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Every man alive can trace his origins to one man who lived about 135,000 years ago, new research suggests. Ancestral Adam was found in 1995, when a separate study on male ancestry examined the Y-chromosome, passed directly from father to son. "Science" published the results of a study in which a segment of the Y-chromosome from 38 men from different ethnic groups were analyzed for variation. Their conclusion was that every man alive today actually descended from a single man whom scientists now refer to as “Y-Chromosomal Adam.” And that ancient man likely shared the planet with the mother of all women. The findings, detailed today in the journal Science, come from the most complete analysis of the male sex chromosome, or the Y chromosome, to date. The results overturn earlier research, which suggested that men's most recent common ancestor lived just 50,000 to 60,000 years ago. Despite their overlap in time, ancient "Adam" and ancient "Eve" probably didn't even live near each other, let alone mate. "Those two people didn't know each other," said Melissa Wilson Sayres, a geneticist at the University of California, Berkeley, who was not involved in the study. Tracing history Researchers believe that modern humans left Africa between 60,000 and 200,000 years ago, and that the mother of all women likely emerged from East Africa. But beyond that, the details get fuzzy. The Y chromosome is passed down identically from father to son, so mutations, or point changes, in the male sex chromosome can trace the male line back to the father of all humans. By contrast, DNA from the mitochondria, the energy powerhouse of the cell, is carried inside the egg, so only women pass it on to their children. The DNA hidden inside mitochondria, therefore, can reveal the maternal lineage to an ancient Eve. But over time, the male chromosome gets bloated with duplicated, jumbled-up stretches of DNA, said study co-author Carlos Bustamante, a geneticist at Stanford University in California. As a result, piecing together fragments of DNA from gene sequencing was like trying to assemble a puzzle without the image on the box top, making thorough analysis difficult. Y chromosome Bustamante and his colleagues assembled a much bigger piece of the puzzle by sequencing the entire genome of the Y chromosome for 69 men from seven global populations, from African San Bushmen to the Yakut of Siberia. By assuming a mutation rate anchored to archaeological events (such as the migration of people across the Bering Strait), the team concluded that all males in their global sample shared a single male ancestor in Africa roughly 125,000 to 156,000 years ago. In addition, mitochondrial DNA from the men, as well as similar samples from 24 women, revealed that all women on the planet trace back to a mitochondrial Eve, who lived in Africa between 99,000 and 148,000 years ago — almost the same time period during which the Y-chromosome Adam lived. More ancient Adam But the results, though fascinating, are just part of the story, said Michael Hammer, an evolutionary geneticist at the University of Arizona who was not involved in the study. A separate study in the same issue of the journal Science found that men shared a common ancestor between 180,000 and 200,000 years ago. And in a study detailed in March in the American Journal of Human Genetics, Hammer's group showed that several men in Africa have unique, divergent Y chromosomes that trace back to an even more ancient man who lived between 237,000 and 581,000 years ago. "It doesn't even fit on the family tree that the Bustamante lab has constructed — It's older," Hammer told LiveScience. Gene studies always rely on a sample of DNA and, therefore, provide an incomplete picture of human history. For instance, Hammer's group sampled a different group of men than Bustamante's lab did, leading to different estimates of how old common ancestors really are. Adam and Eve? These primeval people aren't parallel to the biblical Adam and Eve. They weren't the first modern humans on the planet, but instead just the two out of thousands of people alive at the time with unbroken male or female lineages that continue on today. The rest of the human genome contains tiny snippets of DNA from many other ancestors — they just don't show up in mitochondrial or Y-chromosome DNA, Hammer said. (For instance, if an ancient woman had only sons, then her mitochondrial DNA would disappear, even though the son would pass on a quarter of her DNA via the rest of his genome.) As a follow-up, Bustamante's lab is sequencing Y chromosomes from nearly 2,000 other men. Those data could help pinpoint precisely where in Africa these ancient humans lived. "It's very exciting," Wilson Sayres told LiveScience. "As we get more populations across the world, we can start to understand exactly where we came from physically."

Revolutionary improvements to medical tools and techniques. These 13 new producers are changing the world of medical health. Includes- iWalk hands free crutches, Alair Bronchial Thermoplasty, system to treat Asthma, re-designed prosthetics, MetaVac Mechanical thrombectomy, Vetigel to instantly stop bleeding, robotic pill, bridge-enhanced ACL repair, and more... Music: What Must Be (Deep Mix) by Dhruva Aliman Amazon- https://amzn.to/3eAjEgC https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/what-must-be http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet

From caves to waterfalls, gardens to architecture. These are the best travel places on earth known for their spectacular scenery and stunning beauty. Some of the spots covered are Salar de Uyuni Salt Flats, Bolivia. Barreirinhas Brazil, Antelope Canyon Arizona, Moeraki Boulders New Zealand, Kawasan Falls Philippines, Tulip Fields Lisse Netherlands, Banal Sea Cave Portugal, Ashikaga Flower Park, Blue Grotto Capri Italy, Great Blue Hole Belize, Jellyfish LakeEil Malk island Palau, Rainbow mountain Andes Peru, Aurora Borealis Observatory Senja Norway #Travel #Adventure #Explore Music: Road of Fortunes by Dhruva Aliman Amazon - https://amzn.to/2B9tGa7 https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/road-of-fortunes http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet #travel #explore #amazing

Courtesy Tech Insider - Scent of a Man: Women Can Sniff Out a Hot Guy - Men, Listen Up: Women Like The Smell Of Guys Who Eat A Certain Diet - What we eat can influence more than our waistlines. It turns out, our diets also help determine what we smell like. A recent study found that women preferred the body odor of men who ate a lot of fruits and vegetables, whereas men who ate a lot of refined carbohydrates (think bread, pasta) gave off a smell that was less appealing. Skeptical? At first, I was, too. I thought this line of inquiry must have been dreamed up by the produce industry. (Makes a good marketing campaign, right?) But it's legit. "We've known for a while that odor is an important component of attractiveness, especially for women," says Ian Stephen of Macquarie University in Australia. He studies evolution, genetics and psychology and is an author of the study. From an evolutionary perspective, scientists say our sweat can help signal our health status and could possibly play a role in helping to attract a mate. How did scientists evaluate the link between diet and the attractiveness of body odor? They began by recruiting a bunch of healthy, young men. They assessed the men's skin using an instrument called a spectrophotometer. When people eat a lot of colorful veggies, their skin takes on the hue of carotenoids, the plant pigments that are responsible for bright red, yellow and orange foods. "The carotenoids get deposited in our skin," explains Stephen. The spectrophotometer "flashes a light onto your skin and measures the color reflected back," says Stephen. The results are "a good indicator of how much fruits and vegetables we're eating," he says. Stephen and his colleagues also had the men in the study complete food frequency questionnaires so they could determine the men's overall patterns of eating. Then the men were given clean T-shirts and asked to do some exercise. Afterward, women in the study were asked to sniff the sweat. (Note: The methodology was much more scientific and precise than my breezy explanation, but you get the picture.) "We asked the women to rate how much they liked it, how floral, how fruity," and a bunch of other descriptors, explains Stephen. It's a small study, but the results were pretty consistent. "Women basically found that men who ate more vegetables smelled nicer," Stephen told us. Men who ate a lot of meat did not produce a sweat that was any more — or less — attractive to women. But meat did tend to make men's odor more intense. "This is not the first study to show that diet influences body odor," says George Preti, an adjunct professor in the dermatology department at the University of Pennsylvania and a member of the Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia. A study published in 2006 found that women preferred the odor of men who ate a non-meat diet, "characterized by increased intakes of eggs, cheese, soy, fruit and vegetables." But Preti points out that the relationship between diet and body odor is indirect. Some people think if they eat a garlic or onion — or a piece of meat — they will smell like that food. "But that's not what happens," Preti says. Your breath might smell like the food you eat, but not your sweat. Body odor is created when the bacteria on our skin metabolize the compounds that come out of our sweat glands. "The sweat doesn't come out smelly," Preti explains. "It must be metabolized by the bacteria that live on the surface of the skin." Now, of course, at a time when good hygiene and deodorant use are commonplace, is the smell of our sweat a big concern? I put that question to the happy hour crowd at a bar down the street from the NPR headquarters in Washington, D.C. "I'm pretty OK with my smell," Stefan Ruffini told me. That evening he was ordering a burger on a bun and a side of fries, along with a beer. When I told him about the findings of the study, he laughed it off. "I've got a girlfriend, so I don't worry about these things," he said. The study did not assess diet and odor attractiveness among same-sex couples. "As a lesbian, I haven't smelled a man in several years," Stacy Carroll, who was also at happy hour, told me. "I eat a lot of produce, I have a girlfriend, so it's working out." Carroll says people who eat a lot of fruits and vegetables are more likely to be interested in their health — "feeling good, looking fit" — than their smell. Music: Whiskey Blossom by Dhruva Aliman Amazon- https://amzn.to/2Mgr7pg https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/the-wolf-and-the-river http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet #Dating #Attraction #Diet

Agribusiness is a genuinely late innovation, just around 10,000 years of age. Since horticulture started, many generations of agriculturists have falsely reproduced harvests to choose for more attractive characteristics, similar to size and taste. Obviously, your most loved foods grown from the ground have changed radically throughout the hundreds of years. The world is in a constant state of flux. Things are changing every second of every day, sometimes slowly, sometimes quickly, and this is a natural part of life. So it should come as no surprise that much of the food we eat today has changed as well, and bears little resemblance to its distant forebears. There are many reasons for this, including evolution and plant/animal interactions within ecosystems, changes in farming technology and methods — GMOs are one unfortunate example of this — and plant hybridization, which is in itself an agricultural technology. Once we began growing these particular fruits and vegetables en masse to meet the demands of consumers, they started to change. Take a look at what fruits and vegetables used to look like, before we domesticated them. Watermelon The image above is a watermelon painted by Giovanni Stanchi in the 17th century. James Nienhuis, a horticulture professor at the University of Wisconsin, told Vox, “It’s fun to go to art museums and see the still-life pictures, and see what our vegetables looked like 500 years ago.” He uses the Stanchi painting to teach his classes about the history of crop breeding. Some claim that the watermelon is just unripe or under-watered, but the presence of black seeds in the fruit indicates that it was ripe. Today we have bred watermelons to be much smaller, with a white lining and bright red flesh, which is actually the watermelon’s placenta. Before domestication, the placenta lacked the high amounts of lycopene necessary to give it that red colour. We have also created seedless varieties of watermelon in recent years, which may well become the standard. Banana The first bananas are thought to have been cultivated about 10,000 years ago in what is now known as Papua New Guinea. Portuguese colonists in the 15th and 16th centuries established banana plantations in the Atlantic Islands, Brazil, and Western Africa. North Americans soon began consuming bananas on a small scale; it was only until the 1880s that it became more widespread. Today our hybrid bananas come from two wild varieties, Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana, which had large, hard seeds, like the ones in this photo. The modern banana has much smaller seeds, contains more nutrients, and, it has been conjectured, tastes much better. Eggplant The eggplant has made appearances in Chinese literature, specifically in the Tong Yue, dated to 59 BC. Domestication is believed to have started in India, China, Thailand, Burma, or someplace else in southeast Asia. It is believed that the first use of eggplant was most likely medicinal, because its flesh has a bitter aftertaste if left untreated.Domesticated eggplants had round and green fruits, while today’s cultivars feature an incredible range of colors. Wild eggplant is prickly, and today the domesticated versions have few or no prickles. Carrot It is believed that the earliest carrot reference dates back to the 10th century in Persia and Asia Minor, but these vegetables would have borne little resemblance to the carrots we are so familiar with today. Carrots were originally purple or white and quite thin. A mutation is thought to have occurred at some point in their development which removed the purple pigmentation, creating a new race of yellow carrot, from which orange carrots later evolved. Farmers then turned the thin, white roots with a strong flavor and biennial flower into the large and tasty orange roots we enjoy today. Corn The corn we know and love today looked nothing like the barely edible teosinte plant it was bred from. Corn was first domesticated in 7,000 BC and was dry like a raw potato. Today corn is the number 1 grown crop in the U.S and nearly all of it (88 percent) is genetically modified. It is now 1,000 times larger than it was 9,000 years ago and 6.6% of it is made up of sugar compared to 1.9% in natural corn. Peaches The ancient Chinese developed a small, wild fruit that tasted like lentils in 4,000 BC. Farmers selected the tastiest fruits for re-planting, and because they tended to the trees for thousands of years, the fruits became bigger and juicer with each subsequent generation. Now, after 6,000 years, our peaches are 16 times larger, 27% juicier, and 4% sweeter than their distant ancestors. #Evolution #History #Interesting Music: Star of the Conqueror by Dhruva Aliman Amazon- https://amzn.to/2Mgr7pg https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/the-wolf-and-the-river http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet

A top-secret US government research program allegedly investigated the health effects of close encounters with UFOs. The classified study was called the Advanced Aerospace Threat and Identification Program (AATIP) and investigated mysterious aircraft or other unexplained phenomena. Official documents reveal that investigators studied ‘exotic technologies’ including wormholes, antigravity, invisibility cloaking, warp drives and high energy laser weapons. Now it’s been claimed that AATIP explored the health ‘consequences’ suffered by people who witnessed UFO incidents. Details of 38 papers published during the AATIP probe were released last year, although only a handful of the actual documents have been released to the public. One of the studies was called ‘Field Effects on Biological Tissues’. Nick Pope, who was head of the Ministry of Defence’s UFO investigation desk, said this is likely to be the paper which explored the health effects of close encounters. Pope pointed us to an article published on Las Vegas Now in which Dr Hal Puthoff, a scientist who worked on AATIP, said: ‘We as part of this program looked at some cases that were really good from Brazil. ‘In 1977, 78, it was like Close Encounters of the Third Kind, a thousand pages of documents all done by the Brazilian Air Force investigative team, 500 photographs, 15 hours of motion film, a lot of medical injuries when people encountered these craft at close range.’ Pope told Metro the statement is ‘confirmation that the Pentagon’s AATIP program looked not only at UFOs but also at close encounters and alien abductions’. He said: ‘I can’t prove it, but from sources close to this I’m almost certain that part of this work involved getting blood and DNA samples from close encounter witnesses – including at least one and maybe two witnesses to the UK’s infamous Rendlesham Forest incident. ‘I believe this was done in a way that disguised the fact that this was for a US intelligence program, with witnesses being told that they were participating in a scientific or academic study.’ The world first heard about AATIP following the release of footage showing an encounter between an F/A-18 Super Hornet fighter jet and an oval-shaped UFO travelling at astonishing speed. Earlier this year, the US Defense Intelligence Agency has released documents which exposed some of the work carried during the top-secret UFO research project. In a letter addressed to a congressional committee chaired by the late Senator John McCain in 2018, the DIA wrote: ‘The purpose of AATIP was to investigate foreign advanced aerospace weapon threats from the present out to the next 40 years,’ the letter explains. And last year, AATIP programme manager Luis Elizondo said he believed there is ‘very compelling evidence we may not be alone’. He also recently suggested mysterious ‘metamaterials’ which may have come from crashed alien spacecraft are being stored by the American government in specially modified warehouses in Las Vegas. The AATIP programme was closed down in 2012, although the New York Times reporters that exposed its work believe it is still operational in some capacity. Pope added: ‘There are clearly extreme sensitivities about human experimentation, and all this is – or should be – tightly regulated after the scandal that followed the CIA’s infamous MK-Ultra mind control experiments. I’m sure the rules were followed, but if AATIP did acquire blood and DNA samples from close encounter witnesses then I’m sure Congress will want to know how this was done and what was concluded. Hopefully this is one aspect of the ongoing Congressional interest in AATIP and in the phenomenon more generally. ‘Physical effects on UFO witnesses was one aspect of the MoD intelligence assessment of the phenomenon known as Project Condign, but officially titled Unidentified Aerial Phenomena in the UK Air Defence Region. I helped set up this study but had been posted to another MoD division by the time the assessment was completed. ‘One sentence in the final report read ‘The well-reported Rendlesham Forest/Bentwaters event is an example where it might be postulated that several observers were probably exposed to UAP [Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon] radiation for longer than normal UAP sighting periods’. If we can’t study the UFOs themselves, then studying the effects they have is the next best thing. ‘Obviously, that’s got to include taking a very close look at people who claim to have had close encounters, and perhaps even people who say they’ve been abducted by aliens. I told one such individual to give his blood and DNA to a scientist if he wanted, but to be aware that the ultimate ‘customer’ was probably the government. I even joked that if he didn’t want to give his DNA, he should be very careful about accepting a coffee and then leaving the cup behind!’

There are 1,400 billionaires in the world - 7 Real-Life Ways to Become a Billionaire - Becoming a billionaire seems like a great goal, but unfortunately it's only a dream for most of us. The thing is, many billionaires didn't start out as such. Some certainly had economic and educational advantages, but even without those, their smart decisions and business choices, plus a few key characteristics, led them to their billions. So, what can we learn about our own real-life options for becoming billionaires? First things first: find a way to make money. Four of the most often used methods of money making in the world of billionaires are: inventing, investing, innovating and being an entrepreneur. But remember that how you pursue your billions is just as important as what you do to get them. Do: Invent Inventing is a tough career path to take. But if you've got the smarts to successfully create, patent, produce and market a product that people need (and thus, will buy in droves), you can build your future billionaire life on it. Successful inventions aren't necessarily complicated or high-tech items but can be improvements on existing items. For example, James Dyson invented a better vacuum cleaner, and Gianfranco Zaccai invented a better mop, the Swiffer. Do: Innovate Innovation is the fine art of considering a current mainstream market and finding a creative way to improve the current offering. Successful innovators will identify the real needs behind customer demands, and will meet them with a smarter, better, more efficient product, or with a service that provides more than its competitors. Others may develop a business that works in a way just different enough to stand out from the rest. IKEA founder Ingvar Kamprad is a great example of someone who used innovation to yield billions. Furniture doesn't seem like a very exciting market, but his approach of providing modular, economical pieces with a modern flair from Sweden and other European designers and manufacturers to a global market proved fruitful. Don't: Think You Know It All The moment you think you have nothing left to learn is the moment you kill your potential for becoming a billionaire. Especially if you're interested in building your wealth through inventing or innovating, you have to be curious, open-minded and always learning. Those qualities allow you to look at old things in a new way, to see the potential for change and profit where others see only what already had been done. Do: Invest Self-made billionaire Warren Buffett is famous for his frugal ways and for his smart investments. Investing, of course, requires a little seed money and some accurate insight into which investments are smart and which are a waste of money. If you can follow in the footsteps of billionaire investors like Buffett, then this might be the route for you. Don't: Make Flashy Investments The latest and greatest investment opportunity may be fun to talk about, but one of the pitfalls of would-be billionaires is to jump in on the "next big thing," which doesn't always turn out to be so big. Investors who make billions from their investments avoid flashy, fun and high-risk picks and instead choose those with long-term potential to provide great returns. Real estate, energy, steel, telecommunications, pharmaceuticals and energy are among the picks, while high-tech and intriguing but risky options may go either way. Do: Be an Entrepreneur The third option for becoming a billionaire is in the time-honored tradition of entrepreneurial pursuits. Starting a business and taking it to success isn't always easy, but for those with good business sense and the ability to spot start-ups that have potential to be great, entrepreneurship can be the vehicle to great wealth. Billionaire entrepreneurs might work in one of two ways: either by coming up with a great idea and taking it all the way, as in the case of Bill Gates and Microsoft, or by spotting someone else's good idea and investing in it early on. Both are viable ways to reach success that can get you billions of dollars when it comes to your own net worth. Don't: Quit Too Soon Entrepreneurial types who succeed realize that success rarely comes overnight. One business idea might not pay off, but the next might. It's not easy to build something from scratch, especially when your something is a fortune of billions. Time is on your side, if you don't rush it. The Bottom Line Of course, luck has something to do with success. It helps to be in the right place at the right time. However, if you don't know what to do when you're there, luck won't help you out much. Smart choices, smart investments and long-term learning and growing will. #Money #Lifestyle #Wealth

Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 – April 17, 1790) was an American polymath and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, freemason, postmaster, scientist, inventor, humorist, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. As an inventor, he is known for the lightning rod, bifocals, and the Franklin stove, among other inventions. He founded many civic organizations, including the Library Company, Philadelphia's first fire department and the University of Pennsylvania. Franklin earned the title of "The First American" for his early and indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity, initially as an author and spokesman in London for several colonies. As the first United States Ambassador to France, he exemplified the emerging American nation.[5] Franklin was foundational in defining the American ethos as a marriage of the practical values of thrift, hard work, education, community spirit, self-governing institutions, and opposition to authoritarianism both political and religious, with the scientific and tolerant values of the Enlightenment. In the words of historian Henry Steele Commager, "In a Franklin could be merged the virtues of Puritanism without its defects, the illumination of the Enlightenment without its heat."[6] To Walter Isaacson, this makes Franklin "the most accomplished American of his age and the most influential in inventing the type of society America would become." Franklin became a successful newspaper editor and printer in Philadelphia, the leading city in the colonies, publishing the Pennsylvania Gazette at the age of 23.[8] He became wealthy publishing this and Poor Richard's Almanack, which he authored under the pseudonym "Richard Saunders". After 1767, he was associated with the Pennsylvania Chronicle, a newspaper that was known for its revolutionary sentiments and criticisms of British policies. He pioneered and was first president of Academy and College of Philadelphia which opened in 1751 and later became the University of Pennsylvania. He organized and was the first secretary of the American Philosophical Society and was elected president in 1769. Franklin became a national hero in America as an agent for several colonies when he spearheaded an effort in London to have the Parliament of Great Britain repeal the unpopular Stamp Act. An accomplished diplomat, he was widely admired among the French as American minister to Paris and was a major figure in the development of positive Franco-American relations. His efforts proved vital for the American Revolution in securing shipments of crucial munitions from France. He was promoted to deputy postmaster-general for the British colonies in 1753, having been Philadelphia postmaster for many years, and this enabled him to set up the first national communications network. During the revolution, he became the first United States Postmaster General. He was active in community affairs and colonial and state politics, as well as national and international affairs. From 1785 to 1788, he served as governor of Pennsylvania. He initially owned and dealt in slaves but, by the 1750s, he argued against slavery from an economic perspective and became one of the most prominent abolitionists. His colorful life and legacy of scientific and political achievement, and his status as one of America's most influential Founding Fathers, have seen Franklin honored more than two centuries after his death on coinage and the $100 bill, warships, and the names of many towns, counties, educational institutions, and corporations, as well as countless cultural references.

Why Is the Sky Blue? The Short Answer: Sunlight reaches Earth's atmosphere and is scattered in all directions by all the gases and particles in the air. Blue light is scattered more than the other colors because it travels as shorter, smaller waves. This is why we see a blue sky most of the time. The light from the sun looks white. But it is really made up of all the colors of the rainbow. Like energy passing through the ocean, light energy travels in waves, too. Some light travels in short, "choppy" waves. Other light travels in long, lazy waves. Blue light waves are shorter than red light waves. Different colors of light have different wavelengths. All light travels in a straight line unless something gets in the way and does one of these things:— reflect it (like a mirror) bend it (like a prism) or scatter it (like molecules of the gases in the atmosphere) Sunlight reaches Earth's atmosphere and is scattered in all directions by all the gases and particles in the air. Blue light is scattered in all directions by the tiny molecules of air in Earth's atmosphere. Blue is scattered more than other colors because it travels as shorter, smaller waves. This is why we see a blue sky most of the time. Atmosphere scatters blue light more than other colors. Closer to the horizon, the sky fades to a lighter blue or white. The sunlight reaching us from low in the sky has passed through even more air than the sunlight reaching us from overhead. As the sunlight has passed through all this air, the air molecules have scattered and rescattered the blue light many times in many directions. Atmosphere scatters blue light more than other colors Also, the surface of Earth has reflected and scattered the light. All this scattering mixes the colors together again so we see more white and less blue. What makes a red sunset? As the sun gets lower in the sky, its light is passing through more of the atmosphere to reach you. Even more of the blue light is scattered, allowing the reds and yellows to pass straight through to your eyes. Music: There She Is by Dhruva Aliman Amazon- https://amzn.to/3eLFy0P https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/hello-moon http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet #Blue #Interesting #Science

First new shade of blue discovered for 200 years to be turned into Crayola crayon - 'YInMn Blue' - Children will be able to color the sky a different shade for first time in 200 years, after scientists created a vivid ‘new blue’ and Crayola announced it is turning it into a crayon. In 2009 Oregon State University made the serendipitous discovery of an entirely new color while heating chemicals in a laboratory oven. The bright blue shade was the first new blue pigment to be created since the French chemist Louis Jacques Thenard discovered cobalt blue in 1802. Now children will be able to get their hands on the new shade by the end of the year, after Crayola announced it is turning the pigment into a new crayon, to replace ‘dandelion’ - a yellow shade which is being retired. The new colour was discovered by accident by Mas Subramanian , a professor of materials science at Oregon State, who was working with students to manufacture new materials which could be used in electronics. But when he heated Yttrium oxide, Indium oxide and a bit of Manganese oxide and pulled the mixture out of the furnace he discovered it had turned a vibrant blue, which he catchily dubbed 'YInMn blue' in reference to its chemical composition. Prof Subramanium said it was ‘truly an honour’ that his pigment was being turned into a new crayon. “This was a serendipitous discovery, a happy accident,” said Prof Subramanian . “But in fact many breakthrough discoveries in science happen when one is not looking for it. Most pigments are discovered by chance. “Blue is associated with open spaces, freedom, intuition, imagination, expressiveness, inspiration and sensitivity. “We could not imagine a better partner than Crayola, a brand synonymous with colour and creativity to help us share this discovery with the world.” The new colour is so vibrant because the chemicals bind in a unique structure which completely absorbs red and green wave-lenghs of light, so only blue is reflected. The compounds are also very stable, so the shade will not fade and it is non-toxic. And companies are interested in using if for energy efficiency as it can bounce away the ultraviolet waves of the Sun, and potentially help keep buildings cooler. Crayola is inviting children to help name the new colour, a competition which will close on June 2 and the new shade will be announced in September. “We are a company all about kids, creativity and colour, so we strive to keep our colour palette innovative and on trend, which is why we’re excited to introduce a new blue crayon colour inspired by the YInMn pigment, “ said Smith Holland CEO and president of Crayola. “The new blue crayon will help Crayola to continue to inspire kids and kids at heart to create everything imaginable.” Music: Twilight Streets by Dhruva Aliman Amazon - https://amzn.to/2B9tGa7 https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/road-of-fortunes http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet #Color #Blue #Discovery

Top 5 myths about sugar consumption not be based on scientific evidence. Myth #1 – Sugar Is Addictive - Researchers have been studying the effects of sugar on our bodies for decades. But, as recent as November 2016, scientists in Europe found little scientific evidence to point to sugar as an addictive substance. The human body experiences a “primal” need for sugar, as it’s used by the body for fuel. Of course, she points out, the type of sugar that fuels the body is glucose, manufactured by our cells from the foods we eat, especially carbohydrates. We’re wired to want fuel for our bodies to avoid starvation, as our ancestors faced when food supplies ran low. Today, that means if we have a higher intake of carbohydrates, our body will crave more and more. Our brains, especially, run on glucose. So, receptors there light up when we eat sugar in preparation for the additional fuel. But, unlike how the brain reacts to controlled substances, withdrawal symptoms from lack of sugar have not been documented. Furthermore, a study published in July 2017 in the journal Appetite concluded that little evidence exists to indicate that sugary foods lead to food dependency. Myth #2 – All Sugar Is Bad All sugars are sugar. They have the same effect on our bodies. But, refined sugar and natural sugar have some differences. Refined sugar, like the white and brown sugar we add to baked goods, is just sugar. It has been processed and stripped of other important nutrients. Raw sugar is less processed, as are natural sweeteners, such as honey, and therefore offer our bodies some nutrients in addition to just sugar. So, these are better choices for sweeteners. But, the least villainous types of sugar are those found naturally in whole fruits, milk and complex carbohydrates. These naturally-occurring sugars are packaged with vitamins, minerals and fiber that our bodies can use to manufacture glucose and to aid in other bodily functions. Myth #3 – Sugar Makes Kids Hyperactive Who doesn’t remember their parents citing hyperactivity as a reason for not allowing candy, dessert or soda? The science supporting these claims is, so far, inconclusive. Some studies have shown that sugar causes some people – adults and children alike – to enter a hypoglycemic state, producing too much insulin and prompting the release of adrenaline and other hormones to bring the body back into its normal state. This also accounts for the subsequent “sugar crash” as blood sugar returns to normal. Myth #4 – Too Much Sugar Causes Diabetes Sugar doesn’t directly cause diabetes, but, when additional calories, which can come from sugar, are consumed and not burned, they may be stored as fat. That accumulation of fat, she says, contributes to obesity, which is a risk factor in the development of type 2 diabetes. Genetics and lifestyle are the two biggest predictors of diabetes. If you’re genetically predisposed to diabetes or lead an unhealthy lifestyle, including being overweight, not exercising or smoking, your chance of developing diabetes increases. For patients who fall into these increased risk categories, doctors recommend a healthy exercise and eating regimen, including limiting refined sugars. Myth #5 – Artificial Sweeteners Are Better Than Sugar That’s because artificial sweeteners, often contain chemicals, such as saccharin or aspartame, which have been studied for their effects on the body. Some studies have been conducted to test whether these substances may be habit-forming or addictive, can alter taste to make less-sweet foods undesirable, increase inflammation in the body, as reported by the Arthritis Foundation, and change our digestive tract, impacting some beneficial bacteria. If it’s a plant, eat it; if it was made in a plant, don’t. Overall, don’t fall victim to general advice to avoid naturally occurring sugar, as found in fruits, vegetables and complex carbohydrates, such as whole grains. By doing this, you deprive your body of its natural fuel source and other healthy nutrients. You may even wind up replacing it with refined sugar or artificial sweeteners. Sugar isn’t necessarily a bad guy. We just need to watch how much we consume, so that we don’t overdo it. Music: Uncle Festus by Dhruva Aliman Amazon- https://amzn.to/2Mgr7pg https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/the-wolf-and-the-river http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet #Diet #Sweets #Sugar

Many traditional elements of Christmas pre-date Christianity. In other words, Christmas was pagan before it was adopted (and renamed) by Christians. The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1908 states that "Christmas was not among the earliest festivals of the Church. Irenaeus and Tertullian omit it from their lists of feasts" - those authors lived into the 3rd century. The CE article concludes that when later Christians adopted the date of the 25th of December for Jesus' birth, "the abundance of analogous midwinter festivals may indefinitely have helped the choice of the December date, the same instinct which set Natalis Invicti at the winter solstice will have sufficed, apart from deliberate adaptation or curious calculation, to set the Christian feast there too". Prof. Hutton, a respected and careful primary-sources historian, mentions Christmas in his valuable book on the history of modern Paganism. How December 25 did officially became the world important most grandeur festive day in the calendar? We all know that Christmas is being observed around the world and generally commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ among Christian communities. The word Christmas is from the old English “Crīstesmæsse”, the pre historic Christian churches referred the meaning to “Christ’s Mass” the Eucharistic feast celebration of Christ birthday. The Birth of Christ Although the year of Jesus Christ birth date was estimated by most modern theology scientists and historians somewhere between 7 and 2BC, the debate continues about the exact month and day of Jesus birth. Dionysius Exiguus, a Scythian monk has determined the year of Jesus birth through his own calculation using the foundation of city of Rome “ab urbe condita” thus 1 AUC signifies the birth year of Rome. Dionysius counted the reign of Roman Emperor Augustus to Emperor Tiberius and in the New Testament, the Gospel of Luke 3:1,23, indicates the 15th year of Tiberius reign where Jesus turned 30 years old. Jesus lived 15 years under Augustus in his 28th year of reign as a Roman Emperor. Dionysius concluded that the Christ was born 754 AUC the year Augustus reign started. However, the Gospel of Luke 1:5 placed Jesus birth under Herod and Herod died in 754 AUC, for this reason why most modern biblical scholars discredit Dionysius calculation. How Did Christmas Day End Up In December 25th? Did you know that earlier before Christmas date was established, the ancient Roman feast of Saturnalia called “temple of Saturn“, was first introduced by Roman Pagans. It is an ancient Roman festival, a celebration of Cruelty, lawlessness, adulterous, brutal violence and human sacrifices from 17th to 23th of December. The Roman court is closed in the whole festive season and its early law’s allows anyone to injure any people and damage properties without getting any punishment from the Roman authorities. The Roman Pagans started the Saturnalia festival from dragging the prisoner or the “the enemy of the Roman people” to the center court on the first feast day to represent the “Lord of Misuse”. Every Pagan community choose a victim within their community and forced them to indulge into sexual pleasures and eat festive foods before brutally sacrificing them on the 23th of December as the final festival day concluded. Other regions in the Roman Empire continued the secular celebration in festive atmosphere ’till the end of month of December every year, long after it was officially removed from the official calendar. But this ancient festival has left traces and found numerous signs of medieval and modern customs in occurrence at the time of winter solstice. Some of the practices such as gift-giving and festive food banquet were carried out in the modern age and adopted later in Christmas customs. From 4th Century CE history, early Western Christians Church adopted and brought the Saturnalia festival into other regions of pagan masses, converted them to Christian faith with the promised to continue the Saturnalia Festival as Christians. Although the early Christian church leaders described Saturnalia Feast as unbiblical and contradict the fundamental belief of Christians at that time, the Christian Leaders managed to changed the pagans cultures by naming the 25th day to be Jesus Christ’s birth day. How did the Twelve Days of Christmas Start? Other Christian churches celebrate Christmas every 25th of December using the Julian calendar which the festive currently correspond to January 7 in Gregorian calendar, that is the day after the feast of Epiphany concluded. From the Council of Tour of 567, the Christian church declared the 12 days of Christmas as the unifying period of Christmas festival season “Christmastide“, giving the essential importance of Christmas Days between the feast of Christmas and the feast of Epiphany.

Meet Boston Dynamics' family of strange and amazing robots - This clan of robot keeps growing and growing. The Boston Dynamics family of robots, including Atlas and Spot With some human-like and animal-like traits, the Boston Dynamics robots are a little creepy and a little cool. Boston Dynamics is a fascinating company best known for periodically releasing videos of robot prototypes of all shapes and sizes. The robots are always impressively engineered, and sometimes a little creepy. The creepiness is not by design; it’s an unintended side effect of robots that imitate human and animal movements. This makes them seem familiar and alien at the same time — half-biological and half-machine. The robot maker is a subsidiary of search giant Google, but the company began in 1992 as a spinoff from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), allowing robotics experts to continue their work on animal-like robots outside of academia. Their goal is not only to create innovative machines, but also to have them work outside of a lab, which is why in many videos you’ll see robots facing harsh conditions that would defeat most other robots, including being pushed and kicked by Boston Dynamics employees! For example, Boston Dynamics recently released the video above showing the latest version of Atlas performing some parkour tricks. Atlas, a bipedal humanoid robot about 6 feet tall and weighing around 180 pounds, operates indoors and out. It’s designed to assist emergency responders in search-and-rescue operations, performing tasks such as shutting off valves, opening doors and operating powered equipment in environments where humans cannot survive. The U.S. Department of Defense, which provides funding for Atlas, said that it had no interest in using it for offensive or defensive tasks. Music: Star of the Conqueror (Robo Diablo Mix) by Dhruva Aliman Amazon- https://amzn.to/3eAjEgC https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/what-must-be http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet

SEE MORE EPIC WIN HERE - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLMoEmUBElyzjUmAWcQBOrtB-GogfasRsy ALL CREDITS ARE LISTED BELOW... Music: “Hello Moon” by Dhruva Aliman http://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/hello-moon http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Video Clips from the following, IN ORDER-- GoPro_ To Climb An Iceberg in 4K GoPro_ Wingsuit Air Balloon Jump GoPro_ Open Air Glider 75m Rodeo Slackline 08-04-2010 RAD Rodeoline-surfing with Dave! SLACKATTACK.ch STREET WORKOUT WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP 2014 [HD] USMC Silent Drill Platoon 4-11-2011 GoPro_ H1 Unlimited Hydroplanes GoPro_ Afterglow - Night Skiing Epic Smoke Trick! More on vine at _pandeezy Smoke rings by Ram Malichy @RamMalichy on Vine Amazing 3D Skull Drawing by Dave Buchanan! Amazing Trick To Wash Trucks Music End Credits: Slave and Rose by Dhruva Aliman https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/the-wolf-and-the-river http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/

There's Evidence Humans Didn't Actually See Blue Until Modern Times- Human vision is incredible - most of us are capable of seeing around 1 million colors, and yet we still don't really know if all of us perceive these colors in the same way. But there's actually evidence that, until modern times, humans didn't actually see the color blue. As Kevin Loria reported for Business Insider back in 2015, the evidence dates all the way back to the 1800s. That's when scholar William Gladstone - who later went on to be the Prime Minister of Great Britain - noticed that, in the Odyssey, Homer describes the ocean as "wine-dark" and other strange hues, but he never uses the word 'blue'. A few years later, a philologist (someone who studies language and words) called Lazarus Geiger decided to follow up on this observation, and analyzed ancient Icelandic, Hindu, Chinese, Arabic, and Hebrew texts to see if they used the colour. He found no mention of the word blue. When you think about it, it's not that crazy. Other than the sky, there isn't really much in nature that is inherently a vibrant blue. In fact, the first society to have a word for the colour blue was the Egyptians, the only culture that could produce blue dyes. From then, it seems that awareness of the colour spread throughout the modern world. But just because there was no word for blue, does that mean our ancestors couldn't see it? There have been various studies conducted to try to work this out, but one of the most compelling was published in 2006 by Jules Davidoff, a psychologist from Goldsmiths University of London. Davidoff and his team worked with the Himba tribe from Namibia. In their language, there is no word for blue and no real distinction between green and blue. To test whether that meant they couldn't actually see blue, he showed members of the tribe a circle with 11 green squares and one obviously blue square. But the Himba tribe struggled to tell Davidoff which of the squares was a different colour to the others. Those who did hazard a guess at which square was different took a long time to get the right answer, and there were a lot of mistakes. But, interestingly, the Himba have lots more words for green than we do. So to reverse the experiment, Davidoff showed English speakers this same circle experiment with 11 squares of one shade of green, and then one odd square of a different shade. The Himba tribe, on the other hand, could spot the odd square out straight away. Another study by MIT scientists in 2007 showed that native Russian speakers, who don't have one single word for blue, but instead have a word for light blue (goluboy) and dark blue (siniy), can discriminate between light and dark shades of blue much faster than English speakers. This all suggests that, until they had a word from it, it's likely that our ancestors didn't actually see blue. Or, more accurately, they probably saw it as we do now, but they never really noticed it. Music: Halls of Neptune (Breaks Mix) by Dhruva Aliman Amazon- https://amzn.to/3dgKA52 https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/hard-to-get-along http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet

Mini Documentary of Bungy Jump Technology, Safety Standards & Procedures at Pattaya XBungy - Highest Bungy Jump in Thailand. Operating for over 30 years with over 100,000 jumps. http://pattayabungy.com/ ... Bungy Jumping is steeped in tradition and dates back to an ancient ritual that is performed in the village of Bunlap on Vannatu Island. The “Gkol” that is performed is a rite of passage for the tribesman and entails them Bungy Jumping using Banyan tree vines attached to their ankles. Inspired by this, the first modern era Bungy Jump was conducted by Oxford University Dangerous Sports Club on the 1st April 1979 at Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol, England. Members of the club jumped using shock cord instead of banyan tree vines whilst wearing top hat and tails. You can watch a video of this very first jump on youtube. The enormous publicity form the stunt led to the club performing a second jump from the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco then a jump from the Royal George Suspension Bridge in Colorado. All went quiet until the video was seen by New Zealander AJ Hackett who in June 1987 very publicly performed a Bungy Jump from the Eiffel Tower in Paris France. The key difference was AJ Hackett saw the opportunity to commercialize Bungy Jumping into an extreme sport by using rubber instead of shock cord and in November 1988 the Kawarau Bridge 43m Bungy Jump opened. During the first year AJ Hackett had just 28 customers. In Thailand that year, Pattaya Bungy Jump opened with a jump 17m higher than the Kawarau Bridge Jump at 60m. The Pattaya Bungy Jump was not only the first in South East Asia but still remains the highest Bungy Jump in Thailand today. Since 1989 the Bungy Jumping craze has exploded and there are now many thousands of Bungy Jumps worldwide all started from the humble beginnings in New Zealand and Thailand. #ExtremeSports #Adventure #Travel Music: "Star of the Conqueror (Robo Diablo Mix)" & "Sun and Spear" Amazon- https://amzn.to/3eAjEgC https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/what-must-be http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet

In 1970 the world population was 3.7 billion people. In 2019 it is 7.7 billion. Here is how Earth's biggest cities have grown since 1970. Animated Map: The Most Populous Cities in the World - In Africa Alone, 13 Cities Will Pass NYC in Size. If you look at a modern map of the world’s most populous cities, you’ll notice that they are quite evenly distributed around the globe. Metropolises like Moscow, New York, Tokyo, Cairo, or Rio de Janeiro are spread apart with very different geographic and cultural settings, and practically every continent today can claim at least one of the world’s 20 most populous cities. In the future, things will be very different, according to projections from the Global Cities Institute. In fact, over the next 80 years or so, some cities will literally 10x or 20x in size – turning into giant megacities that have comparable populations to entire countries like modern-day Germany, France, or the United Kingdom. The most interesting part? None of these cities will be in the Americas, Europe, China, or Australia. The Top Four Megacities of the Future According to predictions from the Global Cities Institute, these will be the biggest cities in the world in 2100: Lagos Lagos is already one of the biggest metropolises in Africa, and we previously noted that it was one of the fastest growing cities in the world. In fact, it’s growing so fast, that no one knows how big it actually is. The U.N estimated it had 11.2 million people in 2011, and the year after The New York Times said it had at least 21 million inhabitants. In any case, this Nigerian metropolis is growing like a weed, and the Global Cities Institute estimates that the city’s population will hit the 88.3 million mark by 2100 to make it the biggest city in the world. The city is already a center of West African trade and finance – but Lagos has ambitious plans to up the ante even further. Right now, the city is building Eko Atlantic, a massive new residential and commercial development that is being pitched as the “Manhattan of Nigeria”. It’s just off of Victoria Island, and it is being built on reclaimed land with special measures in place to prevent flooding from global warming. When people think of the DRC, sprawling metropolises generally aren’t the first things that come to mind. But Kinshasa, once the site of humble fishing villages, has already likely passed Paris as the largest French-speaking city in the world. And it’s getting bigger – by 2100, it’s projected to be the world’s second largest city overall. How Kinshasa develops will certainly be interesting. As it stands, approximately 60% of the 17 million people living there by 2025 will be younger than 18 years old. How the city deals with education will be paramount to the city’s future progression. Have you heard of Dar Es Salaam, the Tanzanian megacity that will hold 73.7 million inhabitants in 2100? It’s not on a lot of people’s radars, but its population will explode 1,588% to become the third largest city in Africa, and in the world. Interestingly, East Africa will be home to many of the world’s biggest cities in the future – and many will be seemingly popping up out of nowhere. Consider Blantyre City, Lilongwe, and Lusaka, for example. Most Westerners will not likely have heard of these places, but these centers in Malawi and Zambia will each hold over 35 million people. Mumbai Finally, the last city to round out the top four is Mumbai, which is already one of the world’s biggest megacities with over 20 million people. As the entertainment capital of India, it will be interesting to see how Mumbai evolves – and how it ends up comparing to other Indian megacities like Delhi and Kolkata, which each will hold over 50 million residents themselves. Music: Forgotten Shore by Dhruva Aliman Amazon - https://amzn.to/3ex2DEb https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/neptunes-overtone http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet

Prehistoric human migrations are the earliest migrations and expansions of archaic and modern humans across continents beginning 2 million years ago with the out of Africa migration of Homo erectus. This initial migration was followed by other archaic humans including H. heidelbergensis, which lived around 500,000 years ago and was the likely ancestor of both Denisovans and Neanderthals. Early hominids were said to have "crossed land bridges that were eventually covered in water" (History Alive, pub. 2004, TCI). Within Africa, Homo sapiens dispersed around the time of its speciation, roughly 300,000 years ago. The "recent African origin" paradigm suggests that the anatomically modern humans outside of Africa descend from a population of Homo sapiens migrating from East Africa roughly 70,000 years ago and spreading along the southern coast of Asia and to Oceania before 50,000 years ago. Modern humans spread across Europe about 40,000 years ago. The migrating modern human populations are known to have interbred with local varieties of archaic humans, so that contemporary human populations are descended in small part (below 10% contribution) from regional varieties of archaic humans. After the Last Glacial Maximum, North Eurasian populations migrated to the Americas about 20,000 years ago. Northern Eurasia was peopled after 12,000 years ago, in the beginning Holocene. Arctic Canada and Greenland were reached by the Paleo-Eskimo expansion around 4,000 years ago. Finally, Polynesia was peopled after 2,000 years ago, by the Austronesian expansion. When humans first ventured out of Africa some 60,000 years ago, they left genetic footprints still visible today. By mapping the appearance and frequency of genetic markers in modern peoples, we create a picture of when and where ancient humans moved around the world. These great migrations eventually led the descendants of a small group of Africans to occupy even the farthest reaches of the Earth. Our species is an African one: Africa is where we first evolved, and where we have spent the majority of our time on Earth. The earliest fossils of recognizably modern Homo sapiens appear in the fossil record at Omo Kibish in Ethiopia, around 200,000 years ago. Although earlier fossils may be found over the coming years, this is our best understanding of when and approximately where we originated. According to the genetic and paleontological record, we only started to leave Africa between 60,000 and 70,000 years ago. What set this in motion is uncertain, but we think it has something to do with major climatic shifts that were happening around that time—a sudden cooling in the Earth’s climate driven by the onset of one of the worst parts of the last Ice Age. This cold snap would have made life difficult for our African ancestors, and the genetic evidence points to a sharp reduction in population size around this time. In fact, the human population likely dropped to fewer than 10,000. We were holding on by a thread. Music: Blood Moon by Dhruva Aliman Amazon- https://amzn.to/3eAjEgC https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/what-must-be http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet #History #Earth #Music

Why Space Radiation Matters - Mars has no protective magnetosphere, as Earth does. In addition to regular exposure to cosmic rays and solar wind, it receives occasional lethal blasts that occur with strong solar flares. Outside the protective cocoon of the Earth’s atmosphere is a universe full of radiation – it is all around us. Say the word "radiation" to three different people, and you'll probably get three different reactions. Your aunt may tell you how radiation destroyed her cancer. Your neighbor might mention the "duck and cover" procedures of his day. And your comics-loving friend will explain how gamma rays turned Bruce Banner into The Hulk. Radiation comes in many forms and is all around us, all the time. But what is radiation? Radiation is a form of energy that is emitted in the form of rays, electromagnetic waves, and/or particles. In some cases, radiation can be seen (visible light) or felt (infrared radiation), while other forms—like x-rays and gamma rays—are not visible and can only be observed with special equipment. Although radiation can have negative effects both on biological and mechanical systems, it can also be carefully used to learn more about each of those systems. What is Space Radiation? Space radiation is different from the kinds of radiation we experience here on Earth. Space radiation is comprised of atoms in which electrons have been stripped away as the atom accelerated in interstellar space to speeds approaching the speed of light – eventually, only the nucleus of the atom remains. Space radiation is made up of three kinds of radiation: particles trapped in the Earth’s magnetic field; particles shot into space during solar flares (solar particle events); and galactic cosmic rays, which are high-energy protons and heavy ions from outside our solar system. All of these kinds of space radiation represent ionizing radiation. How much Space Radiation are Astronauts Exposed to? Beyond Low Earth Orbit, space radiation may place astronauts at significant risk for radiation sickness, and increased lifetime risk for cancer, central nervous system effects, and degenerative diseases. Research studies of exposure in various doses and strengths of radiation provide strong evidence that cancer and degenerative diseases are to be expected from exposures to galactic cosmic rays (GCR) or solar particle events (SPE). Milli-Sievert (mSv) is a form of measurement used for radiation. Astronauts are exposed to ionizing radiation with effective doses in the range from 50 to 2,000 mSv. 1 mSv of ionizing radiation is equivalent to about three chest x-rays. So that’s like if you were to have 150 to 6,000 chest x-rays. Why is Ionizing Radiation More Dangerous than Non-Ionizing Radiation? While non-ionizing radiation is damaging, it can easily be shielded out of an environment as is done for UV radiation. Ionizing radiation, however, is much more difficult to avoid. Ionizing radiation has the ability to move through substances and alter them as it passes through. When this happens, it ionizes the atoms (knocks electrons out of them) in the surrounding material with which it interacts. Ionizing radiation is like an atomic-scale cannonball that blasts through material, leaving significant damage behind. More damage can also be created by secondary particles that are propelled into motion by the primary radiation particle. The particles associated with ionizing radiation in space are categorized into three main groups relating to the source of the radiation: galactic cosmic rays, solar flare particles, and radiation belt particles (Van Allen Belts) trapped in space around the Earth. Music: Black Wind (Original Mix) by Dhruva Aliman Amazon- https://amzn.to/2MbZ3TF https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/snooper http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet

Will Smith slapped Chris Rock in the face on stage at the Oscars after the comic made a joke about the actor's wife Jada Pinkett Smith. "Jada, can't wait for GI Jane 2," he said, in an apparent reference to her shaved hairdo - a result of the hair loss condition alopecia. Smith walked on stage and struck Rock before returning to his seat and shouting: "Keep my wife's name out of your [expletive] mouth." He later apologised on stage.... "I want to apologise to the Academy. I want to apologise to my all my fellow nominees," he said during a tearful acceptance speech for best actor. The star picked up the first Oscar of his career for playing the father of tennis legends Venus and Serena Williams in King Richard. "Art imitates life," he said. "I look like the crazy father, just like they said about Richard Williams. But love will make you do crazy things." The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, which organises the Oscars, tweeted that it "does not condone violence of any form". Rock's joke referred to 1997 film GI Jane, in which Demi Moore played the title role with a severe buzzcut. Pinkett Smith rolled her eyes at the comment, while Smith appeared to initially laugh and clap his hands before he was seen on stage, walking up to Rock. The comedian looked stunned in the immediate aftermath of the incident, but told the audience: "That was the greatest night in the history of television." The Los Angeles Police Department later told Variety that Rock had "declined to file a police report" following the event. After the incident, Rock handed over the best documentary prize, which was the reason he was on stage. According to The Hollywood Reporter's Scott Feinberg, a tearful Smith needed to be "pulled aside and comforted" by Denzel Washington and Tyler Perry. The trio could be seen talking just in front of the stage during an advert break, with Washington and Perry putting their hands on his shoulders. A Star is Born actor Bradley Cooper was also seen standing with Smith and appearing to reassure him. Presenting the next section, Sean "Diddy" Combs said: "Will and Chris, we're going to solve that like family. Right now we're moving on with love." Smith later attended the Vanity Fair Oscar party with sons Trey and Jaden, daughter Willow and his wife - smiling for photographers and posing with his award on the red carpet. Other guests at the party reacted to the incident, with filmmaker David Furnish saying he tells his sons with Elton John "don't hit anybody... under any circumstance". But actress and comedian Tiffany Haddish defended Smith, saying he had been standing up for his wife. Jaden Smith tweeted after his father hit Rock: "And that's how we do it." Other members of the film industry criticised Smith, with The Last Samurai producer Marshall Herskovitz calling on the Academy to take disciplinary action against him and Star Wars actor Mark Hamill calling it "the ugliest Oscar moment ever". He added: "Stand-up comics are very adept at handling hecklers. Violent physical assault... not so much."

Buy on Amazon - https://amzn.to/2UjAFUB - The GreatPlate is the easiest and most convenient way to hold food and drink hassle-free. A plate for everyday and everywhere. GreatPlate™ Features - BPA-Free - All GreatPlates™, GreatCups, and GreatCoasters are made of 100% food grade BPA-free plastic. Made in the U.S.A. Products are made in Wisconsin and every component that goes into the production and commercialization touch 50 companies across the United States. Dishwasher Safe GreatPlate™ products are dishwasher safe on top or bottom rack. Microwave Safe All GreatPlate™, GreatCup, and GreatCoaster products are safe to use in microwaves. 100% Recyclable All products are made from BPA-free virgin polypropylene plastic material that is 100% recyclable. Satisfaction Guarantee If your GreatPlate™, GreatCup or GreatCoaster becomes defective during normal use, you may return it for a free replacement. "A Great Plate for Everyday, Everywhere" Music: The Inventor by Dhruva Aliman Amazon - https://amzn.to/3eyYxeD https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/king-neptunes-travelling-merchants-and-their-adventures-in-and-beyond-the-sea http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet

Einstein called it “spooky action at a distance,” but today quantum entanglement is poised to revolutionize technology from computers to cryptography. Physicists have gradually become convinced that the phenomenon—two subatomic particles that mirror changes in each other instantaneously over any distance—is real. But a few doubts remain. NOVA follows a ground-breaking experiment in the Canary Islands to use quasars at opposite ends of the universe to once and for all settle remaining questions. Scientists are working to decipher and harness the power of quantum mechanics, but the strange nature of entanglement and other quantum phenomena continues to confound researchers, posing new and mystifying questions. From an experiment studying quasars at opposite ends of the universe to probing the interactions of elementary particles, researchers are gathering insights that could shatter the laws of space and time and provide a radical new understanding of the universe. This documentary presents cutting-edge work and considers various implications of the coming quantum revolution that begins with making sense of the seemingly absurd. By entangling particles on a satellite and shooting them down to Earth, China may have just set the tone for a global “quantum space race.” In a new study in the journal Science, Jian-Wei Pan, a physicist at the University of Science and Technology of China in Shanghai, and his colleagues report that they were able to entangle photons aboard a satellite 300 miles above Earth and then beam those particles to three ground stations across China—each separated by more than 700 miles. It’s an unprecedented feat. Not only were the particles entangled in space (scientists have never done this before), but they retained their bizarre connection even after they’d been separated by a distance 10 times the previous record for what’s called “quantum teleportation.” Entanglement still boggles physicists’ minds to this day, even though our understanding of it has its origins in the renaissance of early 20th-century quantum theory research. According to quantum mechanics, particles can be in different “states” at once, and when they’re observed, those superimposed states collapse into just one. When particles are “entangled,” their states are linked together across space—when the one particle is measured, the other particle’s properties become frozen as well. Einstein wasn’t a fan of this idea because it suggested that communication between particles could travel instantaneously—i.e., faster than the speed of light. Though it sounds like a pointless exercise to make “twin” particles and send them careening away from each other, scientists are doing just that in order to pioneer what’s called “quantum communication,” an ultra-private way of sending messages. Because observation of one entangled particle immediately affects its partner, information sent via quantum methods can’t be hacked without it being very obvious to the other party involved.

The Yeti, once better known as the Abominable Snowman, is a mysterious bipedal creature said to live in the mountains of Asia. It sometimes leaves tracks in snow, but is also said to dwell below the Himalayan snow line. Despite dozens of expeditions into the remote mountain regions of Russia, China and Nepal, the existence of the Yeti remains unproven. The Yeti is said to be muscular, covered with dark grayish or reddish-brown hair, and weigh between 200 and 400 lbs. (91 to 181 kilograms) It is relatively short compared to North America's Bigfoot, averaging about 6 feet (1.8 meters) in height. Though this is the most common form, reported Yetis have come in a variety of shapes. History of the Yeti The Yeti is a character in ancient legends and folklore of the Himalaya people. In most of the tales, the Yeti is a figure of danger, author Shiva Dhakal told the BBC. The moral of the stories is often a warning to avoid dangerous wild animals and to stay close and safe within the community. Alexander the Great demanded to see a Yeti when he conquered the Indus Valley in 326 B.C. But, according to National Geographic, local people told him they were unable to present one because the creatures could not survive at that low an altitude. In modern times, when Westerners started traveling to the Himalayas, the myth became more sensational, according to the BBC. In 1921, a journalist named Henry Newman interviewed a group of British explorers who had just returned from a Mount Everest expedition. The explorers told the journalist they had discovered some very large footprints on the mountain to which their guides had attributed to "metoh-kangmi," essentially meaning "man-bear snow-man." Newman got the "snowman" part right but mistranslated "metoh" as "filthy." Then he seemed to think "abominable" sounded even better and used this more menacing name in the paper. Thus a legend was born. In her book "Still Living? Yeti, Sasquatch, and the Neanderthal Enigma" (1983, Thames and Hudson), researcher Myra Shackley offers the following description, reported by two hikers in 1942 who saw "two black specks moving across the snow about a quarter mile below them." Despite this significant distance, they offered the following very detailed description: "The height was not much less than eight feet ... the heads were described as 'squarish' and the ears must lie close to the skull because there was no projection from the silhouette against the snow. The shoulders sloped sharply down to a powerful chest ... covered by reddish brown hair which formed a close body fur mixed with long straight hairs hanging downward." Another person saw a creature "about the size and build of a small man, the head covered with long hair but the face and chest not very hairy at all. Reddish-brown in color and bipedal, it was busy grubbing up roots and occasionally emitted a loud high-pitched cry." It's not clear if these sightings were real, hoaxes or misidentifications, though legendary mountaineer Reinhold Messner, who spent months in Nepal and Tibet, concluded that large bears and their tracks had often been mistaken for Yeti. He describes his own encounter with a large, unidentifiable creature in his book "My Quest for the Yeti: Confronting the Himalayas' Deepest Mystery" (St. Martin's, 2001). In March 1986, Anthony Wooldridge, a hiker in the Himalayas, saw what he thought was a Yeti standing in the snow near a ridge about 500 feet (152 meters) away. It didn't move or make noise, but Wooldridge saw odd tracks in the snow that seemed to lead toward the figure. He took two photographs of the creature, which were later analyzed and proven genuine. Many in the Bigfoot community seized upon the photos as clear evidence of a Yeti, including John Napier, an anatomist and anthropologist who had served as the Smithsonian Institution's director of primate biology. Many considered it unlikely Wooldridge could have made a mistake because of his extensive hiking experience in the region. The following year, researchers returned to where Wooldridge had taken the photos and discovered that he had simply seen a dark rock outcropping that looked vertical from his position. It was all a mistake — much to the embarrassment of some Yeti believers.

Boomerang Nebula: Astronomers Observe Coldest Place in Universe - The Boomerang Nebula, also known as the Bow Tie Nebula, is a planetary nebula located in the constellation Centaurus about 5,000 light-years from Earth. Planetary nebulae are the end-of-life phases of Sun-like stars that have sloughed off their outer layers. What remains at their centers are white dwarf stars, which emit intense ultraviolet radiation that causes the gas in the nebulae to glow and emit light in brilliant colors. Measurements show the Boomerang Nebula has an incredible temperature of minus 458 degrees Fahrenheit (1 degree Kelvin). It is the coldest known object in the Universe. The nebula is colder than the faint afterglow of the Big Bang, which is the natural background temperature of space. “This ultra-cold object is extremely intriguing and we’re learning much more about its true nature with the Atacama Large Millimeter-submillimeter Array (ALMA). What seemed like a double lobe, or boomerang shape, from Earth-based optical telescopes, is actually a much broader structure that is expanding rapidly into space,” said Dr Raghvendra Sahai from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, who is the lead author of a paper appearing in the Astrophysical Journal (arXiv.org). The group discovered a dense lane of millimeter-sized dust grains surrounding the nebula’s central star, which explains why the outer cloud has an hourglass shape in visible light. The dust grains have created a mask that shades a portion of the central star and allows its light to leak out only in narrow but opposite directions into the cloud, giving it an hourglass appearance. “This is important for the understanding of how stars die and become planetary nebulae. Using ALMA, we were quite literally and figuratively able to shed new light on the death throes of a Sun-like star,” Dr Sahai said. The team also found that the outer fringes of the Boomerang Nebula are beginning to warm, even though they are still slightly colder than the cosmic microwave background. This warming may be due to the photoelectric effect – an effect first proposed by Einstein in which light is absorbed by solid material, which then re-emits electrons. The gas cloud – which is the result of a jet that is being fired by the central star – is expanding at a rate that is about 10 times faster than what a single star could produce on its own. After conducting measurements with ALMA that revealed regions of the outflow that were never before seen (out to a distance of about 120,000 AUs), the team concluded that this is what is driving temperatures to levels lower than that of background radiation They further argue that this was the result of the central star having collided with a binary companion in the past, and were even able to deduce what the primary was like before this took place. The primary, they claim, was a Red Giant Branch (RGB) or early-RGB star – i.e. a star in the final phase of its life cycle – whose expansion caused its binary companion to be pulled in by its gravity. Music: 7 In Touch by Dhruva Aliman Amazon - https://amzn.to/3ex2DEb https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/neptunes-overtone http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet

Our Cosmic Blind Spot: Threats From Above. The Earth has been left with a huge blind spot for potentially devastating comet strikes after the only dedicated comet-spotting program in the southern hemisphere lost its funding, leading astronomers have warned. The program, which discovered the Siding Spring comet that narrowly missed Mars on Sunday, was shut down last year after losing funding. “It’s a real worry,” Bradley Tucker, an astronomer at the Australian National University (ANU) and University of California Berkeley, told Guardian Australia. “There could be something hurtling towards us right now and we wouldn’t know about it.” Russia's meteorite strike highlights the need for a global strategy to deal with dangerous asteroids. The Russian Academy of Sciences estimate the fireball that streaked over the Ural mountains weighed about 10 tons. The speed of entry was at least 54,000 kilometres per hour (33,000 mph) and it shattered about 30-50 kilometres (18-32 miles) above ground, showering meteorites that caused damage over a wide area. The shockwave from the fireball's supersonic passage through the atmosphere broke windows and set off car alarms. The collision took place as the world waited for a close pass of asteroid 2012 DA14. According to the European Space Agency, no link between the two events is thought possible. The Earth is regularly peppered with small, harmless asteroid impacts, but there's an estimated 13,000 giant asteroids, most of which we can't find yet, that could potentially release cataclysmic destruction on the planet. Space is a vast, mainly empty expanse, but ours is most certainly not the only giant rock hurtling through it. Earth's orbit frequently crosses paths with asteroids of various sizes – NASA tracked some 556 atmospheric fireballs caused by meteorites between 1 and 20 meters in diameter over a 19-year period between 1994 and 2013. Small asteroids that disintegrated in the atmosphere between 1994-2013 These were all harmless enough, and indeed the vast majority of near-Earth objects, or NEOs, that enter our atmosphere are small enough to burn up in the atmosphere without causing any problems. But there are plenty of bigger, faster and denser space rocks out there. The 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor exploded about 30 kilometers above the Earth's surface like a 500-kiloton bomb.. Back in 1903, the famous Tunguska impact happened, again over Russia although thankfully in a sparsely populated area. A meteor somewhere over 60 meters wide detonated over a forested area, flattening 80 million trees across some 2,000 square miles of forest. The blast shock, it's estimated, would have measured 5.0 on the Richter scale. Music: Blood Moon by Dhruva Aliman Amazon- https://amzn.to/3eAjEgC https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/what-must-be http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet