ProVaticanus

Salve Festa Dies Per Templum S. Vitalis Ravennae NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705798522865451009 http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus 1. Salve festa dies toto venerabilis aevo Qua Deus infernum vicit et astra tenet 2. Ecce renascentis testatur gratia mundi Omnia cum Domino dona redisse suo 3. Namque triumphanti post tristia tartara Christo Undique fronde nemus gramina flore favent 4. Qui crucifixus erat Deus, ecce per omnia regnat Dantque Creatori cuncta creata precem 5. Christe, salus rerum, bone Conditor atque Redemptor Unica progenies ex Deitate Patris 6. Qui genus humanum cernens mersisse profundo Ut hominem eriperes es quoque factus homo 7. Funeris exsequias pateris vitae auctor et orbis Intras mortis iter dando salutis opem 1. Hail, festal day, venerable of all ages By which God conquers hell and holds the stars 2. Behold, it declares grace for a reborn world All gifts have returned with their Lord. 3. For indeed, after hellish sorrows, to the triumphing Christ: grove with green and buds with flower, everywhere give laud. 4. The Crucified One was God, behold He reigns over all things, and all creation offers prayer to its Creator. 5. O Christ, the salvation of all things, good Creator and Redeemer, only begotten Son of God the Father. 6. You Who, seeing mankind to have plunged to the deep, that you might save man, were also made man. 7. That Thou, the author of life and the world, might open the way of death and the grave by giving hope of salvation. This is one of the oldest hymns used by the Church, written by Venantius Fortunatus before 609 AD! Sublime, poetic, and beautiful, this hymn is considered extremely precious by the Church. She only makes use of it once a year, during the greatest feast of her liturgical year! Easter is indeed the greatest feast, even greater than Christmas. There is at least 40 days preparation for Easter, but only 4 weeks for Christmas. Furthermore, Our Lord was born in order to redeem us -- so the feast celebrating his life's mission (the Redemption) must be the most important. This sequence is often sung before the Day Mass of Easter Sunday. Basilica San Vitale (526-547 AD) - Ravenna, Italy. Splendid Mosaics in the only large intact Church of the time of Roman Emperor Justinian the Great. The main building of the church is laid out octagonally. The building combines Roman and Byzantine elements. The dome, shape of doorways, and stepped towers are typical of Roman style, while the polygonal apse, capitals, narrow bricks, and an early example of flying buttresses are typical of the Byzantine. The church is most famous for its wealth of Byzantine mosaics. St Vitale boasts the largest and best preserved mosaics outside of Istanbul. The church is of extreme importance in Byzantine art, as it is the only major church from the period of the Emperor Justinian I to survive virtually intact. Furthermore, it is thought to reflect the design of the Byzantine Imperial Palace Audience Chamber, of which nothing at all survives. The belltower has four bells. According to legends, the church was erected on the site of the martyrdom of Saint Vitalis. However, there is some confusion as to whether this is the Saint Vitalis of Milan, or the Saint Vitale whose body was discovered (together with that of Saint Agricola) by Saint Ambrose in Bologna in 393. At the foot of the apse side walls are two famous mosaic panels, completed in 547. On the right is a mosaic depicting Justinian I, clad in Tyrian purple with a golden halo, standing next to court officials, generals Belisarius and Narses, Bishop Maximian, palatinae guards and deacons. The halo around his head gives him the same aspect as Christ in the dome of the apse, but is part of the tradition of rendering the imperial family with haloes described by Ernst Kantorowicz in The King's Two Bodies. Justinian himself stands in the middle, with soldiers on his right and clergy on his left, emphasizing that Justinian is the leader of both church and state of his empire. The later insertion of the Bishop Maximian's name above his head suggests that the mosaic may have been modified in 547, replacing the representation of the prior bishop with that of Maximian's. The gold background of the mosaic shows that Justinian and his entourage are inside the church. The figures are placed in a V shape; Justinian is placed in the front and in the middle to show his importance with Bishop Maximian on his left and lesser individuals being placed behind them. Another panel shows Empress Theodora solemn and formal, with golden halo, crown and jewels, and a group of court women as well as eunuchs. The Empress holds the Eucharistic vessel for wine, and her panel differs from that of Justinian in having a more complex background, with a fountain, cupola, and lavish hangings. Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de archive.org pro bono rei publicae: https://archive.org/details/PaschaGregorianChant/Easter+-+Hymn+-+Salve+Festa+Dies.MP3 #SalveFestaDies #Ravenna #GregorianChant http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

ΒΥΖΑΝΤΙΝΗ ΚΑΛΑΒΡΙΑ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Η Καλαβρία ήταν επαρχία της Βυζαντινής Αυτοκρατορίας, (Βυζαντινό Θέμα) στη Νότια Ιταλία και τη σημερινή περιφέρεια της Καλαβρίας. Το Θέμα δημιουργήθηκε κατά το χρονικό διάστημα από το 938 (ή το 902 κατά άλλους) έως το 956 αντικαθιστώντας το Δουκάτο της Καλαβρίας, είχε πρωτεύουσα το Ρήγιο αλλά περιελάμβανε και μία πόλη στη Σικελία το μόνο μέρος που δεν καταλήφθηκε από τους Άραβες, το Ταυρομένιο. Το Θέμα χωρίζεται σε τρεις τούρμες και περαιτέρω διαιρείται σε δρούγες, μόνο μία τούρμα ταυτίστηκε με ακρίβεια, βρισκόταν στο Πιάνα ντι Τζιόια Ταύρο, η οποία είχε ως πρωτεύουσα την πόλη της Αγίας Αγκάθα και ιδρύθηκε το 1044. Το 965 ξέσπασε βίαιη εξέγερση στο Ροζάνο, η αιτία το αίτημα του στρατηγού Νικηφόρου Εξακιονίτη να στρατολογήσει τα πλοία του θέματος ενώ οι ιδιοκτήτες τους ζήταγαν να πάρουν ενοίκιο, Με την παρέμβαση του Αγίου Νείλου σταμάτησε η εξέγερση και πήραν αντάλλαγμα πεντακόσια νομίσματα. Σε 975 το Θέμα Καλαβρίας μαζί με εκείνα της Λογγιβαρδίας και της Λευκανίας σχηματίζουν το Κατεπανάτο της Ιταλίας. Γνωστοί στρατηγοί -κυβερνήτες του θέματος ήταν οι: Ευστάθιος, 10ος αιώνας Ιωάννης Μουζάλων ή Μπουζάλων, περ. 921-922 Μαριανός Αργυρός γύρω στα 958 Προκόπιος, 10ος αιώνας Βασίλειος Κλάδων, 10ος αιώνας Κρηνίτης ο Χαλδαίος, ? - 947 Πασχάλιος Πρωτοσπαθάριος, 10ος αιώνας Νικηφόρος Εξακιωνίτης, 10ος αιώνας Calabria theme The Themes of the Byzantine - Roman Empire in Southern Italy around 1000. Calabria was a province of the Byzantine Empire , ( Byzantine Theme ) in Southern Italy and the current region of Calabria . The Theme was created during the time period from 938 (or 902 according to others) to 956 replacing the Duchy of Calabria , it had its capital at Rigio but also included a city in Sicily the only part not occupied by the Arabs, the Tauromenian . The Theme is divided into three turmas and further divided into droghes, only one turma has been accurately identified, it was located in Piana di Gioia Tauro, which had as its capital the city of Agia Agatha and was founded in 1044. In 965 a violent rebellion broke out in Rozano, the cause of which was the request of the general Nikephoros Hexakionitis to recruit the ships in question while their owners were asking for rent. With the intervention of Agios Nilos, the rebellion was stopped and they received five hundred coins in exchange.. In 975 the Theme of Calabria together with those of Logivardia and Lefkania form the Katepanate of Italy . Well-known generals-governors of the subject were: Eustathius , 10th century John Mouzalon or Bouzalon , ca. 921-922 Marianos Argyros around 958 Procopius , 10th century Vasilios Kladon , 10th century Crinitis the Chaldean , ? - 947 Paschalios Protospatharios , 10th century Nikiforos Hexakionitis , 10th century #Byzantine #Calabria #RomanEmpire http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

Vaticanus Obscurus ("Vatican Blackout") http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Dies Irae/Day of Wrath DIES irae, dies illa, solvet saeculum in favilla, teste David cum Sibylla. Day of wrath and doom impending, David’s word with Sibyl’s blending, Heaven and earth in ashes ending. Quantus tremor est futurus, quando iudex est venturus, cuncta stricte discussurus! O what fear man’s bosom rendeth, When from heaven the Judge descendeth, On whose sentence all dependeth. Tuba mirum spargens sonum per sepulcra regionum, coget omnes ante thronum. Wondrous sound the trumpet flingeth, Through earth’s sepulchers it ringeth, All before the throne it bringeth. Mors stupebit et natura, cum resurget creatura, iudicanti responsura. Death is struck, and nature quaking, All creation is awaking, To its Judge an answer making. Liber scriptus proferetur, in quo totum continetur, unde mundus iudicetur. Lo, the book exactly worded, Wherein all hath been recorded, Thence shall judgment be awarded. Iudex ergo cum sedebit, quidquid latet apparebit: nil inultum remanebit. When the Judge His seat attaineth, And each hidden deed arraigneth, Nothing unavenged remaineth. Quid sum miser tunc dicturus? quem patronum rogaturus? cum vix iustus sit securus. What shall I, frail man, be pleading? Who for me be interceding When the just are mercy needing? Rex tremendae maiestatis, qui salvandos salvas gratis, salva me, fons pietatis. King of majesty tremendous, Who dost free salvation send us, Fount of pity, then befriend us. Recordare Iesu pie, quod sum causa tuae viae: ne me perdas illa die. Think, kind Jesus, my salvation Caused Thy wondrous Incarnation, Leave me not to reprobation. Quarens me, sedisti lassus: redemisti crucem passus: tantus labor non sit cassus. Faint and weary Thou hast sought me, On the Cross of suffering bought me, Shall such grace be vainly brought me? Iuste iudex ultionis, donum fac remissionis, ante diem rationis. Righteous Judge, for sin’s pollution Grant Thy gift of absolution, Ere that day of retribution. Ingemisco, tamquam reus: culpa rubet vultus meus: supplicanti parce Deus. Guilty now I pour my moaning, All my shame with anguish owning, Spare, O God, Thy suppliant groaning. Qui Mariam absolvisti, et latronem exaudisti, mihi quoque spem dedisti. Through the sinful woman shriven, Through the dying thief forgiven, Thou to me a hope hast given. Preces meae non sunt dignae: sed tu bonus fac benigne, ne perenni cremer igne. Worthless are my prayers and sighing, Yet, good Lord, in grace complying, Rescue me from fires undying. Inter oves locum praesta, et ab haedis me sequestra, statuens in parte dextera. With Thy sheep a place provide me, From the goats afar divide me, To Thy right hand do Thou guide me. Confutatis maledictis, flammis acribus addictis. voca me cum benedictis. When the wicked are confounded, Doomed to flames of woe unbounded, Call me with Thy Saints surrounded. Oro supplex et acclinis, cor contritum quasi cinis: gere curam mei finis. Low I kneel with heart’s submission, See, like ashes, my contrition, Help me in my last condition. Lacrimosa dies illa, qua resurget ex favilla. iudicandus homo reus: huic ergo parce Deus. Ah! That day of tears and mourning, From the dust of earth returning, Man for judgment must prepare him, Spare, O God, in mercy spare him. Pie Iesu Domine, dona eis requiem. Amen. Lord, all-pitying, Jesus blest, Grant them Thine eternal rest. Amen. Latin and Translation from the 1958 Marian Missal for daily Mass by Sylvester P. Juergens, S.M. Doctor of Sacred Theology http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

A Sancto Georgio https://www.zazzle.com/store/provaticanus?qs=george Iacobus de Voragine Legenda Aurea De sancto Georgio Saeculo XIII editio: incognita fons: incognitus Georgius tribunus, genere Cappadox, pervenit quadam vice in provinciam Libyae in civitatem quae dicitur Silena, iuxta quam civitatem erat stagnum instar maris in quo draco pestifer latitabat, qui saepe populum contra se armatum in fugam converterat, flatuque suo ad muros civitatis accedens omnes inficiebat. Quapropter compulsi cives duas oves quotidie sibi dabant ut eius furorem sedarent; alioquin sic muros civitatis invadebat et aerem inficiebat quod plurimi interibant. Cum ergo iam oves paene deficerent maximum cum harum copiam habere non possent inito consilio ovem cum adjuncto homine tribuebant. Cum igitur sorte omnium filii et filiae hominum darentur et sors neminen exciperet et iam paene omnes filii et filiae populi essent consumpti, quadam vice filiam regis unica sorte est deprehensa et draconi adiudicata. Tunc rex contristatus ait: "Tollite aurum et argentum et dimidium regni mei et filiam mihi dimittite ne taliter moriatur." Cui populus cum furore respondit: "Tu o rex hoc edictum fecisti et nunc omnes pueri nostri mortui sunt et tu vis filiam tuam salvare? Nisi in filia tua compleveris quod i aliis ordinasti, succendemus te et domum tuam." Quod rex audiens coepit filiam suam flere dicens: "Heu me filia mea dulcissima, quid de te faciam? Aut quid dicam? Quando plus videbo nuptias tuas?" Et conversus ad populum dixit: "Oro ut inducias octa dierum lugendi mihi filiam tribuatis." Quod cum populus annuisset in fine octo dierum reversus populus est cum furore dicens: "Qaere perdis populum tuum propter filiam tuam? En omnis afflatu draconis morimur!" Tunc rex videns quod non posset filiam liberare induit eam vestibus regalibus; et amplexatus eam cum lacrimis dixit: "Heu me filia mea dulcissima, de te filios in regali gremio nutrire credebam et nunc vadis ut a dracone devoreris. Heu me filia mea dulcissima, sperebam ad tuas nuptias principes invitare palatium margaritis ornare tympana et orga audire, et nunc vadis ut a dracone devoreris!" Tunc illa procidit ad pedes patris petens ab eum benedictionem suam; quam cum pater cum lacrimis benedixisset ad lacum processit. Quam beatus Georgius casu inde transiens ut plorantem vidit, eam quid haberet interrogavit. Et illa: "Bone iuvenis, velociter equum adscende et fuge, ne mecum pariter moriaris!" Cui Georgius: "Noli temere filia, sed dic mihi quid hic praestolaris omne plebe spectante?" Et illa: "Ut video, bone iuvenis, magnifici cordis es tu. Sed cur mecum mori desideras? Fuge velociter!" Cui Georgius: "Hinc ego non discedam, donec mihi quid habeas intimabis." Cum ergo totum sibi exposuisset ait Georgius: "Filia, noli timere quia in Christi nomine te juvabo." Et illa: "Bone miles, mecum non pereas!" Sufficit enim si sola peream, nam me liberare non posses et tu mecum perires." Dum haec loqueretur ecce draco veniens caput de lacu levavit. Tunc puella tremafacta dixit: "Fuge, bone domine, fuge velociter!" Tunc Georgius equum ascendens et crucem se muniens draconem contra se venientem audacter aggreditur et, lanceam fortiter vibrans et se Deo commendens, ipsum graviter vulneravit et ad terram deiecit. Dixitque puellae: "Proiice zonam tuam in collam draconis, nihil dubitans, filia!" Quod cum fecisset, sequebatur eam velut mansuetissima canis. Cum ergo eum in civitatem ducerunt, populi hoc videntes per montes et fortitudines fugere coeperunt, dicentes: "Vae nobis, quia iam omnes peribimus!" Tunc beatus Georgius innuit iis, dicens: "Nolite timere! ad hoc enim me misit Dominus ad vos, ut a poenis vos liberarem draconis. Tantummodo in Christum credite et unusquisque baptizetur, et draconem istum occidam." Tunc rex et omnes populi baptizati sunt. Beatus autem Georgius evaginato gladio draconem occidit et ipsum extra civitatem efferri praecepit. Tunc quattuor paria boum ipsum in magnum campum foras duxerunt. Baptizati autem sunt in illa die XX milia hominum, exceptis parvulis et mulieribus. Rex autem in honorem beatae Mariae et beati Georgii ecclesiam mirae magnitudinis construxit de cuius altari fons vivus emenat cuius potus omnes languidos sanat. Rex vero infinitam pecuniam beato Georgio obtulit quam ille recipere nolens pauperibus eam dari praecepit. Tunc Georgius regem de quattuor breviter instruxit, scilicet ut ecclesiarum Dei curam haberet sacerdotus honoraret divinum officium diligiter audiret et semper pauperum memor esset; et osculato rege inde recessit. #ByStGeorge #George #SanJorge http://twitter.com/ProVaticanus

Tridentina declarata definitaque dogmatice res est aquam esse necessarium baptismi ad salutem http://twitter.com/ProVaticanus «Si quis dixerit, aquam veram et naturalem non esse de necessitate baptismi… & baptismum liberum esse, hoc est non necessarium ad salutem: anathema sit». «Can. 2. Si quis dixerit, aquam veram et naturalem non esse de necessitate baptismi, atque ideo verba illa Domini nostri Iesu Christi: ‘Nisi quis renatus fuerit ex aqua et Spiritu Sancto’[Jo 3, 5] ad metaphoram aliquam detorserit: anathema sit... Can. 5. Si quis dixerit, baptismum liberum esse, hoc est non necessarium ad salutem: anathema sit». -SS. PII PP. IV, per Sacrosanctum Oecumenicum Concilium Tridentinum, Sess. VII, Decretum primum [De sacramentis], 3 Mar. 1547, Canones de sacramento baptismi, Can. 2 et 5; Denzinger, n. 858, 861. BENEDICTUS DEUS Bulla S.D.N.D. Pii Divina Providentia Papae Quarti super confirmatione Oecumenii & Generalis Concilii Tridentini promulgata est 26 Jan. 1564. #OneBaptism #CouncilOfTrent #ExtraEcclesiamNullaSalus http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus http://twitter.com/ProVaticanus «Si quis dixerit, aquam veram et naturalem non esse de necessitate baptismi… & baptismum liberum esse, hoc est non necessarium ad salutem: anathema sit». «Can. 2. Si quis dixerit, aquam veram et naturalem non esse de necessitate baptismi, atque ideo verba illa Domini nostri Iesu Christi: ‘Nisi quis renatus fuerit ex aqua et Spiritu Sancto’[Jo 3, 5] ad metaphoram aliquam detorserit: anathema sit... Can. 5. Si quis dixerit, baptismum liberum esse, hoc est non necessarium ad salutem: anathema sit». -SS. PII PP. IV, per Sacrosanctum Oecumenicum Concilium Tridentinum, Sess. VII, Decretum primum [De sacramentis], 3 Mar. 1547, Canones de sacramento baptismi, Can. 2 et 5; Denzinger, n. 858, 861. BENEDICTUS DEUS Bulla S.D.N.D. Pii Divina Providentia Papae Quarti super confirmatione Oecumenii & Generalis Concilii Tridentini promulgata est 26 Jan. 1564. #OneBaptism #CouncilOfTrent #ExtraEcclesiamNullaSalus http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus

‪#‎GaudeMaterEcclesia‬ ‪#‎HappyMothersDay‬ http://gloria.tv/media/ATD8WjWLVTw http://youtube.com/ProVaticanus http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Antonio Lucio Vivaldi (1678 † 1741) Work: Gaude, mater Ecclesia (Hymn) for soprano, strings and basso continuo in B flat major, RV613 Gaude mater Ecclesia, Laetam agens memoriam, Quae novae prolis gaudia Mittis ad caeli curiam. Praedictorum ordinis Dux et Pater Dominicus Mundi iam fulget terminis, Civis effectus caelicus. Carnis liber ergastulo, Caeli potitur gloria: Pro paupertatis cingulo Stola dotatur regia. Fragrans odor de tumulo Cum virtutum frequentia, Clamat pro Christi famulo Summi Regis magnalia. Trino Deo et simplici Laus, honor, virtus, Gloria, Qui nos prece Dominici Ducat ad caeli gaudia. http://twitter.com/ProVaticanus http://ProVaticanus.blogspot.com/2011/09/gaudet-mater-ecclesia.html

#IMPERIVM ROMANVM : α☧ω 🦅🦅 #ββββ : βασιλεὺς βασιλέων, βασιλεύων βασιλευόντων http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus This Roman Imperial standard-flag is based on the tetragrammic cross emblem/flag of the Byzantine Palaiologos dynasty, with the difference that in Serbian use the cross is usually white on a red background, rather than gold on a red background (though it can be depicted in gold as well). It is composed of a cross symbol with four "fire striker" shapes, originally four Greek letters beta (Β). The so called ‘ocila' in Serbian or ‘fire strikers' in English are the initials (letters β) of the imperial motto of the Palaiologos dynasty: King of Kings, Ruling Over Kings. In Greek it goes like this: βασιλεὺς βασιλέων, βασιλεύων βασιλευόντων; (Basileus Basileōn, Basileuōn Basileuontōn) The emblem mostly associated with the Roman Empire in the East (Byzantine) is the double-headed eagle. It is not of Byzantine invention, but a traditional Anatolian motif dating to Hittite times, and the Byzantines themselves only used it in the last centuries of the Empire. The date of its adoption by the Byzantines has been hotly debated by scholars. In 1861, the Greek scholar Georgios Chrysovergis wrote that it was adopted by the Komnenoi in 1048. The Palaiologan emperors used the double-headed eagle as a symbol of the senior members of the imperial family. It was mostly used on clothes and other accoutrements, as codified in the mid-14th century by pseudo-Kodinos in his Book of Offices. According to Kodinos, the emperor bore special boots (tzangia) with eagles made of pearls on both shins and on the instep; the Despots wore similar boots of white and purple, and featured pearl-embroidered eagles on their saddles, while the saddle cloth and their tents were white decorated with red eagles. Similarly, the sebastokrator wore blue boots with golden wire-embroidered eagles on a red background, while his saddle cloth was blue with four red embroidered eagles. The only occasion the double-headed eagle appears on a flag is on the ship that bore Emperor John VIII Palaiologos to the Council of Florence, as mentioned by Sphrantzes and confirmed by its depiction in the Filarete Doors of St. Peter's Basilica. According to a handful of surviving examples, such as the supposed "Flag of Andronikos II Palaiologos" in the Vatopedi Monastery, or a frontispiece of a Bible belonging to Demetrios Palaiologos, the Byzantine double-headed eagle was golden on a red background. Likewise, in Western armorials from the 15th century, the golden double-headed eagle on a red shield is given as the arms of the "Empire of the East" or "of Constantinople", or as emblem of members of the imperial family. The representation of the eagle on a shield is an adaptation to Western heraldic practice, however; the Byzantines never used it in this manner for themselves, although they employed it in a Western context, e.g. in the award of the right to bear the imperial arms to the Florentine citizen Giacomo Paolo di Morellis in 1439. Within the Byzantine world, the eagle was also used by the semi-autonomous Despots of the Morea, who were younger imperial princes, and by the Gattilusi of Lesbos, who were Palaiologan relatives and vassals. The double-headed eagle was used in the breakaway Empire of Trebizond as well, being attested imperial clothes but also on flags. Indeed, Western portolans of the 14th–15th centuries use the double-headed eagle (silver/golden on red/vermilion) as the symbol of Trebizond rather than Constantinople. Single-headed eagles are also attested in Trapezuntine coins, and a 1421 source depicts the Trapezuntine flag as yellow with a red single-headed eagle. Apparently, just as in the metropolitan Byzantine state, the use of both motifs, single and double-headed, continued side by side. Double-headed eagle reliefs are also attested for the walls of Trebizond, with one example preserved in a church in Kalamaria, Thessaloniki, which is very similar to 13th-century Seljuq examples. Modern scholars commonly consider the double-headed eagle to have been adopted by the Grand Komnenos emperors of Trebizond after their recognition of the suzerainty of, and intermarriage with, the Palaiologos dynasty in the 1280s. Likewise, the small Byzantine Principality of Theodoro in the Crimea, whose rulers conducted marriage alliances with both the Palaiologoi and the Grand Komnenoi, also used the double-headed eagle in the 15th century. #XP #SPQR #Imperium #RomanEmpire #Byzantine #Orthodoxy #Labarum #Rome #Constantinople #EasternRomanEmpire #ByzantineEmpire #Romanoi #Orthodox #Catholic #Palaiologos #CouncilOfFlorence #ByzantineMusic #Anthem #RomanFlag #Vexillum #Ekklesia #Reunion #ChurchState #ConstantineTheGreat #TheodosiusTheGreat #JohnVIII #ConstantineXI #Patria #DoubleEagle #4Beta #AlphaOmega #ChiRho #Serbia #Greece #Italia #TheEmpire #TheRepublic Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de "Zzen" pro bono rei publicae. http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

http://www.zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Motetum Vaticanum (Marche Pontificale): Roma, alma parens, Sanctorum Martyrumque, Nobile carmen, te decete, sonorumque, Gloria in excelsis, paternae maiestati Pax et in terra fraternae caritati Ad te clamamus, Angelicum pastorem: Quam vere refers, Tu mitem Redemptorem! Magister Sanctum, custodis dogma Christi, Quod unun vitae, solamen datur isti. Non praevalebunt horrendae portae infernae, Sed vis amoris veritatisque aeternae. Salve, Roma! In te aeterna stat historia, Inclyta, fulgent gloria Monumenta tot et arae. Roma Petri et Pauli, Cunctis mater tu redemptis, Lumen cunctae in facie gentis Mundique sola spes! Salve, Roma! Cuius lux occasum nescit, Splendet, incandescit, Et iniquo oppilat os. Pater Beatissime, Annos Petri attinge, excede Unum, quaesumus, concede: Tu nobis benedic. Vatican City State has its own flag and anthem like any other universally recognized, sovereign nation. On 16 October 1949 Pope Pius XII decided that Charles Gounods (1818-1893) Pontifical March should become the official hymn. At the time, the French musician and devout Catholic was already a famous composer, especially well known for his lyrical work Faust and his composition of Ave Maria. The music of the current Pontifical Hymn was composed by Gounod for the anniversary of the incoronation of Blessed Pope Pius IX to whom he was particularly devoted. The Pontifical March was performed for the first time on the afternoon of 11 April 1869 during celebrations marking the Popes jubilee of priestly ordination. On that day in St. Peters Square a large crowd had gathered for a special concert following the mornings liturgical celebrations in the Basilica. The concert brought together seven pontifical bands with members belonging to seven different papal corps and regiments in Rome (Papal Gendarmes conducted by maestro Roland, Reggimenti di Linea conducted by maestro Baffo, Cacciatori conducted by Pezzina, Zuavi conducted by maestro Willimburg, Carabinieri stationed outside Italy, Legione Romana conducted by maestro Angelini, Reggimento Dragoni). They were accompanied by a chorus made up of over one thousand soldiers. The Pontifical March of Gounod was widely applauded and played numerous times, as the Vatican newspaper LOsservatore Romano reported the following day. Pope Pius IX received the greetings of numerous diplomats gathered in St. Peters Basilica with the five thousand faithful for the morning celebration. Later in the day, he appeared at the central loggia of St. Peters Basilica to greet the crowds applauding below and filling the square for the concert. The seven musical bands were lined up along the steps in the square and when the Pope appeared they began with the new hymn written especially for the occasion by maestro Gounod and to be accompanied by a chorus of one thousand soldiers, as announced by the Vatican newspaper the day before. In the past, whenever the Pope would appear, the bands would play the Triumphal March, the old anthem composed by Hallmayer. The new composition was immensely successful. On 12 April 1869 the Vatican newspaper reported that the anthem was played again and again numerous times. It was performed often after this event and became famous for its majesty and solemnity, almost of a liturgical character. However, it was only adopted as the official Pontifical Hymn 81 years later, even though many had wished it were done so immediately. The Pontifical Hymn of Gounod, which was officially adopted on the eve of the Holy Year 1950, is quite different from the previous anthem composed by Hallmayer and reflects a style of that period consisting of a lively and bright rhythm, like that of a waltz. Pope Pius XII decided to change the anthem with the still well known Pontifical March of Gounod, given its religious tone thought to be more appropriate for the times. The music was performed for the first time as the new, official anthem during a solemn ceremony on Christmas Eve of 1949 which was also the vigil of the opening of the Holy Year 1950. The old anthem was also played almost as a sign of respect to mark its passing. The musical band of the Palatine Guard of Honor was lined up with all its divisions in the San Damaso Courtyard and performed the music after the order of the day was read out announcing the official change in anthem: Roma immortale di Martiri e di Santi, Roma immortale accogli i nostri canti: Gloria nei cieli a Dio nostro Signore, Pace ai Fedeli, di Cristo nell'amore. A Te veniamo, Angelico Pastore, In Te vediamo il mite Redentore, Erede Santo di vera e santa Fede; Conforto e vanto a chi combatte e crede, Non prevarranno la forza ed il terrore, Ma regneranno la Verità, l'Amore. http://www.youtube.com/ProVaticanus

A.D. 751 S. Zacharias PP. I Mandavit Pippino [Quotatio Brevis Ad Fontes] #quotes http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Pepin the Short (French: Pépin le Bref; c. 714 – 24 September 768), also called the Younger (Ger. Pippin der Jüngere), was King of the Franks from 751 until his death in 768. He was the first Carolingian to become king. The younger was the son of the Frankish prince Charles Martel and his wife Rotrude, Pepin's upbringing was distinguished by the ecclesiastical education he had received from the monks of St. Denis. Succeeding his father as the Mayor of the Palace in 741, Pepin reigned over Francia jointly with his elder brother Carloman. Pepin ruled in Neustria, Burgundy, and Provence, while his older brother Carloman established himself in Austrasia, Alemannia, and Thuringia. The brothers were active in suppressing revolts led by the Bavarians, Aquitanians, Saxons, and the Alemanni in the early years of their reign. In 743, they ended the Frankish interregnum by choosing Childeric III, who was to be the last Merovingian monarch, as figurehead king of the Franks. Being well disposed towards the church and papacy on account of their ecclesiastical upbringing, Pepin and Carloman continued their father's work in supporting Saint Boniface in reforming the Frankish church, and evangelizing the Saxons. After Carloman, who was an intensely pious man, retired to religious life in 747, Pepin became the sole ruler of the Franks. He suppressed a revolt led by his half-brother Grifo, and succeeded in becoming the undisputed master of all Francia. Giving up pretense, Pepin then forced Childeric into a monastery and had himself proclaimed king of the Franks with support of Pope Zachary in 751. The decision was not supported by all members of the Carolingian family and Pepin had to put down a revolt led by Carloman's son, Drogo, and again by Grifo. As king, Pepin embarked on an ambitious program to expand his power. He reformed the legislation of the Franks and continued the ecclesiastical reforms of Boniface. Pepin also intervened in favour of the papacy of Stephen II against the Lombards in Italy. In the midsummer of 754, Stephen II anointed Pepin afresh, together with his two sons, Charles and Carloman. The ceremony took place in the Abbey Church of St. Denis, near Paris, and the Pope formally forbade the Franks ever to elect as king anyone who was not of the sacred race of Pepin. He also bestowed upon Pepin and his sons the title of 'Patrician of Rome'. Pepin was able to secure several cities, which he then gave to the Pope as part of the Donation of Pepin. This formed the legal basis for the Papal States in the Middle Ages. The Byzantines, keen to make good relations with the growing power of the Frankish empire, gave Pepin the title of Patricius. In wars of expansion, Pepin conquered Septimania from the Islamic Umayyads, and subjugated the southern realms by repeatedly defeating Waiofar and his Gascon troops, after which the Gascon and Aquitanian lords saw no option but to pledge loyalty to the Franks. Pepin was, however, troubled by the relentless revolts of the Saxons and the Bavarians. He campaigned tirelessly in Germany, but the final subjugation of these tribes was left to his successors. Pepin died in 768 and was succeeded by his sons Charlemagne and Carloman. Although unquestionably one of the most powerful and successful rulers of his time, Pepin's reign is largely overshadowed by that of his more famous son, Charlemagne. A.D. 751 S. Zacharias PP. I mandavit Pippino quod «melius sibi videri illum regem vocari, qui potestatem haberet, quam illum, qui sine regali potestate manebat». Έτος Κυρίου 751: Ο Πάπας Άγιος Ζαχάριος ο Πρώτος έδωσε εντολή στον Πεπίνο γιατί «είναι καλύτερο να λέγεται εκείνος που κρατά την εξουσία του Βασιλιά στα χέρια του, παρά έναν που μένει χωρίς εξουσίες». A.D. 751: Pope St. Zachary I mandated to Pepin because [quote]«it is better to call the person who holds the power of the King in his hands, rather than one, who remains without powers»[end quote]. An du Seigneur 751 : Pape saint Zacharie 1er mandaté à Pépin car « il vaut mieux appeler celui qui détient le pouvoir du Roi entre ses mains, plutôt que celui qui reste sans pouvoirs ». Año del Señor 751: El Papa San Zacarías I encomendó a Pipino porque «más vale llamar al que tiene en sus manos el poder del Rey, que al que se queda sin poderes». FONTES: Reginonis Prumiensis Abbatis Chronica: Liber de gestis regum Francorum, Ann. 749-750; J.P. Migne, Patrologia Latina (Patrologiae Cursus Completus. Series Latina), Tom. CXXXII, Col. 47B. #PopeZachary #Pepin #Childeric #Vatican #PontificalStates #Byzantines #RomanEmpire #Roma #InternationalLaw #Italia #France #Alliance #mandatum #ITA #Lombards #Italy #Franks #Supremacy #Papacy #CatholicChurch #InternationalAffairs #Magisterium #machiavelli #Politics #Legitimacy #DidYouKnow #Latin #Greek #French #Spanish #English #ThePrince #Briefs #edu http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

Veni Creator Spiritus per Basilicam Sancti Petri in Vaticano NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705799622377078785/ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus "Veni Creator Spiritus" (Come, Creator Spirit) is a traditional Christian hymn believed to have been written by Rabanus Maurus, a ninth-century German monk, teacher, and archbishop. When the original Latin text is used, it is normally sung in Gregorian Chant. It has been translated and paraphrased into several languages, and adapted into many musical forms, often as a hymn for Pentecost or for other occasions that focus on the Holy Spirit. As an invocation of the Holy Spirit, Veni Creator Spiritus is sung in the Catholic Church during liturgical celebrations on the feast of Pentecost (at both Terce and Vespers). It is also sung at occasions such as the entrance of Cardinals to the Sistine Chapel when they elect a new pope, as well as at the consecration of bishops, the ordination of priests, the sacrament of Confirmation, the dedication of churches, the celebration of synods or councils, the coronation of monarchs, the profession of members of religious institutes, and other similar solemn events. There are also Catholic traditions of singing the hymn on New Year's Day for plenary indulgence. Veni, Creator Spiritus, mentes tuorum visita, imple superna gratia, quae tu creasti, pectora. Come, Holy Ghost, Creator, come from thy bright heav'nly throne; come, take possession of our souls, and make them all thine own. Qui diceris Paraclitus, donum Dei altissimi, fons vivus, ignis, caritas, et spiritalis unctio. Thou who art called the Paraclete, best gift of God above, the living spring, the living fire, sweet unction and true love. Tu septiformis munere, dextrae Dei tu digitus, tu rite promissum Patris, sermone ditans guttura. Thou who art sevenfold in thy grace, finger of God's right hand; his promise, teaching little ones to speak and understand. Accende lumen sensibus, infunde amorem cordibus, infirma nostri corporis virtute firmans perpeti. O guide our minds with thy blest light, with love our hearts inflame; and with thy strength, which ne'er decays, confirm our mortal frame. Hostem repellas longius pacemque dones protinus; ductore sic te praevio vitemus omne noxium. Far from us drive our deadly foe; true peace unto us bring; and through all perils lead us safe beneath thy sacred wing. Per te sciamus da Patrem noscamus atque Filium, te utriusque Spiritum credamus omni tempore. Through thee may we the Father know, through thee th'eternal Son, and thee the Spirit of them both, thrice-blessed three in One. In some instances, a doxology follows: Deo Patri sit gloria, et Filio qui a mortuis surrexit, ac Paraclito, Amen. in saeculorum saecula. All glory to the Father be, with his coequal Son; the same to thee, great Paraclete, while endless ages run. Amen. Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de archive.org et Rabano Mauro pro bono rei publicae, cf. https://archive.org/details/the-way-of-the-cross-via-crucis-miserere-mei-deus_202102/A+Solis+Ortus+Cardine+-+Catholic+Christmas+Song.mp3 #VeniCreatorSpiritus #Pentecost #Chant http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

Sequor Flumina... Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus +A.M.D.G. J.S. Elcano -Primus circumdedisti me- per orbem et annulum Hadriani VI (10 Aug. 1519 - 6 Sept. 1522) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i8r8hgjFVnA #Xavier #Magellan #Elcano http://twitter.com/ProVaticanus

Romanus Pinus Christogrammae (Chi-Rho) https://www.zazzle.com/romanus_pinus_christogrammae_chi_rho_gold_finish_lapel_pin-256451302343637854 Very detailed miniature antique style artwork. X P - The Chi Rho is one of the earliest forms of christogram, and is used by Christians. It is formed by superimposing the first two letters in the Greek spelling of the word Christ, the original language of the Christian Testament. A W - Alpha and Omega- first and last letters of Greek alphabet signify Christ's Divine designation- clear testament to His absolute and unqualified Deity. Apoc. 22:12: Ἰδοὺ ἔρχομαι ταχύ, καὶ ὁ μισθός μου μετ' ἐμοῦ, ἀποδοῦναι ἑκάστῳ ὡς τὸ ἔργον ἐστὶν αὐτοῦ. ἐγὼ τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ, ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος, ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος. Ecce venio cito, et merces mea mecum est, reddere unicuique secundum opera sua. Ego sum alpha et omega, primus et novissimus, principium et finis. Patience, I am coming soon; and with me comes the award I make, repaying each man according to the life he has lived. am Alpha, I am Omega, I am before all, I am at the end of all, the beginning of all things and their end. The Chi Rho invokes the crucifixion of Jesus as well as symbolizing his status as the Christ. There is early evidence of the Chi Rho symbol on Christian Rings of the third century. The Chi Rho is one of the earliest forms of christogram, and is used by Christians. It is formed by superimposing the first two letters in the Greek spelling of the word Christ ( Greek : "ρσό" ), chi = ch and rho = r, in such a way to produce the monogram . The Chi-Rho symbol was also used by pagan Greek scribes to mark, in the margin, a particularly valuable or relevant passage; the combined letters Chi and Rho standing for chrston, meaning "good." Although not technically a cross, the Chi Rho invokes the crucifixion of Jesus as well as symbolizing his status as the Christ. There is early evidence of the Chi Rho symbol on Christian Rings of the third century. Christian accounts of Constantine's adoption of the Chi-Rho. According to Lactantius, a Latin historian of North African origins saved from poverty by the patronage of Constantine I as tutor to his son Crispus, Constantine had dreamt of being ordered to put a "heavenly divine symbol" (Latin: coeleste signum dei) on the shields of his soldiers. The description of the actual symbol chosen by Constantine the next morning, as reported by Lactantius, is not very clear: it closely resembles a Chi Rho or a staurogram, a similar Christian symbol. That very day Constantine's army fought the forces of Maxentius and won the Battle of the Milvian Bridge (312), outside Rome. Writing in Greek, Eusebius of Caesarea (died in 339), the bishop who wrote the first surviving general history of the early Christian churches, gave two different accounts of the events. In his church history, written shortly after the battle, when Eusebius didn't yet have any contact with Constantine, he doesn't mention any dream or vision, but compares the defeat of Maxentius (drowned in the Tiber) to that of the biblical pharaoh and credits Constantine's victory to divine protection. Constantine's labarum, a standard incorporating the Chi-Rho, from an antique silver medal. In a memoir of the emperor that Eusebius wrote after Constantine's death (On the Life of Constantine, ca 337339), a miraculous appearance came in Gaul long before the Milvian Bridge battle. In this later version, the emperor had been pondering the misfortunes that befall commanders that invoke the help of many different gods, and decided to seek divine aid in the forthcoming battle from the One God. At noon Constantine saw a cross of light imposed over the sun. Attached to it, in Greek characters, was the saying "οω ία!". Not only Constantine, but the whole army saw the miracle. That night Christ appeared to the emperor in a dream and told him to make a replica of the sign he had seen in the sky, which would be a sure defense in battle. Eusebius wrote in the Vita that Constantine himself had told him this story "and confirmed it with oaths," late in life "when I was deemed worthy of his acquaintance and company." "Indeed," says Eusebius, "had anyone else told this story, it would not have been easy to accept it." As Constantine during his last few years enjoyed what he considered direct contact with God, it is likely that the story should be credited to Constantine, rather than to Eusebius[clarification needed]. Eusebius also left a description of the labarum, the military standard which incorporated the Chi-Rho sign, used by Constantine in his later wars against Licinius. Gratias ago tibi Deo per instrumenta Durani Treeni, sic opus imprimatur pro bono. Creative Commons Attribution to Duran Treen - Reuse is Allowed: ADAGIO FOR STRINGS by DURAN TREEN TV is licensed under a Creative Common Attribution. Cf. work : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=npfxFHP56Fs #ChiRho #CatholicChristian #Christogram http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

http://www.zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Gaudete, gaudete! Christus est natus Ex Maria virgine, gaudete! Tempus adest gratiæ Hoc quod optabamus, Carmina lætitiæ Devote reddamus. Gaudete, gaudete! Christus est natus Ex Maria virgine, gaudete! Deus homo factus est Natura mirante, Mundus renovatus est A Christo regnante. Gaudete, gaudete! Christus est natus Ex Maria virgine, gaudete! Ezechielis porta Clausa pertransitur, Unde lux est orta Salus invenitur. Gaudete, gaudete! Christus est natus Ex Maria virgine, gaudete! Ergo nostra contio Psallat iam in lustro; Benedicat Domino: Salus Regi nostro. Gaudete, gaudete! Christus est natus Ex Maria virgine, gaudete! http://www.twitter.com/ProVaticanus

Mors Pii PP. XII in Lingua Castellana Hoc opus factum est per YouTube Video Editor (http://www.youtube.com/editor) http://www.zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Pius Papa XII (nobili genere natus Maria Iosephus Ioannes Eugenius Pacelli, filius Marcantonii Pacelli die 2 Martii 1876 Romae — obiit die 9 Octobris 1958), papa catholicus, episcopus Romanus, ecclesiae catholicae praefuit quasi viginta annos, accurate a die 2 Martii 1939 usque ad mortem. Eius apostolica sententia erat: Opus iustitiae pax Requiem æternam dona eis, Domine, et lux perpetua luceat eis. Te decet hymnus Deus, in Sion, et tibi reddetur votum in Ierusalem. Exaudi orationem meam; ad te omnis caro veniet. Requiem æternam dona eis, Domine, et lux perpetua luceat eis. (NOT N 823 A ESPECIAL PIO XII HA MUERTO) #PioXII #Vaticano #Español http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

Halloween & All Saints’ Day – a Roman Catholic Christian Liturgical Calendar Commentary. This excerpt was taken from Daily Missal with Vespers for Sundays & Feasts by Dom Gaspar Lefebvre, Order of Saint Benedict, of the Abbey of Saint Andre (Belgium), published in A.D. 1925, pages 1011, 1719, and 1722 through 1724. October 31st. The Vigil of All Saints (or in Old English “Halloween” for All Hallows’ Eve). Violet vestments are required per liturgical day for the priest in celebration of the Holy Mass. The most illustrious martyrs had at Rome, from the 4th century, their basilicas, where was celebrated each year the anniversary of their death, or rather of their birth in heaven. At this time a number of Masses were prescribed without any fixed day to honour those who were unknown and had no public recognition. When later the names of Saints who were not martyrs were introduced into the ecclesiastical Calendar, a more universal character was given to such Masses. It is thus that in the 8th century the Gregorian Sacramentary indicates among the common Masses without a date : The Mass in honour of All Saints. Fixed in the following century on November 1st, it became the Mass of All Saints' Day to which we are this day prepared by a vigil. This explains why the Mass contains extracts from the Masses of the Common of Martyrs. NOVEMBER 1st. The Feast of All Saints. Double of the First Class with Octave . White vestments are required per liturgical day for the priest in celebration of the Holy Mass. The Temple of Agrippa was dedicated, under Augustus, to all the pagan gods, hence its name of Pantheon. Under the Emperor Phocas, between A.D. 607 and 610 , Boniface the Fourth translated thither numerous remains of martyrs taken from the Catacombs. It’s noted that in the Pantheon of Agrippa Rome had assembled together all the gods of paganism; this temple, cleared of its idols, was on May 13th, A.D. 610, dedicated by Pope Boniface the Fourth to Mary and the Martyrs, and later to all the Saints. Saint Gregory the Seventh transferred this feast to November 1st, so that, having become the anniversary of this dedication, the Feast of All Saints marks for ever the triumph of Christ over false gods. On May 13th, A.D. 610, Pope Boniface dedicated this new Christian basilica to Saint Mary and the Martyrs. The feast of this dedication took later a more universal character, and the temple was consecrated to Saint Mary and all the Saints. As there was already a feast in commemoration of all the Saints, celebrated at various dates in different churches, then fixed by Gregory the Fourth in A.D. 835 on November 1st; (then later in the Eleventh Century) Pope Gregory the Seventh transferred to this date the anniversary of the dedication of the Pantheon. The feast of All Saints therefore recalls the triumph of Christ over the false pagan deities. In this temple is held the Station on the Friday in the Octave of Easter. As the Saints honoured during the first three centuries of the church were martyrs, and the Pantheon was at first dedicated to them, the Mass of All Saints is made up of extracts from the liturgy of martyrs. The Introit is that of the Mass of St. Agatha, used later for other feasts : the Gospel, Offertory and Communion are taken from the Common of martyrs. The Church gives us on this day an admirable vision of heaven , showing us with Saint John, the twelve thousand signed (twelve is considered a perfect number) of each tribe of Israel, and a great multitude which no one can count, of every nation and tribe, of every people and tongue standing before the throne and before the Lamb, clothed in white robes and with palms in their hands (Confer the Liturgy’s Epistle). Christ, the Virgin, the blessed battalions distributed in nine choirs, the apostles and prophets, the martyrs crimsoned in their blood, the confessors adorned in white garments and the chaste choir of virgins form, as the Hymn of Vespers sings, the majestic cortege. It is indeed composed of all those who here below were detached from worldly riches, gentle, afflicted, equitable, merciful, pure, peaceful and persecuted for the name of Jesus. “Rejoice," the Master had foretold them, “for a great reward is prepared for you in heaven." (Confer the Liturgy’s Gospel & Communion prayer.) Among those millions of the just who were faithful disciples of Jesus on earth, are several of our own family, relations, friends, members of our parochial family, now enjoying the fruit of their piety, adoring the Lord, King of kings, and Crown of All Saints (Confer the Liturgy’s Invitatory at Matins) and obtaining for us the wished for abundance of His mercies (Confer the Liturgy’s Collect). Every Parish Priest celebrates Mass for the welfare spiritual and temporal of his parishioners. All ye Saints, pray for us! x.com/ProVaticanus x.com/ProLateranus zazzle.com/ProVaticanus zazzle.com/ProLateranus #Halloween #AllSaintsDay https://youtu.be/SzD7J5N36Mg

SS. Pii PP. XII Anniversarium Coronationis (12 Mar. 1939-1956): http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus Pius Papa XII (nobili genere natus Maria Iosephus Ioannes Eugenius Pacelli, filius Marcantonii Pacelli die 2 Martii 1876 Romae — obiit die 9 Octobris 1958), papa catholicus, episcopus Romanus, ecclesiae catholicae praefuit quasi viginta annos, accurate a die 2 Martii 1939 usque ad mortem. Eugenius Pacelli, filius gentis nobilis, anno 1899 sacerdos ordinatus est. Anno 1917 nuntius apostolicus in Bavaria, et anno 8 Iunii 1925 nuntius apostolicus pro tota Germania, factus est. Monaci Paschalina Lehnert cognovit, quae scriba a secretis suus usque ad mortem mansit. Anno 1929, a Pio XI cardinale creato, Romam translatus est, ubi in curia a die 7 Februarii 1930 secretarius status laboravit. Die 2 Martii anno 1939 a collegio sancto in scrutinio tertio papa electus est. Sibi nomen Pium XII imposuit. Anno pontificatu primo die 1 Septembris Bellum Orbis Terrarum II coepit. Post mortem (ab 1963), multi Pium XII Papam de sceleris Germanorum tacuisse obiecerunt, sed etiam Iudaeis exagitatis adiuverat. Dicitur quoque, ad maiora mala vitanda, tacere illo tempore melius fuisse quam reclamare; Bataviae autem reclamatio Ecclesiae etiam damno erat. Anno 1949 Pius XII hominibus qui ad sententias communismi accesserant, sacra interdixit. Die primo Novembris 1950, Pius XII dogma Assumptionis Beatae Virginis Mariae proclamavit in constitutione apostolica Munificentissimus Deus. Eodem anno sancto, post investigationes archaeologicas, sub altario basilicae Vaticanae, nuntiavit urbi et orbi sepulcrum Petri Apostoli repertum fuisse. Cognomen suum erat "Pastor Angelicus" et saepius "Doctor universalis," quia scriptis de variissimis rebus. Sepultus est proxime selpulcro Sancti Petri Apostoli, in Speluncis Vaticanis, prope capellam "ad caput" dictam. http://www.youtube.com/ProVaticanus

FACITE ROMAM MAGNAM ITERVM (MAKE ROME GREAT AGAIN) https://www.zazzle.com/cassis_facite_romam_magnam_itervm_embroidered_baseball_cap-233697917145651982?rf=238651287932471211 https://www.zazzle.com/facite_romam_magnam_itervm_make_rome_great_again_t_shirt-235636960769643672?rf=238651287932471211 http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus #NFT https://opensea.io/assets/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705767736539873281/ Renovatio imperii Romanorum ("renewal of the empire of the Romans") was a formula declaring an intention to restore or revive the Roman Empire. The formula (and variations) was used by several emperors of the Carolingian and Ottonian dynasties, but the idea was common in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Late Antiquity The phrases renovatio Romanorum ("renewal of the Romans") and renovatio urbis Romae ("renewal of the city of Rome") had already been used in Antiquity. The word renovatio ("renewal") and its relatives, resitutio ("restitution") and reparatio ("restoration"), occasionally appeared on Roman coins from the reign of Hadrian onward, usually signifying the restoration of peace following rebellion. The formula seems especially favoured by usurpers, such as Carausius, Magnentius and Decentius. Even Theoderic the Great, the king of the Ostrogoths in Italy (r. 493–526), made use of the language of Roman renewal. The records of his reign in Cassiodorus, Ennodius and the Anonymus Valesianus are replete with reference to renewing, repairing and rejuvenating. Under the Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565), renewal was closely linked with the restoration of the empire's frontiers by reconquest. This policy appealed to the Roman aristocracy and to such writers as Procopius and John Lydus, who wrote in his De magistratibus: "To Rome Justinian restored what was Rome's." This was not enough for the poet Corippus, who saw the end of Justinian's reign as a period of reckless spending and neglect. His poem In Laudem Iustini Augusti Minoris takes as its theme the renewal of the empire under Justin II. Middle Ages The form renovatio Romanorum imperii was first used in a diploma issued by Charlemagne, who was crowned emperor in 800. He was probably inspired, at least in part, by Roman coins. Evidence for the "renewal" of the city of Rome under Charlemagne comes largely from the Liber pontificalis. There were major building and renovation programmes under Popes Hadrian I and Leo III, and there is also evidence for population growth and an increase in Christian pilgrimage traffic. Charlemagne's successor, Louis the Pious, dropped the formula in favour of a new one: renovatio regni Francorum ("renewal of the kingdom of the Franks"). When Louis's younger son, Charles the Bald, became emperor in 875 he adopted the combined formula renovatio imperii Romani et Francorum for his seal. The formula renovatio imperii Romanorum reappears on a lead seal of the Emperor Otto III in August 998. This seal was replaced in January 1001 by one bearing the legend aurea Roma ("golden Rome"). Otto III also built a palace in Rome, which none of his predecessors had done. Otto III's use of the formula has been made to bear much historical weight in light of his enigmatic career and politics. The historian Percy Ernst Schramm argued that the formula represented a coherent programme for the restoration of the Roman Empire along secular and universal lines. Knut Görich has written a riposte to Schramm's thesis, arguing instead that Otto III and Pope Gregory V were embarking on a renewal of the papacy only. The idea of the renewal of Rome the city (renovatio Romae), of the empire (renovatio imperii) and of Roman virtue (renovatio morum) were intertwined in early Italian humanist thinking. The Roman popular leader Cola di Rienzo believed that the renewal of the empire would be brought about through popular sovereignty and not the Holy Roman Emperors. Most humanists, like Dante and Petrarch, believed that the renewal of imperial authority in Italy would precede the renewal of the city and encouraged Kings Henry VII and Charles IV to make the journey to Rome for imperial coronation. Ago tibi Deo gratias per instrumenta de "DjSoH" pro bono rei publicae. #MakeRomeGreatAgain #MAGA #SPQR #XP #Roma #RomanEmpire #Constantinople #Rome #TheCity #TheEmpire #Restoration #RenovatioImperiiRomanorum #TheRepublic #Restorer #Facite #MakeIT #Push #Orthodoxy #Reunion #CouncilOfFlorence #Medici #Byzantine #Orthodox #CatholicChurch #RestoreTheRepublic #RestoreTheEmpire #Filioque #UniversalNation #Renovatio #EasternEurope #EKKLESIA #OldWorldOrder #Kolombia #Columbus #Romans #Greek #Latin http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

#inspiration4: EN TOYTῼ NIKA ••• IN HOC + SIGNO VINCES - 27 Oct. 312 A.D. https://www.zazzle.com/en_toyt%e1%bf%bc_nika_in_hoc_signo_vinces_canvas_print-192402192126223495 The Vision of the Cross is a painting made between 1520 and 1524 by assistants of the Italian renaissance artist Raphael. After the master's death in 1520, Gianfrancesco Penni, Giulio Romano and Raffaellino del Colle from Raphael's workshop worked together to finish the commission to decorate with frescoes the rooms that are now known as the Stanze di Raffaello, in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican. The Vision of the Cross is located in the Sala di Costantino ("Hall of Constantine"). In the painting, emperor Constantine I is seen just before the Battle of the Milvian Bridge on October 28, 312. According to legend, a cross appeared to Constantine in the sky, after which as seen in the fresco and following Eusebius of Caesarea Vita Constantini, he adopted the Greek motto "Εν τούτῳ νίκα", i.e. "By this, conquer", a motto that has been rendered in Latin as "In hoc signo vinces", i.e. "In this sign you shall conquer". This Mannerist painting is a crowded and confused melee and melange of images, including a dragon, a dwarf, two popes, and various symbols. Proportions among the soldiers appear confused, with some dwarfed by more distant figures. See the Vision of the Cross (detail) with the Meta Romuli and the Mausoleum of Hadrian in the background. The Chi Rho is the symbol claimed in contemporary versions of the legend. On the evening of October 27, 312 AD, with his army preparing for the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, the emperor Constantine I claimed to have had a vision which led him to believe he was fighting under the protection of the Christian God. Lactantius states that, in the night before the battle, Constantine was commanded in a dream to "delineate the heavenly sign on the shields of his soldiers". Obeying this command, "he marked on their shields the letter X, with a perpendicular line drawn through it and turned round thus at the top, being the cipher of Christ". Having had their shields marked in this fashion, Constantine's troops readied themselves for battle. From Eusebius, two accounts of a battle survive. The first, shorter one in the Ecclesiastical History leaves no doubt that God helped Constantine but does not mention any vision. In his later Life of Constantine, Eusebius gives a detailed account of a vision and stresses that he had heard the story from the emperor himself. According to this version, Constantine with his army was marching somewhere (Eusebius does not specify the actual location of the event, but it clearly is not in the camp at Rome) when he looked up to the sun and saw a cross of light above it, and with it the Greek words Ἐν Τούτῳ Νίκα. The traditionally employed Latin translation of the Greek is in hoc signo vinces— literally "In this sign, you will conquer." However, a direct translation from the original Greek text of Eusebius into English gives the phrase "By this, conquer!" At first he was unsure of the meaning of the apparition, but the following night he had a dream in which Christ explained to him that he should use the sign against his enemies. Eusebius then continues to describe the labarum, the military standard used by Constantine in his later wars against Licinius, showing the Chi-Rho sign. Those two accounts have been merged in popular notion into Constantine seeing the Chi-Rho sign on the evening before the battle. Both authors agree that the sign was not readily understandable as denoting Christ, which corresponds with the fact that there is no certain evidence of the use of the letters chi and rho as a Christian sign before Constantine. Its first appearance is on a Constantinian silver coin from c. 317, which proves that Constantine did use the sign at that time.He made extensive use of the Chi-Rho and the labarum later in the conflict with Licinius. The vision has been interpreted in a solar context (e.g. as a solar halo phenomenon), which would have been reshaped to fit with the Christian beliefs of the later Constantine. An alternate explanation of the intersecting celestial symbol has been advanced by George Latura, which claims that Plato's visible god in Timaeus is in fact the intersection of the Milky Way and the Zodiacal Light, a rare apparition important to pagan beliefs that Christian bishops reinvented as a Christian symbol. #XP #Constantine #SPQR #IHSV #Adagio http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

NVMMVS: HADRIANVS P^P - I-B : VICTOR-IA DNN - R+m - CONOB. (~772-795 A.D.) http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus PAPAL COINS HADRIAN I. 772-795. AR Denaro. Struck circa 781-795. 1.27 g. Obv.: HADRIANVS P^P, bust of Hadrian facing; in field, I-B Rev.: VICTOR-IA DNN :., cross potent on two steps, flanked by R-m; in exergue, CONOB. Reference: MEC 1032; Muntoni I pg. 3, 1; Serafini I pg. 4, 3; CNI XV pg. 63, 5; Berman 210 (this plate coin). Extremely rare. EF, fine toning. Pope Adrian, or Hadrian I, (d. December 25, 795) was pope from February 9, 772 to December 25, 795. He was the son of Theodore, a Roman nobleman. Soon after his accession, the territory ruled by the popes was invaded by Desiderius, king of the Lombards, and Adrian found it necessary to invoke the aid of the Frankish king Charlemagne, who entered Italy with a large army, besieged Desiderius in his capital of Pavia, took that town, banished the Lombard king to Corbie in France and, in an innovative gesture, took the title 'King of the Lombards' himself. The pope, whose expectations had been aroused, had to content himself with some additions to the duchy of Rome, and to the Exarchate of Ravenna, and the Pentapolis in the Marches, which consisted of the "five cities" on the Adriatic coast from Rimini to Ancona with the coastal plain as far as the mountains. A mark of such newly settled conditions in the Duchy of Rome is the Domusculta Capracorum, the central villa on the Roman plan that Adrian assembled from a nucleus of his inherited estates and acquisitions from neighbors in the countryside north of Veii. The villa is documented in Liber Pontificalis but its site was not rediscovered until the 1960s, when excavations revealed the structures on a gently rounded hill that was only marginally capable of self-defense but fully self-sufficient, with its own grain mill, smithies and tile-kilns, for a mixed economy of grains and vineyards, olives, vegetable gardens and piggery. In the tenth century, villages were carved out of Adrian's Capracorum estate: Campagnano mentioned first in 1076, Formello mentioned in 1027, Mazzano in 945, and Stabia (modern Faleria) in 998. In his contest with the Byzantine Empire and the Lombard dukes of Benevento, Adrian remained faithful to the Frankish alliance, and the friendly relations between pope and king were not disturbed by the difference which arose between them on the question of the veneration of images, to which Charlemagne and the bishops in France were strongly opposed, while Adrian favoured the views of the Eastern Church, and approved the decree of the second council of Nicaea (787), confirming the practice and excommunicating the iconoclasts. It was in connection with this controversy that the Libri Carolini were written, to which Adrian replied by letter, anathematizing all who refused to venerate the images of Jesus, or the Virgin Mary, or saints. Notwithstanding this, a synod, held at Frankfurt in 794, anew condemned the practice, and the dispute remained unsettled at Adrian's death. In 787, he elevated the diocese of Lichfield, in England, to an archdiocese on request from the English bishops and King Offa of Mercia in order to balance the ecclesiastic power in that land between Kent and Mercia. He gave the Lichfield bishop Higbert the pallium in 788. An epitaph written by Charlemagne in verse, in which he styles Adrian "father," is still to be seen at the door of the Vatican basilica. Adrian restored some of the ancient aqueducts of Rome, and rebuilt the churches of Santa Maria in Cosmedin, decorated by Greek monks fleeing from the iconoclastal persecutions, and of San Marco in Rome. At the time of his death, his was the longest papacy since Saint Peter, and it would remain so until he was surpassed by the 24-year papacy of Pius VI in the late 18th century. #Hadrianus #Pope #TheChurch Gratias ago tibi Deo per instrumenta de Jove Mauro Cámara. http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus

Non Fecit Taliter Omni Nationi - Imago S.N.D. de Guadalupe ante SS. Benedictum XIV P.M. in Vaticano https://www.zazzle.com/non_fecit_taliter_omni_nationi_j_s_pina_ca_1895_wood_wall_art-256553225968637429 Psalm 147 (Latin) Chorus: Lauda Jerusalem Dominum, lauda Deum tuum Sion Hosanna, hosanna, hosanna filio David. Hosanna, Hosanna, Hosanna to the Son of David. Glorify the LORD, Jerusalem; Zion, offer praise to your God, Verses: Recto Tono Cadence 1. Quoniam confortavit seras por ta rum tu a rum Benedixit fillis tu is in te Who has strengthened the bars of your gates, blessed your children within you 2. Qui posuit fines - tu os pacem et adipe frumenti satiat te Brought peace to your borders, and filled you with finest wheat 3. Qui emittit eloquium su um terrae velociter currit sermo eius The LORD sends a command to earth; his word runs swiftly! 4. Qui dat nivem sicut lanam Nebulam sicut ci nerem spargit. Thus snow is spread like wool, frost is scattered like ash 5. Mittit crystallum suam sicut bucellas Ante faciem frigoris eijus quis sustinabit. Hail is dispersed like crumbs; before such cold the waters freeze 6. Emittit verbum suum et lique faciet eia dabit Spiritus eius et fluent acquae Again he sends his word and they melt; the wind is unleashed and the waters flow 7.Qui annunciat verbum suum Jacob Iustias et Iustia sua Israel The LORD also proclaims his word to Jacob, decrees and laws to Israel 8. Non fecit taliter omni nationi Et iudicia sua non manifes tavit eis God has not done this for other nations; of such laws they know nothing 9. Gloria Patri et Filio Et Spiri tui Sancto. Glory be to the Father, and to the Son and to the Holy Spirit 10. Sicut erat in principio et nunc et semper Et in secula secu lorum Amen. As it was in the beginning, so it is now, and ever shall be. Amen Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de hachi. ike. , etc., vide supra: Claudio Monteverdi (1567 — 1643) Arr. by : Moriwaki Michio Lauda Jerusalem Dominum, SV 206:10 from " Vespro della Beata Vergine, SV 206 " Transcribed for 7 Recorders in B-Dur from IMSLP#203193 PDF File Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial Share Alike 3.0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Azfr53l6Q0 #BenedictXIV #Guadalupe #Psalm147 http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

PV Studium ad Desiderata in Trivium et Quadrivium http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus #Desiderata #Trivium #Quadrivium This is a Visual Revision of the Seven Liberal Arts in the Christian tradition per consideration of the pattern of these Fourteen Wise and Celebrated Men: Trivium: Grammar = St. Isidore of Seville & St. Jerome having mastered etymologies; Logic = St. Thomas Aquinas & St. Athanasius the Great having mastered the deduction of the written word; Rhetoric = St. Augustine of Hippo & St. John Chrysostom having mastered the art of persuasion; Quadrivium: Arithmetic = Gregory IX & St. Pius X having compiled the numerology of canons; Geometry = Alexander VI & Cesare Borgia having carved the world; Astronomy = Paul IV & Christopher Columbus having interpreted the signs of discovery; Music = St. Gregory the Great & St. Ambrose having written down the song of angels. ABOUT THE LIBERAL ARTS. Based on the types of studies that were pursued in the Classical world, the Seven Liberal Arts became codified in late antiquity by such writers as Varro and Martianus Capella. In medieval times, the Seven Liberal Arts offered a canonical way of depicting the realms of higher learning. The Liberal Arts were divided into the Trivium ("the three roads") and the Quadrivium ("the four roads"). The Trivium consisted of: • Grammar • Rhetoric • Logic The Quadrivium consisted of: • Arithmetic -- Number in itself • Geometry -- Number in space • Music, Harmonics, or Tuning Theory -- Number in time • Astronomy or Cosmology -- Number in space and time The medieval Quadrivium thus followed the division of mathematics made by the Pythagoreans. Recently, mathematics has been defined as "the study of patterns in space and time," which very much resembles the ancient Pythagorean understanding of mathematics. There were other important studies in medieval times. For example, philosophy was often envisioned as a metastudy that united all branches of knowledge. For this reason, Philosophia is depicted in the illustration below as nourishing the Seven Liberal Arts. http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Cantus In Festum Nativitatis Domini a Capella Gregoriana 1 Dies Est Laetitiae 2 Deus in Adiutorium 3 Hodie Christus Natus Est 4 De Profundis Clamavi 5 Multifariam Multisque 6 Hodie Nobis de Caaelo 7 Veni Redemptor Gentium 8 Notum Fecit Domius 9 Precedentem Sponsum 10 Dominus Vobiscum 11 Fit Porta Christi Pervia 12 Christus Natus Est Nobis 13 Eia, Recolamus 14 O Admirabile Commercium 15 Iubilamen 16 Chime-Bells, Jingles 17 Genealogia Christi 18 Te Deum Laudamus http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus

∞Infinitas Divinae Misericordiae ex Satisfactione IESU☧CHRISTI per Veram†Crucem pro SPQR et Heraclio http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus S. Thomas Aquinas scripsit: “Dicendum quod aliqua satisfactio potest dici dupliciter sufficiens. Uno modo perfecte, quia est condigna per quandam adaequationem ad recompensationem culpae commissae. Et sic hominis puri satisfactio sufficiens esse non potuit pro peccato; tum quia tota humana natura erat per peccatum corrupta; nec bonum alicuius personae, vel etiam plurium, poterat per aequiparantiam totius naturae detrimentum recompensare; tum etiam quia peccatum contra Deum commissum quandam infinitatem habet ex infinitate divinae maiestatis; tanto enim offensa est gravior, quanto maior est ille in quem delinquitur. Unde oportuit, ad condignam satisfactionem, ut actus satisfacientis haberet efficaciam infinitam, utpote Dei et hominis existens” (ST III, q.1, a.2, ad 2). "Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod sicut offensa habuit quamdam infinitatem ex infinitate divinae majestatis, ita et satisfactio accipit quamdam infinitatem ex infinitate divinae misericordiae, prout est gratia informata, per quam acceptum redditur quod homo reddere potest. Quidam tamen dicunt, quod habet infinitatem ex parte aversionis, et sic gratis dimittitur; sed ex parte conversionis finita est, et sic pro ea satisfieri potest. Sed hoc nihil est; quia satisfactio non respondet peccato nisi secundum quod est offensa Dei: quod non habet ex parte conversionis, sed solum ex parte aversionis. Alii vero dicunt, quod etiam quantum ad aversionem pro peccato satisfieri potest virtute meriti Christi, quod quodammodo infinitum fuit, ut in 3 Lib., dist. 18, qu. 1, art. 6, quaestiunc. 1, dictum est; et hoc in idem redit quod prius dictum est; quia per fidem mediatoris gratia data est credentibus. Si tamen alio modo gratiam daret, sufficeret satisfactio per modum praedictum." (Super Sent., lib. 4 d. 15 q. 1 a. 2 ad 1) Emperor Heraclius was trying to return the true cross to Jerusalem, but an angel told him he had to do this first. Around 615 a Persian king captured Jerusalem and carried off the relic of the true cross of Jesus Christ that had been discovered by St. Helena. It stayed with the Persians for roughly 14 years, until Byzantine Emperor Heraclius came and defeated their armies. Heraclius found the relic of Jesus’ cross still preserved and resolved to return it to Jerusalem. When he neared the gates of Jerusalem he intended to take the cross through the same gate Jesus used on his way to the crucifixion. However, Heraclius wanted to do it with great royal pageantry while riding on his horse. Then something miraculous happened that prevented Heraclius from going through the gate. The Golden Legend records what happened next. But suddenly the stones of the gateway fell down and locked together, forming an unbroken wall. To the amazement of everyone, an angel of the Lord, carrying a cross in his hands, appeared above the wall and said: “When the King of heaven passed through this gate to suffer death, there was no royal pomp. He rode a lowly ass, to leave an example of humility to his worshipers.” With those words the angel vanished. Heraclius was stunned and began to weep. He dismounted his horse and took off every article of royal clothing, except for his simple undergarment. Then he took the relic of the true cross and walked slowly toward the gate. It instantly returned to its former position and allowed Heraclius to enter Jerusalem. This caused him to burst out in prayer and exclaim to God, “O cross, more splendid than all the heavenly bodies, renowned throughout the world, deserving of all men’s love, holier than all things else! O cross, you were worthy to carry the ransom of the world! O sweet wood, sweet nails, sweet sword, sweet lance, you were the bearer of sweet burdens! Save the host gathered today in praise of you and signed with your banner!” When the relic was returned to the basilica the miracles resumed, and according to tradition, “dead men were raised to life, four paralytics were cured, ten lepers were made clean, fifteen blind people received their sight, demons were driven out, and great numbers were delivered of various infirmities.” While legendary in character, the stories highlight the power of the cross and its connection to humility, not royal pomp or outward show. Denial and self-sacrifice are required to carry the cross of Jesus Christ. If we wish to enter the heavenly Jerusalem, this is the only gate that is open to us. Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de Tevvez pro bono rei publicae. #APEIRON #Heraclius #TrueCross #Infinity #DivineMercy #GodsWisdom #GodsKnowledge #ThomasAquinas #CatholicTeaching #Religion #Satisfaction #Crusader #Indulgences #SPQR #Jerusalem #Orthodoxy #Christianity #CatholicChurch #Orthodox #RomanTriumph #TriumphOfTheCross #Greek #Latin #Palestine http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

Dominator quartae et dimidiae partis totius Romaniae : Άρχοντας του τετάρτου και ημίσεος του τετάρτου πάσης Ρωμανίας NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705782030191034369 https://www.zazzle.com/dominator_venetian_byzantine_throw_pillow-189500142230344652 http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus There had been a long trading relationship between the Venetians and the Eastern Roman Byzantines before, starting with the Byzantine–Venetian treaty of 1082. However, with the chaotic events of 1204, the relationship between the two powers had greatly changed. In order to undercut the Venetian military support from the Latin Empire, the major inheritor of Constantinople, Theodore Lascaris, signed a trade agreement with Venice in August 1219 that provided freedom of trade and duty-free imports to the Venetians throughout the Nicaean Empire. In addition to the trading rights, the Doge of Venice, Pietro Ziani, was recognized the titles of Despot and 'Lord of one-quarter and one-eighth of the Empire of Romania' (dominus quartae partis et dimidiae totius Imperii Romaniae), that he had claimed after 1204. The Latin text of the treaty was published in the collection of Venetian diplomatic documents compiled by Gottlieb Tafel and Georg Thomas for the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna. In March 1204, shortly before the sack of Constantinople in April, the Crusaders made a preliminary arrangement on the partition of the Byzantine territories between themselves. This text, concluded between the principal leaders of the Crusade, the Doge of Venice Enrico Dandolo, Marquess Boniface of Montferrat, Count Baldwin of Flanders, and Count Louis I of Blois, has been preserved among the letters of Pope Innocent III. According to its stipulations, the Venetians would retain their previous privileges granted by the Byzantine emperors, and a common committee, composed in equal numbers of Venetians and Crusaders, would elect an emperor for the Latin Empire to be established after the conquest of the city. The Latin Emperor would receive one quarter of all territories, as well as the palaces of Blachernae and Boukoleon in the city. The remaining three quarters of the Byzantine territories would be divided equally between Venice and the other Crusaders. On 9 May, Baldwin of Flanders was elected Latin Emperor, in place of the previous leader of the Crusade, Boniface of Montferrat. According to the Crusader and chronicler Geoffrey of Villehardouin, by previous agreement, Boniface should receive the territories lying beyond the Bosporus and Marmara Sea, "towards Turkey", as well as "the isle of Greece". However, to placate Boniface, Baldwin agreed to assign to him the Kingdom of Thessalonica instead.[5] The agreement, which was promulgated either in late September or early October 1204 (according to the opinions of W. Heyd, Dionysios Zakythinos, and A. Carile) or (according to Nikolaos Oikonomides) immediately after the sack in April–May 1204, was drafted by a 24-man committee consisting of 12 Venetians and 12 representatives of the other Crusader leaders. The Venetians played a major role in the proceedings, as they had first-hand knowledge of the area, and many of the final text's provisions can be traced to the imperial chrysobull granted to Venice in 1198 by Alexios III Angelos. It gave the Latin Emperor direct control of one fourth of the former Byzantine territory, to Venice three eighths – including three eighths of the city of Constantinople, with Hagia Sophia – and the remaining three eighths were apportioned among the other Crusader chiefs. Through this division, Venice became the chief power in Latin Romania, and the effective power behind the Latin Empire, a fact clearly illustrated by the lofty title its Doge acquired: Dominator quartae et dimidiae partis totius Romaniae ("Lord of a quarter and a half quarter of all of Romania"). The treaty survives in a number of manuscripts, all from Venice: the Liber Albus (fols. 34ff.), the Liber Pactorum (Vol. I, fols. 246ff. and Vol. II, fols. 261ff.), the Codex Sancti Marci 284, folio 3, and the Muratorii codices Ambrosiani I and II. The first critical edition of the treaty was published in the collection of Venetian diplomatic documents compiled. #Doge #Byzantine #RomanEmpire #Venice #Constantinople #LatinEmpire #Orthodoxy #EasternRomanHistory #SPQR #Venezia #Latin #Greek #CrusaderKings #Catholicism #History #MIL #SuccessorStates #Romania #Roma #RomanReigns #Dogecoin #Dogecoinarmy #Domination #DogeNFTs Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de "Egiuxz" pro bono rei publicae. http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

AD SAECVLVM OBSCVRVM MINVS POST ACTVS IVSTIANIANI BELISARIIQVE PER IMPERIVM ROMANVM (526-565 A.D.) http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Flavius Belisarius (Greek: Βελισάριος, c. 500 – 565 AD) was a general of the Roman Empire. He was instrumental to Emperor Justinian's ambitious project of reconquering much of the Mediterranean territory of the former Western Roman Empire, which had been lost less than a century previously. One of the defining features of Belisarius' career was his success despite varying levels of support from Justinian. His name is frequently given as one of the so-called "Last of the Romans". Belisarius was an excellent general and overall one of the best of all time. As the Magister Militum Per Orientem of the Roman army under the reign of Justinian, he was responsible for much of the territory gained under Justinian’s rule. Some of his military feats include: Battle of Dara (530) 25,000 Roman men against 50,000 Sassanids. The battle is often considered to be Belisarius’ greatest victory. This was an instrumental battle in the Iberian war. The Roman victory foiled the Sassanid plan to invade via Commagene, due to the loss the Sassanids were then forced into the battle of Calcinium. Which resulted in a Sassanid Pyrrhic victory with both sides taking heavy casualties. Calcinium resulted in somewhat of a stalemate, which then led to the Byzantines eventually coming to terms for peace. Without Belisarius vital victory at Dara the Byzantines would have lost the war completely. Ad Decimum and the Vandalic war (533–534) Belisarius conquered the Vandal Kingdom in nine months despite being outnumbered by 51 thousand men (he had 16K infantry and cavalry, whereas Gelimer had 57k Infantry and cavalry). His first encounter with Vandal forces was at Ad Decimum. On hearing that Gelimers forces were at the pass, he ordered his troops to charge against the vandals. The hunnic cavalry attacked from the west and 15,000 Romans pushed the enemy to the west, killing many. The battle was a decisive Roman Victory. The Romans entered Carthage on the 15th of September. However, The vandals cut the water supply to the city which forced the Romans to attack at tric-amarum. He left his infantry as well as the hunnic mercenaries in Carthage. And moved with less than 10,000 against 15,000 vandals. He charged 3 times at the vandals and on the last charge killed Gelimers brother and the vandal king started his retreat. This was the end of the vandal kingdom and Roman control over Africa, sardinia, Corsica and part of Sicily was re-established. Gothic war (535–554) Belisarius captured vital strategic points in southern Italy,such as Naples and Panoramus through 535–536. In just two years he had all of southern Italy under his control and in 536 he recaptured Rome from the Ostrogoths. A year later he would go on to successfully defend the city from the Goths despite being outnumbered 3:1. In 540 Belisarius captured the Ostrogothic capital, Ravenna. Sadly he would be recalled to Constantinople shortly after as Justinian grew suspicious that Belisarius was plotting against him. He would later be reassigned to the army of the east to fight the Sassanids but was yet again disgraced, as he was demoted and had his entire wealth confiscated due to him being accused of plotting against the emperor by Justinian’s wife. Belisarius was an excellent general due to him being able to win great victories despite little available resources and men. He was known for his excellent quick thinking on the battlefield and for his deceptive skills. At Dara, he won a resounding victory by predicting and influencing enemy movement. When the enemy concentrated and broke through, he moved against their rear and defeated them. In Africa, His ability to see an opportunity to gain the advantage (such as at Ad Decimum) and to take it, contrast positively with Gelimer's inactivity. In Italy, he mostly relied on sieges to defeat the Goths. At this he was so efficient that Totila refused to engage in them until Belisarius was unable to take the initiative due to supply shortages. In Italy, to deal with a changing situation, he made multiple strategies inside the span of a year. Meanwhile, his opponent Vitiges had no coherent strategy after the failure of the siege of Rome. , Belisarius was a phenomenal general and one of the best that the Roman Empire has ever produced. Hence why he is often called “the last Roman”. #RomanEmpire #Belisarius #Justinian #SPQR #Rome #Constantinople #LittleDarkAge #Narses #Italy #MusicVideo #MGMT #CreativeCommons #PublicDomain #RomanHero #TheLastRoman #TheBest #GOAT #Romanoi #Byzantine AGO TIBI GRATIAS DEO PER INSTRVMENTA DE "SOFI LYRICS", TIMOTHEO MARCO, "MUSICOCEAN", "EDHAJE" , ETC. PRO BONO REI PVBLICAE. http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus