritis.
#Acute/chronicgastritis #Gastritiscauses
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IUD (Intra Uterine Device) _- Everything You Need To Know
Intrauterine device, or IUD, is one of the most effective forms of female contraception available today.
It is a 30 to 36mm long metal device that can be inserted through the vagina to implant within the uterus.
There are two types of Intra Uterine Devices.
The Hormonal IUD, which contains the hormone levonorgestrel, And the Copper IUD, both of which are mainly indicated for female contraception.
#MedToday #IUD #IntraUterineDevice
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Birth Control Pills (Oral Contraceptive Pills) - Everything You Need To Know
Combined oral contraceptive pill, also known as the birth control pill, is used to prevent pregnancy. It contains the synthetic versions of the two major female sexual hormones, estrogen, and progesterone.
The primary indication for combined oral contraceptive pills is to prevent pregnancy. Other uses include, treatment of menstrual pain. Irregular menstruation. Uterine fibroids. Endometriosis related pain. And menstruation related migraines. Potential health benefits of combined oral contraceptive pills include the following. Reducing iron deficiency anemia. Reducing premenstrual tension. Reducing benign breast tissues. Reducing functional ovarian cysts. And reducing the risk of endometrial, ovarian, and colorectal cancer.
#Birthcontrolpills #Oralcontraceptives #Medtoday
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Acute Cholecystitis - Causes, Symptoms, Physical Signs, Diagnosis & Treatment
Acute cholecystitis is defined as inflammation of the gallbladder. Major functions of the gallbladder are to store excess bile, and concentration of bile. Bile is produced in the liver and has many important functions. Some of them include facilitation of lipid digestion and absorption, excretion of bilirubin and excess cholesterol, and neutralization of the acidity in the duodenum. Bile consists of about 95% of water, in which are dissolved a number of solid constituents, including bile salts; bilirubin phospholipid; cholesterol; drugs and their metabolites; and other compounds such as amino acids and enzymes, vitamins, heavy metals etc.
The most common cause of acute cholecystitis is gallstone disease. When gallstones get lodged in the cystic duct, it causes gallbladder wall irritation and damage when the gallbladder contracts, which leads to gallbladder inflammation, giving rise to the signs and symptoms of acute cholecystitis. In addition to inflammation, there is gallbladder distension, and the pressure within the gallbladder is also increased. This will facilitate bacterial growth, especially the E coli. A minority of acute cholecystitis cases can occur without gallstone disease. This condition is called Ae calculous acute cholecystitis and is associated with gallbladder stasis and ischemia. It is mainly seen in critically ill patients who are hospitalized and on prolonged immobilization. Risk factors for developing this condition include sepsis. Diabetes mellitus. Immune suppression. Cytomegalovirus infection. Total parenteral nutrition. Major trauma. And burns.
#Acutecholecystitis #medtoday
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Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) - Causes, Signs & Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment
Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a syndrome of ovarian dysfunction, with associated hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovary morphology. It affects around 5 to 10% women of reproductive age. Polycystic ovarian syndrome is an incidental finding on ultrasound scans in about 25% of women. However, only a small number of them develop the full-blown syndrome.
#pcos #medtoday
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Hyperemesis Gravidarum _- Causes, Signs & Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment
Hyperemesis gravidarum is the most severe form of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy, affecting about 0.3 to 2% of pregnant women. It is characterized by severe, intractable nausea and vomiting, with signs of malnutrition, such as ketosis, and weight loss of more than 5% of pre pregnancy weight. Other symptoms include excessive salivation. Fatigue. Weakness. Dizziness. Sleep disturbances. And mood changes.
Persistent hyperemesis is associated with adverse maternal complications. Some of them include the following.
Mallory Weiss tears due to intractable retching. In more severe cases, these tears might end up in perforation of the esophagus.
Pneumothorax and pneumoperitoneum.
Wernicke’s encephalopathy.
Liver disease.
Seizures, coma, and death.
Renal failure.
Rhabdomyolysis.
Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.
Central pontine myelinolysis.
Vitamin K deficiency and coagulopathy.
Sepsis.
#Hyperemesisgravidarum #medtoday
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Endometrial (Uterine) Polyps - Everything You Need To Know
Endometrial polyps are benign growths of endometrial glands, stroma, and blood vessels that protrude into the uterine cavity. In some individuals, they could be completely asymptomatic. Symptomatic polyps mainly present with abnormal uterine bleeding, which may include heavy menstrual bleeding; intermenstrual bleeding; and post-menopausal bleeding. In addition, endometrial polyps can adversely affect a woman’s fertility.
Endometrial polyps could be single, or multiple. And some of them may be pedunculated, while others are not. The exact cause of endometrial polyps is not known. However, they are associated with endometrial hyperplasia. Therefore, unopposed estrogen activity on the endometrium is considered a risk factor. Other risk factors for endometrial polyps include use of tamoxifen; a drug used to treat breast cancer. Obesity. Late entry to menopause. And hormone replacement therapy.
Endometrial polyps are relatively insensitive to cyclical hormonal changes. Therefore, they tend to persist in the endometrium, and can cause unscheduled vaginal bleeding. They contain hyperplastic foci in 10 to 25% of symptomatic cases. And rarely, they can transform into endometrial cancer.
Diagnosis of endometrial polyps can be done with transvaginal ultrasound. Hysteroscopy. And saline infusion sonohysterography.
Finally let’s come to the treatment. Smaller polyps usually resolve spontaneously, and do not require any treatment. For larger polyps, polypectomy can be done under either general, or local anesthesia, with the guidance of hysteroscopy. Polypectomy will alleviate abnormal uterine bleeding; improve fertility; and exclude the risk of endometrial cancer.
#endometrialpolyps #medtoday
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