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Date: 3 May 1997 - Host Venue: Point Theatre, Dublin, Ireland Presenters: Carrie Crowley, Ronan Keating - Conductor: Frank McNamara Directed by Ian McGarry - Executive supervisor: Marie-Claire Vionnet Executive producer: Noel Curran - Host broadcaster: Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ) Interval act: "Let The Message Run Free" performed by Ronan Keating & Boyzone Number of entries 25 - Debuting countries None - Returning countries: Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Russia - Withdrawing countries: Belgium, Finland, Slovakia The Eurovision Song Contest 1997, was the 42nd edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in Dublin, Ireland, following Eimear Quinn's win at the 1996 contest in Oslo, Norway with the song "The Voice". This was the seventh time that Ireland hosted the event, and the fourth in five years. The contest was held at the Point Theatre on 3 May 1997. Carrie Crowley and Boyzone member Ronan Keating were the presenters of the show. Twenty-five countries took part in the 1997 Contest, which saw Italy return after a three-year absence - the last participation being in 1993, along with Denmark, Germany, Hungary, and Russia, who last took part in 1995, despite having taken part in the non-televised 1996 pre-qualifying round in which they failed to qualify and therefore were absent. Belgium, Finland, and Slovakia had to withdraw from the contest due to the relegation rule. The United Kingdom won the competition, thanks to Katrina and the Waves, led by American-born Katrina Leskanich, making it the second time that the British won the Eurovision on Irish soil (after 1981) It also remains the last time the United Kingdom won the contest. After the controversy over the 1996 pre-qualifying round, the European Broadcasting Union introduced a new system for 1997: countries with the lowest average scores over the previous four years would be excluded from the 1997 contest, and those with the lowest averages over the previous five years would be excluded from future contests (save that every country so excluded for one year would automatically be allowed to participate the following year), with so many countries being omitted as would reduce the number of participants each year to 25. Denmark brought a rap song, Croatia came with their version of the Spice Girls and Sweden brought a mid-1980s style boy band. The music was in general more modern than before, and for the first time since 1991, an up-tempo song won. This year, televoting was tested in five countries: Austria, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. The results of the televoting countries were, in some cases, different from those that used a jury. Iceland received 16 of its 18 points from these five countries. Also, for the first time in Eurovision history, there was a country where not one, but two spokespeople gave votes - France. Television reporter Frédéric Ferrer and 1977 Eurovision winner Marie Myriam each took turns at giving results from that country. Long-time Irish conductor Noel Kelehan was not the host conductor this year, the duty being fulfilled by Frank McNamara. Results: Draw Country Artist Song Language Place Points 01 Cyprus Hara & Andreas Konstantinou "Mana mou" (Μάνα μου) Greek 5 98 02 Turkey Şebnem Paker & Grup Ethnic "Dinle" Turkish 3 121 03 Norway Tor Endresen "San Francisco" Norwegian1 24 0 04 Austria Bettina Soriat "One Step" German1 21 12 05 Ireland Marc Roberts "Mysterious Woman" English 2 157 06 Slovenia Tanja Ribič "Zbudi se" Slovene 10 60 07 Switzerland Barbara Berta "Dentro di me" Italian 22 5 08 Netherlands Mrs. Einstein "Niemand heeft nog tijd" Dutch 22 5 09 Italy Jalisse "Fiumi di parole" Italian 4 114 10 Spain Marcos Llunas "Sin rencor" Spanish 6 96 11 Germany Bianca Shomburg "Zeit" German 18 22 12 Poland Anna Maria Jopek "Ale jestem" Polish 11 54 13 Estonia Maarja-Liis Ilus "Keelatud maa" Estonian 8 82 14 Bosnia and Herzegovina Alma Čardžić "Goodbye" Bosnian 18 22 15 Portugal Célia Lawson "Antes do adeus" Portuguese 24 0 16 Sweden Blond "Bara hon älskar mig" Swedish 14 36 17 Greece Marianna Zorba "Horepse" (Χόρεψε) Greek 12 39 18 Malta Debbie Scerri "Let Me Fly" English 9 66 19 Hungary V.I.P. "Miért kell, hogy elmenj?" Hungarian 12 39 20 Russia Alla Pugacheva "Primadonna" (Примадонна) Russian 15 33 21 Denmark Kølig Kaj "Stemmen i mit liv" Danish 16 25 22 France Fanny "Sentiments songes" French 7 95 23 Croatia E.N.I. "Probudi me" Croatian 17 24 24 United Kingdom Katrina and the Waves "Love Shine a Light" English 1 227 25 Iceland Paul Oscar "Minn hinsti dans" Icelandic 20 18

Date: 18 May 1996 - Host Venue: Oslo Spektrum, Oslo, Norway Presenter: Ingvild Bryn, Morten Harket - Conductor: Frode Thingnæs Directed by Pål Veiglum - Executive supervisor: Christine Marchal-Ortiz Executive producer: Odd Arvid Strømstad Host broadcaster: Norsk rikskringkasting (NRK) Opening act: "Heaven's Not For Saints" performed by Morten Harket Interval act: Nils Gaup & Runar Borge feat. Aamil Paus-Beacon - Burning Participants: Number of entries 23 - Debuting countries: None Returning countries: Estonia, Finland, Netherlands, Slovakia, Switzerland Countries without right to start: Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Russia The Eurovision Song Contest 1996 was the 41st edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in Oslo, Norway, following Secret Garden's win at the 1995 contest in Dublin, Ireland with the song "Nocturne". It was held on 18 May 1996 in Oslo Spektrum. The presenters were Ingvild Bryn and Morten Harket. Harket, lead singer of a-ha, opened the show with a performance of his single "Heaven's Not for Saints", which was a smash hit in Norway at the time. Twenty-three countries participated in the contest, with Eimear Quinn of Ireland crowned the winner after the final voting, with the song, "The Voice". The song was written by Brendan Graham, who also composed the 1994 winner "Rock 'n' Roll Kids". It was also a record seventh win for Ireland and the most recent win of Ireland. A non-televised audio-only pre-qualification round was organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), in order to shortlist the number of participating nations that would compete in the televised final from twenty-nine, to a more manageable twenty-three. Germany, Israel, Denmark, Hungary, Russia, Macedonia, and Romania all failed to qualify. Macedonia eventually went on to make their debut in 1998. The 1996 contest remains the only Eurovision without a German entry at the Grand Final of the festival. Results: Draw Country Artist Song Language Place Points 01 Turkey Şebnem Paker "Beşinci Mevsim" Turkish 12 57 02 United Kingdom Gina G "Ooh Aah... Just a Little Bit" English 8 77 03 Spain Antonio Carbonell "¡Ay, qué deseo!" Spanish 20 17 04 Portugal Lúcia Moniz "O meu coração não tem cor" Portuguese 6 92 05 Cyprus Constantinos "Mono gia mas" (Μόνο για μας) Greek 9 72 06 Malta Miriam Christine "In a Woman's Heart" English 10 68 07 Croatia Maja Blagdan "Sveta ljubav" Croatian 4 98 08 Austria George Nussbaumer "Weil's dr guat got" Vorarlbergish 10 68 09 Switzerland Kathy Leander "Mon cœur l'aime" French 16 22 10 Greece Marianna Efstratiou "Emis forame to himona anixiatika" (Εμείς φοράμε το χειμώνα ανοιξιάτικα) Greek 14 36 11 Estonia Maarja-Liis Ilus & Ivo Linna "Kaelakee hääl" Estonian 5 94 12 Norway Elisabeth Andreassen "I evighet" Norwegian 2 114 13 France Dan Ar Braz & l'Héritage des Celtes "Diwanit Bugale" Breton 19 18 14 Slovenia Regina "Dan najlepših sanj" Slovene 21 16 15 Netherlands Maxine & Franklin Brown "De eerste keer" Dutch 7 78 16 Belgium Lisa del Bo "Liefde is een kaartspel" Dutch 16 22 17 Ireland Eimear Quinn "The Voice" English 1 162 18 Finland Jasmine "Niin kaunis on taivas" Finnish 23 9 19 Iceland Anna Mjöll "Sjúbídú" Icelandic 13 51 20 Poland Kasia Kowalska "Chcę znać swój grzech..." Polish 15 31 21 Bosnia and Herzegovina Amila Glamočak "Za našu ljubav" Bosnian 22 13 22 Slovakia Marcel Palonder "Kým nás máš" Slovak 18 19 23 Sweden One More Time "Den vilda" Swedish 3 100

Date: 15 May 1993 - Host Venue: Green Glens Arena, Millstreet, Ireland Presenter: Fionnuala Sweeney - Musical director: Noel Kelehan Directed by Anita Notaro - Executive supervisor Christian Clausen Executive producer Liam Miller Host broadcaster: Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ) Opening act: The story of Eochaid and Étaín in Celtic mythology, transitioning into a video of rural Ireland today. Interval act: "Why Me?", performed by Linda Martin and "Voices (Are Calling)", performed by Johnny Logan with the Children of Millstreet and the Cork School of Music Choirs The Eurovision Song Contest 1993 was the 38th edition of the Eurovision Song Contest and was held on 15 May 1993 at Green Glens Arena in Millstreet, County Cork, Ireland. The presenter was Fionnuala Sweeney. Niamh Kavanagh was the winner of this Eurovision for Ireland with the song, "In Your Eyes". This was Ireland's fifth victory, and equalled the tally of five Eurovision victories achieved by France in 1977 and Luxembourg in 1983. Ireland became the fourth country to win two years in a row, the three previous countries to do so were Spain in 1968 and 1969, Luxembourg in 1972 and 1973, and Israel in 1978 and 1979. The top two countries of this contest were the same as the top two countries in the previous year's contest, being Ireland and the United Kingdom. The location for this year's edition of the contest was unique, in that Millstreet, with a population at the time of just 1,500 people, was the smallest host town ever chosen for the Eurovision Song Contest. The owner of the Green Glens Arena, Noel C. Duggan, wrote to the RTÉ on the same night of the Irish victory in the 1992 edition, proposing the free use of the venue to host the contest. The venue, a large indoor and well- equipped equestrian centre that could accommodate a 3500 seated audience was deemed more than suitable as the location by host broadcaster RTÉ. With huge support from local and national authorities, plus several businesses in the region, the town's infrastructure was greatly enhanced in order to accommodate an event of this scale. Killarney, a larger town located 30 kilometres from Millstreet was chosen as a second host town, accommodating the majority of the contestants and delegates. It was also the largest outside broadcast ever attempted by state broadcaster RTÉ and was deemed a technical and logistical success for all involved. The stage was created by Alan Farquharson, who was also chief production designer two years later in Dublin. The design resembled a scalene triangular shaped performance area, under lit by multicoloured cable lighting and featured a hydraulically controlled walkway, with a mirrored ceiling structure suspended above the stage that mirrored the floor shape and reflected lighting. For the first time, a pre-qualifying round was introduced, but only for countries that had either never participated in the contest at all, or in the case of former republics of Yugoslavia, had not previously competed as nations in their own right. Results Draw Country Artist Song Language Place Points 01 Italy Enrico Ruggeri "Sole d'Europa" Italian 12 45 02 Turkey Burak Aydos "Esmer Yarim" Turkish 21 10 03 Germany Münchener Freiheit "Viel zu weit" German 18 18 04 Switzerland Annie Cotton "Moi, tout simplement" French 3 148 05 Denmark Tommy Seebach Band "Under stjernerne på himlen" Danish 22 9 06 Greece Katerina Garbi "Ellada, hora tou fotos"Greek 9 64 07 Belgium Barbara Dex "Iemand als jij" Dutch 25 3 08 Malta William Mangion "This Time" English 8 69 09 Iceland Inga "Þá veistu svarið" Icelandic 13 42 10 Austria Tony Wegas "Maria Magdalena" German 14 32 11 Portugal Anabela "A cidade (até ser dia)" Portuguese 10 60 12 France Patrick Fiori "Mama Corsica" French, Corsican 4 121 13 Sweden Arvingarna "Eloise" Swedish 7 89 14 Ireland Niamh Kavanagh "In Your Eyes" English 1 187 15 Luxembourg Modern Times "Donne-moi une chance" French, Luxembourgish 20 11 16 Slovenia 1X Band "Tih deževen dan" Slovene 22 9 17 Finland Katri Helena "Tule luo" Finnish 17 20 18 Bosnia and Herzegovina Fazla "Sva bol svijeta" Bosnian 16 27 19 United Kingdom Sonia "Better the Devil You Know" English 2 164 20 Netherlands Ruth Jacott "Vrede" Dutch 6 92 21 Croatia Put "Don't Ever Cry" Croatian, English 15 31 22 Spain Eva Santamaría "Hombres" Spanish 11 58 23 Cyprus Zimboulakis & Van Beke "Mi stamatas" (Μη σταματάς) Greek 19 17 24 Israel Lahakat Shiru "Shiru" (שירו) Hebrew, English 24 4 25 Norway Silje Vige "Alle mine tankar" Norwegian 5 120

Date: Saturday, 30 April 1994 - ESC 1994 - 39th edition Venue: Point Theatre, Dublin, Ireland Presentation: Cynthia Ní Mhurchu & Gerry Ryan Number of countries: 25 The Eurovision Song Contest 1994 was the 39th Eurovision Song Contest and was held on 30 April 1994 in the Point Theatre in Dublin, Ireland. As of 2019, it was the last time the contest was held in April. The presenters were Cynthia Ní Mhurchú and Gerry Ryan. The pair hosted the evening in French, English and Irish. Ireland won the contest for the third time in a row, when Paul Harrington and Charlie McGettigan were the winners with a song written by Brendan Graham, "Rock 'N' Roll Kids". This was a record sixth victory for Ireland, giving it the outright record number of victories at the Eurovision Song Contest, and also the second time Ireland won on home soil. It was also the first time — and to date the only time — that the contest had been won by the same country in three consecutive years. For the first time in Eurovision history, voting was done via satellite instead of by telephone, and as a result, viewers could see the spokespeople onscreen. The interval act was the first-ever performance of the Irish dancing spectacular Riverdance, featuring Michael Flatley and Jean Butler. The contest opened with a brief film of stars floating in water, fireworks and caricatures dancing around, drinking coffee and biking. The cameras then went live to the venue itself, where dancers dressed in white and wearing caricatured heads of well-known Irish figures, arrived on stage carrying European countries’ flags. The presenters entered the stage spectacularly from a bridge which descended from the roof of the theatre. This year’s video postcards had a literary theme, showing contestants reading, fishing and doing other activities around Ireland. The stage, by Paula Farrell, was four times larger than the Millstreet stage, and its design which included a city scene of skyscrapers and video screens plus a backdrop of an ever-changing night sky was based upon the concept of what a futuristic Dublin might look like with one remaining constant being the river Liffey. The floor was painted with a dark blue reflective paint to give a watery effect. To cope with the increasing number of countries wishing to participate in the contest, for 1994 the European Broadcasting Union ruled that the seven lowest-placed countries from the preceding year's contest would not participate. Because Italy and Luxembourg withdrew voluntarily, the bottom 5 of the 1993 Contest were relegated. This meant that Belgium, Denmark, Israel, Slovenia and Turkey did not participate this year opening spaces for the new countries. This contest also saw Luxembourg withdraw from Eurovision indefinitely. Poland took part for the first time and caused a scandal when Edyta Górniak broke the rules by singing her song in English during the dress rehearsal (which is shown to the juries who selected the winner until 1997). Only six countries demanded that Poland should be disqualified, though the rules required 13 countries to complain before Poland could be removed from the competition. The proposed removal did not occur and Poland went on to come 2nd in the contest, the highest placing that any country's debut song had ever achieved until 2007 (the winner in 1956 was Switzerland's second song of the night). Starter List: Draw Country Artist Song Place Points 1 Sweden Marie Bergman & Roger Pontare Stjärnorna 13 48 2 Finland CatCat Bye Bye Baby 22 11 3 Ireland Paul Harrington & Charlie McGettigan Rock 'n' Roll Kids 1 226 4 Cyprus Evridiki Ime anthropos ki ego (Είμαι άνθρωπος κι εγώ) 11 51 5 Iceland Sigga Nætur 12 49 6 United Kingdom Frances Ruffelle We Will Be Free (Lonely Symphony) 10 63 7 Croatia Tony Cetinski Nek' ti bude ljubav sva 16 27 8 Portugal Sara Tavares Chamar a música 8 73 9 Switzerland Duilio Sto pregando 19 15 10 Estonia Silvi Vrait Nagu merelaine 24 2 11 Romania Dan Bittman Dincolo de nori 21 14 12 Malta Chris and Moira More than Love 5 97 13 Netherlands Willeke Alberti Waar is de zon 23 4 14 Germany MeKaDo Wir geben 'ne Party 3 128 15 Slovakia Tublatanka Nekonečná pieseň 19 15 16 Lithuania Ovidijus Vyšniauskas Lopšinė mylimai 25 0 17 Norway Elisabeth Andreassen & Jan Werner Danielsen Duett 6 76 18 Bosnia and Herzegovina Alma & Dejan Ostani kraj mene 15 39 19 Greece Kostas Bigalis & The Sea Lovers To trehandiri (Το τρεχαντήρι) 14 44 20 Austria Petra Frey Für den Frieden der Welt 17 19 21 Spain Alejandro Abad Ella no es ella 18 17 22 Hungary Friderika Bayer Kinek mondjam el vétkeimet? 4 122 23 Russia Youddiph Vechny strannik (Вечный странник) 9 70 24 Poland Edyta Górniak To nie ja! 2 166 25 France Nina Morato Je suis un vrai garçon 7 74

Date: 9 May 1992 - Host Venue: Malmö Isstadion, Malmö, Sweden Presenters: Lydia Cappolicchio, Harald Treutiger Conductor: Anders Berglund - Directed by Kåge Gimtell Executive supervisor: Frank Naef - Host broadcaster: Sveriges Television (SVT) Opening act: Carola performing "All the Reasons to Live" Interval act: A Century of Dance Number of entries: 23 - Debuting countries: None - Returning countries: Netherlands Withdrawing countries: None The Eurovision Song Contest 1992 was the 37th Eurovision Song Contest and was held on 9 May 1992 in Malmö, Sweden. The presenters were Lydia Cappolicchio and Harald Treutiger. Linda Martin, representing Ireland, was the winner of this Eurovision with the song Why Me?. The song was written by Johnny Logan, who had won the 1980 contest as singer and the 1987 contest as singer/songwriter. At 41 years and 22 days of age, Linda Martin became (and remains) the oldest woman ever to win Eurovision. The contest took place at Malmö Isstadion, where the stage set was in the shape of a Viking ship's bow with a dragon in the centre and stars on each side. The opening sequence included women dressed in the Swedish colours of yellow and blue, twirling ribbons. The filmic postcard tradition was continued with clips based on each country. Last year's winner, Carola, appeared on stage in a white dress with sheer sleeves, a rhinestone collar and cuffs and sang “All The Reasons To Live”. This contest marked the last participation of Yugoslavia, although it was not the same country that had participated from 1961 to 1991, but actually, Serbia and Montenegro, formally known as the "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia". That was the country's last entry until 2004, as it was banned from the contest, following the sanctions on the United Nations Security Council Resolution 757, following the Bosnian War and Croatian War of Independence. After scoring second place consecutively (1988, 1989) and scoring some disappointing results (1990, 1991), the United Kingdom sent Michael Ball with a contemporary pop song "One Step Out Of Time", which was the hot favourite to win the contest. However, the Irish sent Linda Martin, who had the past experience of coming in 2nd place in the 1984 contest, but also paired up once again with Johnny Logan, who won the contest twice before. In the end, Ireland won the contest with a 16-point lead over the United Kingdom, starting the chain of Irish wins in the 1990s. Malta with "Little Child", performed by Mary Spiteri, also scored very well coming in 3rd place with 123 points. This was the first time that the three highest-placed songs had all been in English. Sweden, the host country, finished 2nd last. Switzerland had to replace its original choice of entry, "Soleil, soleil" which was to have been performed by Géraldine Olivier. The song did not comply with some of the rules of the national selection contest and so, despite having won, it did not go to Malmö. Starter List: Draw Country Artist Song Language Place Points 01 Spain Serafín "Todo esto es la música" Spanish 14 37 02 Belgium Morgane "Nous, on veut des violons" French 20 11 03 Israel Dafna Dekel "Ze Rak Sport" (זה רק ספורט) Hebrew 6 85 04 Turkey Aylin Vatankoş "Yaz Bitti" Turkish 19 17 05 Greece Cleopatra "Olou tou kosmou i Elpida" (Όλου του κόσμου η Ελπίδα) Greek 5 94 06 France Kali "Monté la riviè" French, Antillean Creole 8 73 07 Sweden Christer Björkman "I morgon är en annan dag" Swedish 22 9 08 Portugal Dina "Amor d'água fresca" Portuguese 17 26 09 Cyprus Evridiki "Teriazoume" (Ταιριάζουμε) Greek 11 57 10 Malta Mary Spiteri "Little Child" English 3 123 11 Iceland Heart 2 Heart "Nei eða já" Icelandic 7 80 12 Finland Pave Maijanen "Yamma, yamma" Finnish 23 4 13 Switzerland Daisy Auvray "Mister Music Man" French 15 32 14 Luxembourg Marion Welter & Kontinent "Sou fräi" Luxembourgish 21 10 15 Austria Tony Wegas "Zusammen geh'n" German 10 63 16 United Kingdom Michael Ball "One Step Out of Time" English 2 139 17 Ireland Linda Martin "Why Me?" English 1 155 18 Denmark Kenny Lübcke & Lotte Nilsson "Alt det som ingen ser" Danish 12 47 19 Italy Mia Martini "Rapsodia" Italian 4 111 20 Yugoslavia Extra Nena "Ljubim te pesmama" (Љубим те песмама) Serbian 13 44 21 Norway Merethe Trøan "Visjoner" Norwegian 18 23 22 Germany Wind "Träume sind für alle da" German 16 27 23 Netherlands Humphrey Campbell "Wijs me de weg" Dutch 9 67

Date: 5 May 1990 - Host Venue: Vatroslav Lisinski Concert Hall, Zagreb, SR Croatia, Yugoslavia Presenters: Helga Vlahović Brnobić, Oliver Mlakar - Conductor: Igor Kuljerić Directed by Nenad Puhovski - Executive supervisor: Frank Naef Executive producer: Goran Radman - Host broadcaster: Yugoslav Radio Television (JRT) / Radiotelevision Zagreb (RTZ) Opening act: A short film "Zagreb: City of Music" Interval act: Yugoslav Changes – a film about tourism in the country. Number of entries: 22 - Debuting countries: None Returning countries: None - Withdrawing countries: None The Eurovision Song Contest 1990 was the 35th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held in Zagreb, Yugoslavia on 5 May 1990. The presenters were Helga Vlahović Brnobić and Oliver Mlakar] Toto Cutugno was the winner of this contest with his own composition "Insieme: 1992". This was the second victory for Italy, the first one having been "Non ho l'età", performed by Gigliola Cinquetti in 1964. Cutugno was aged 46 years and 302 days at the time of his victory, making him the oldest winner of the contest to date, the first to be aged in their forties since 1958. He held the record until 2000. The lyrics of several entries celebrated the revolution and democratisation that had occurred in central and eastern Europe in the preceding months, focusing especially on the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, such as in the Norwegian and Austrian entries. However, the winning song was an even more sweeping evocation of European unity, in anticipation of the completion of the European single market, due at the end of 1992. Malta had wished to return to the contest for the first time in 15 years, but Eurovision rules prevented them from returning due to a maximum of 22 entries allowed to compete, this rule has since been removed. Starter List: Draw Country Artist Song Language Place Points 01 Spain Azúcar Moreno "Bandido" Spanish 5 96 02 Greece Christos Callow & Wave "Horis skopo" (Χωρίς σκοπό) Greek 19 11 03 Belgium Philippe Lafontaine "Macédomienne" French 12 46 04 Turkey Kayahan "Gözlerinin Hapsindeyim" Turkish 17 21 05 Netherlands Maywood "Ik wil alles met je delen" Dutch 15 25 06 Luxembourg Céline Carzo "Quand je te rêve" French 13 38 07 United Kingdom Emma "Give a Little Love Back to the World" English 6 87 08 Iceland Stjórnin "Eitt lag enn" Icelandic 4 124 09 Norway Ketil Stokkan "Brandenburger Tor" Norwegian 21 8 (skipped here in this video) 10 Israel Rita "Shara Barkhovot" (שרה ברחובות) Hebrew 18 16 11 Denmark Lonnie Devantier "Hallo Hallo" Danish 8 64 12 Switzerland Egon Egemann "Musik klingt in die Welt hinaus" German 11 51 13 Germany Chris Kempers & Daniel Kovac "Frei zu leben" German 9 60 14 France Joëlle Ursull "White and Black Blues" French 2 132 15 Yugoslavia Tajči "Hajde da ludujemo" Serbo-Croatian 7 81 16 Portugal Nucha "Há sempre alguém" Portuguese 20 9 17 Ireland Liam Reilly "Somewhere in Europe" English 2 132 18 Sweden Edin-Ådahl "Som en vind" Swedish 16 24 19 Italy Toto Cutugno "Insieme: 1992" Italian 1 149 20 Austria Simone "Keine Mauern mehr" German1 10 58 21 Cyprus Haris Anastasiou "Milas poli" (Μιλάς πολύ) Greek 14 36 22 Finland Beat "Fri?" Swedish 21 8

Date: 5 May 1990 - Host Venue: Vatroslav Lisinski Concert Hall, Zagreb, SR Croatia, Yugoslavia Presenters: Helga Vlahović Brnobić, Oliver Mlakar - Conductor: Igor Kuljerić Directed by Nenad Puhovski - Executive supervisor: Frank Naef Executive producer: Goran Radman - Host broadcaster: Yugoslav Radio Television (JRT) / Radiotelevision Zagreb (RTZ) Opening act: A short film "Zagreb: City of Music" Interval act: Yugoslav Changes – a film about tourism in the country. Number of entries: 22 Debuting countries: None Returning countries: None Withdrawing countries: None The Eurovision Song Contest 1990 was the 35th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held in Zagreb, Yugoslavia on 5 May 1990. The presenters were Helga Vlahović Brnobić and Oliver Mlakar] Toto Cutugno was the winner of this contest with his own composition "Insieme: 1992". This was the second victory for Italy, the first one having been "Non ho l'età", performed by Gigliola Cinquetti in 1964. Cutugno was aged 46 years and 302 days at the time of his victory, making him the oldest winner of the contest to date, the first to be aged in their forties since 1958. He held the record until 2000. The lyrics of several entries celebrated the revolution and democratisation that had occurred in central and eastern Europe in the preceding months, focusing especially on the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, such as in the Norwegian and Austrian entries. However, the winning song was an even more sweeping evocation of European unity, in anticipation of the completion of the European single market, due at the end of 1992. Malta had wished to return to the contest for the first time in 15 years, but Eurovision rules prevented them from returning due to a maximum of 22 entries allowed to compete, this rule has since been removed. Starter List: Draw Country Artist Song Language Place Points 01 Spain Azúcar Moreno "Bandido" Spanish 5 96 02 Greece Christos Callow & Wave "Horis skopo" (Χωρίς σκοπό) Greek 19 11 03 Belgium Philippe Lafontaine "Macédomienne" French 12 46 04 Turkey Kayahan "Gözlerinin Hapsindeyim" Turkish 17 21 05 Netherlands Maywood "Ik wil alles met je delen" Dutch 15 25 06 Luxembourg Céline Carzo "Quand je te rêve" French 13 38 07 United Kingdom Emma "Give a Little Love Back to the World" English 6 87 08 Iceland Stjórnin "Eitt lag enn" Icelandic 4 124 09 Norway Ketil Stokkan "Brandenburger Tor" Norwegian 21 8 (skipped here in this video) 10 Israel Rita "Shara Barkhovot" (שרה ברחובות) Hebrew 18 16 11 Denmark Lonnie Devantier "Hallo Hallo" Danish 8 64 12 Switzerland Egon Egemann "Musik klingt in die Welt hinaus" German 11 51 13 Germany Chris Kempers & Daniel Kovac "Frei zu leben" German 9 60 14 France Joëlle Ursull "White and Black Blues" French 2 132 15 Yugoslavia Tajči "Hajde da ludujemo" Serbo-Croatian 7 81 16 Portugal Nucha "Há sempre alguém" Portuguese 20 9 17 Ireland Liam Reilly "Somewhere in Europe" English 2 132 18 Sweden Edin-Ådahl "Som en vind" Swedish 16 24 19 Italy Toto Cutugno "Insieme: 1992" Italian 1 149 20 Austria Simone "Keine Mauern mehr" German1 10 58 21 Cyprus Haris Anastasiou "Milas poli" (Μιλάς πολύ) Greek 14 36 22 Finland Beat "Fri?" Swedish 21 8

Date: 6 May 1989 - Host Venue: Palais de Beaulieu, Lausanne, Switzerland Presenters: Jacques Deschenaux, Lolita Morena - Musical director: Benoit Kaufman Directed by Alain Bloch - Executive supervisor: Frank Naef Executive producer: Raymond Zumsteg - Host broadcaster: Swiss Broadcasting Corporation (SRG SSR) Opening act "Ne partez pas sans moi" and "Where Does My Heart Beat Now" performed by Celine Dion (Not in this video due to copyright restrictions) Interval act: Guy Tell The Eurovision Song Contest 1989 was the 34th annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held on 6 May 1989 in Lausanne, Switzerland, after Celine Dion's victory in Dublin the previous year. The program was presented by Lolita Morena and Jacques Deschenaux. Riva, representing Yugoslavia, won with the song "Rock Me". This was the only victory for Yugoslavia as a unified state. Furthermore, this was the first victory for one of the Balkan countries and this was the first winning song to be performed in one of the Slavic languages. The Turkish entry is cut out in this video due to copyright issues. The United Kingdom's Ray Caruana, lead singer with Live Report was outspoken about coming second to what he considered a much less worthy song. They had been defeated by 7 points. Two of the performers, Nathalie Pâque and Gili Natanael were respectively 11 and 12 years old at their time of competing. Due to bad publicity surrounding their participation, the European Broadcasting Union introduced the rule stating no performer is allowed to take part before the year of their 16th birthday. The previous year's winner, Celine Dion, opened the show with a mimed performance of her winning song and a mimed performance of her first English-language single, "Where Does My Heart Beat Now". The song became a top ten hit in the US a year later - effectively launching her into international success. Results: Draw Country Artist Song Language Place Points 01 Italy Anna Oxa & Fausto Leali "Avrei voluto" Italian 9 56 02 Israel Gili Netanel & Galit Burg-Michael "Derekh Hamelekh" (דרך המלך) Hebrew 12 50 03 Ireland Kiev Connolly & The Missing Passengers "The Real Me" English 18 21 04 Netherlands Justine Pelmelay "Blijf zoals je bent" Dutch 15 45 05 Turkey Pan "Bana Bana" Turkish 21 5 06 Belgium Ingeborg "Door de wind" Dutch 19 13 07 United Kingdom Live Report "Why Do I Always Get it Wrong?" English 2 130 08 Norway Britt Synnøve Johansen "Venners nærhet" Norwegian 17 30 09 Portugal Da Vinci "Conquistador" Portuguese 16 39 10 Sweden Tommy Nilsson "En dag" Swedish 4 110 11 Luxembourg Park Café "Monsieur" French 20 8 12 Denmark Birthe Kjær "Vi maler byen rød" Danish 3 111 (Not in this video due to copyright restrictions) 13 Austria Thomas Forstner "Nur ein Lied" German 5 97 14 Finland Anneli Saaristo "La dolce vita" Finnish 7 76 15 France Nathalie Pâque "J'ai volé la vie" French 8 60 16 Spain Nina "Nacida para amar" Spanish 6 88 17 Cyprus Fani Polymeri & Yiannis Savvidakis "Apopse as vrethume" (Απόψε ας βρεθούμε) Greek 11 51 18 Switzerland Furbaz "Viver senza tei" Romansh 13 47 19 Greece Marianna Efstratiou "To diko sou asteri" (Το δικό σου αστέρι) Greek 9 56 20 Iceland Daníel Ágúst Haraldsson "Það sem enginn sér" Icelandic 22 0 21 Germany Nino de Angelo "Flieger" German 14 46 22 Yugoslavia Riva "Rock Me" Serbo-Croatian 1 137

The Eurovision Song Contest 1988 was the 33rd edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. The contest took place on 30 April 1988 in Dublin, Ireland, following the country's win at the previous 1987 edition. The presenters were Pat Kenny and Michelle Rocca. The host broadcaster was Radio Telefís Éireann (RTÉ) which revamped the show's production style compared to its earlier editions, in order to appeal to a younger audience. The winner was Switzerland with the song "Ne partez pas sans moi", performed by Canadian singer Céline Dion and composed by Atilla Şereftuğ with lyrics in French by Nella Martinetti. Switzerland beat the United Kingdom by just a point in the last vote to win the title. Twenty-one countries took part, after an initial plan of twenty-two, as Cyprus was disqualified for breaching the contest's rules by being published a few years earlier, in an attempt to represent the country at a prior edition of the contest. The Cypriot song had been drawn to be performed 2nd in the running order. The traditional scoreboard was replaced with two giant Vidiwalls located on either side of the stage, which also projected live images of the performers from the green room where the competitors set during the votes announcements, and a new computer-generated scoreboard was used. The stage itself was also the largest and most elaborate ever constructed for the Eurovision Song Contest. To compensate for the fact that the vast stage took up most of the room in what is really an average size exhibition hall, the director deliberately darkened the hall where the audience was located and refused to use wide angled shots of the audience, in order to create the illusion of the venue being bigger than it actually was. The Postcards featured the participants doing things in Ireland from culture, to tradition, to sports or sightseeing. This edition features one of the closest and most fickle-ending votes in the history of the contest. With three countries left to vote, the UK was well in the lead with 133 points against Switzerland's 118. With the third last country, France, only awarding Switzerland one point, the UK looked certain of victory, as even if Switzerland scooped the two final 12s, the UK would only need to gather nine points from three juries combined to be unbeatable. However, France didn't award the UK any points, and the following country, Portugal, gave the UK a meagre three points while giving the maximum 12 to Switzerland, making the contest blown open between the two countries until the end of the voting. With the conclusion of voting from the penultimate jury, the UK was holding a five-point lead over Switzerland. As the final jury, that of Yugoslavia, began to award its points in the customary ascending order, a lot of excitement-sighs were heard from the audience to see how the two rivals for victory would fare. Switzerland was the first to be named with six points, edging it into a one-point lead over the UK. After earlier strong votes from most countries to the UK, it seemed highly likely that the UK would be given one of the higher remaining set of points. However, eventually the UK only managed to garner a meagre three points between the last three juries, as after Yugoslavia announced its seven, eight, ten and twelve points, it transpired that it had awarded the UK no points at all (12 points from Yugoslavia went to France), and Switzerland was left with its one-point lead to savour a dramatic triumph. Results Draw Country Artist Song Language Place Points 01 Iceland Beathoven "Þú og þeir (Sókrates)" Icelandic 16 20 02 Sweden Tommy Körberg "Stad i ljus" Swedish 12 52 03 Finland Boulevard "Nauravat silmät muistetaan" Finnish 20 3 04 United Kingdom Scott Fitzgerald "Go" English 2 136 05 Turkey MFÖ "Sufi" Turkish 15 37 (CUT OUT) 06 Spain La Década "La chica que yo quiero (Made in Spain)" Spanish 11 58 07 Netherlands Gerard Joling "Shangri-La" Dutch 9 70 08 Israel Yardena Arazi "Ben Adam" (בן אדם) Hebrew 7 85 09 Switzerland Céline Dion "Ne partez pas sans moi" French 1 137 10 Ireland Jump the Gun "Take Him Home" English 8 79 11 Germany Maxi & Chris Garden "Lied für einen Freund" German 14 48 12 Austria Wilfried "Lisa Mona Lisa" German 21 0 13 Denmark Hot Eyes "Ka' du se hva' jeg sa'?" Danish 3 92 14 Greece Afroditi Frida "Clown" (Κλόουν) Greek 17 10 15 Norway Karoline Krüger "For vår jord" Norwegian 5 88 16 Belgium Reynaert "Laissez briller le soleil" French 18 5 17 Luxembourg Lara Fabian "Croire" French 4 90 18 Italy Luca Barbarossa "Vivo (Ti scrivo)" Italian 12 52 19 France Gérard Lenorman "Chanteur de charme" French 10 64 20 Portugal Dora "Voltarei" Portuguese 18 5 21 Yugoslavia Srebrna krila "Mangup" Serbo-Croatian 6 87

Venue: Palais du Centenaire/Brussels, Belgium - Presenter: Viktor Lazlo Conductor: Jo Carlier - Directed by Jacques Bourton Executive supervisor: Frank Naef - Host broadcaster: Radio Télévision Belge Francophone (RTBF) Opening act: "Breathless" performed by Viktor Lazlo Interval act: Mark Grauwels The Eurovision Song Contest 1987 was the 32nd Eurovision Song Contest and was held on 9 May 1987 in Brussels, Belgium after Sandra Kim's win the previous year. The presenter was Viktor Lazlo. She agreed to present the Eurovision Song Contest, on the condition she was allowed to open with a song of her own, "Breathless". Johnny Logan was the winner for Ireland with his own composition "Hold Me Now". That made him the first (and as of 2018 only) performer to win the contest twice, as he had won also in 1980. The Turkish entry is not in this video due to copyright issues. The 1987 Eurovision was the biggest contest at that time, with 22 countries taking part. Only Malta, Monaco and Morocco failed to compete out of all the countries which had entered the contest in the past. Due to the number of countries, and the time it took for the contest to be held, the EBU set the limit of competing countries to 22. This became problematic over the next few years as new and returning nations indicated an interest in participating, but could not be accommodated. Controversy erupted in Israel after their song was selected, "Shir Habatlanim" by the Lazy Bums. The comedic performance was criticised by the country's culture minister, who threatened to resign should the duo proceed to Brussels. They went on to perform for Israel, placing eighth; however the culture minister's threat was left unfulfilled. Results: Draw Country Artist Song Language Place Points 01 Norway Kate Gulbrandsen "Mitt liv" Norwegian 9 65 02 Israel Lazy Bums "Shir Habatlanim" Hebrew 8 73 03 Austria Gary Lux "Nur noch Gefühl" German 20 8 04 Iceland Halla Margrét "Hægt og hljótt" Icelandic 16 28 05 Belgium Liliane Saint-Pierre "Soldiers of Love" Dutch1 11 56 06 Sweden Lotta Engberg "Boogaloo" Swedish 12 50 07 Italy Umberto Tozzi & Raf "Gente di mare" Italian 3 103 08 Portugal Nevada "Neste barco à vela" Portuguese 18 15 09 Spain Patricia Kraus "No estás solo" Spanish 19 10 (cut due to copyright) 10 Turkey Seyyal Taner & Lokomotif "Şarkım Sevgi Üstüne" Turkish 22 0 11 Greece Bang "Stop" Greek 10 64 12 Netherlands Marcha "Rechtop in de wind" Dutch 5 83 13 Luxembourg Plastic Bertrand "Amour, amour" French 21 4 14 United Kingdom Rikki "Only the Light" English 13 47 15 France Christine Minier "Les mots d'amour n'ont pas de dimanche" French 14 44 16 Germany Wind "Lass die Sonne in dein Herz" German 2 141 (cut due to copyright) 17 Cyprus Alexia "Aspro-mavro" Greek 7 80 18 Finland Vicky Rosti & Boulevard "Sata salamaa" Finnish 15 32 19 Denmark Anne-Cathrine Herdorf & Bandjo "En lille melodi" Danish 5 83 20 Ireland Johnny Logan "Hold Me Now" English 1 172 21 Yugoslavia Novi fosili "Ja sam za ples" Serbo-Croatian1 4 92 22 Switzerland Carol Rich "Moitié, moitié" French 17 26

Eurovision Song Contest 1984 - Date: 5 May 1984 HostVenue: Grand Theatre Luxembourg City, Luxembourg Presenter: Désirée Nosbusch - Conductor: Pierre Cao Directed by Rene Steichen - Executive supervisor: Frank Naef Host broadcaster: RTL Télévision (RTL) Opening act: In an introductory video, Pierre Cao and the RTL orchestra performed instrumental versions of all the past Eurovision winners from Luxembourg and L'amour est bleu, one of Luxembourg's most popular entries. Interval act: Prague Theatre of Illuminated Drawings Number of entries: 19 Debuting countries: None - Returning countries: Ireland Interesting "Behind the scene" footage: https://youtu.be/HjwFrg0GIFg The Eurovision Song Contest 1984, the 29th event of its kind, was held on 5 May 1984 in Luxembourg. The presenter, Désirée Nosbusch, only 19 years old at the time, hosted the show in a lax manner, which was quite unusual for the show at the time. She manifested her fluency in four languages by switching between a strong transatlantic English, French, German and Luxembourgish in the course of talking, often in the same sentence. Sweden's the Herreys were the winners of this contest with the song, "Diggi-Loo Diggi-Ley". This was the Nordic country's second win, and the first one in Swedish, as ABBA performed Waterloo in English when they won in 1974. Richard and Louis Herrey became the first teenage males to win Eurovision and remain the youngest ever male winners, being 19 years and 260 days and 18 years and 184 days of age respectively. Israel did not enter due to it conflicting with the country's Yom HaZikaron holiday. Iceland was going to participate but withdrew due to lack of financial support.[2] 1984 is also notable for the audible booing that could be heard from the audience, particularly at the end of the UK's performance. It was said that the booing was due to English football hooligans having rioted in Luxembourg in November 1983 after being knocked out of the UEFA European Football Championship. Before the contest, Sweden was not expected to win or even achieve a high placing. In the run-up to the Contest, bookmakers Ladbrokes had the lowest odds on songs from Ireland, Italy, and the United Kingdom. Sweden was considered a "dark horse" entry with high odds. Each country had a jury that awarded one to eight, 10 and 12 points for their top ten songs. At the close of the penultimate jury's votes, there was only a difference of six points between Sweden and Ireland, at 141 and 135 respectively. However, Yugoslavia was the only country who had not given any points to Ireland, and Portugal, the last jury, gave that western country only two points, crushing their chances. Portugal's voting also cost Denmark, who had been holding at a strong third position, even leading the scoreboard for a short time, in that place, when Portugal's 12 lifted Spain from 94 to 106 points. Portugal at the same time had only given Denmark one point making Denmark's total 101 points. Despite this, this was the latter country's best position in over 20 years. Halfway through the voting, the scoreboard turned blue and remained so until the end of the voting. This was visible only to television viewers. Results: Draw Country Artist Song Language Place Points 01 Sweden Herreys "Diggi-Loo Diggi-Ley" Swedish 1 145 02 Luxembourg Sophie Carle "100% d'amour" French 10 39 03 France Annick Thoumazeau "Autant d'amoureux que d'étoiles" French 8 61 04 Spain Bravo "Lady, Lady" Spanish[a] 3 106 05 Norway Dollie de Luxe "Lenge leve livet" Norwegian 17 29 06 United Kingdom Belle and the Devotions "Love Games" English 7 63 07 Cyprus Andy Paul "Anna Maria Lena" (Άννα Μαρία Λένα) Greek 15 31 08 Belgium Jacques Zegers "Avanti la vie" French[b] 5 70 09 Ireland Linda Martin "Terminal 3" English 2 137 10 Denmark Hot Eyes "Det' lige det" Danish 4 101 11 Netherlands Maribelle "Ik hou van jou" Dutch 13 34 12 Yugoslavia Vlado & Isolda "Ciao, amore" Serbo-Croatian[b] 18 26 13 Austria Anita "Einfach weg" German 19 5 14 Germany Mary Roos "Aufrecht geh'n" German 13 34 15 Turkey Beş Yıl Önce, On Yıl Sonra "Halay" Turkish 12 37 16 Finland Kirka "Hengaillaan" Finnish 9 46 17 Switzerland Rainy Day "Welche Farbe hat der Sonnenschein?" German 16 30 18 Italy Alice & Franco Battiato "I treni di Tozeur" Italian 5 70 19 Portugal Maria Guinot "Silêncio e tanta gente" Portuguese 11 38

Date: 3 May 1986 - Host Venue: Grieghallen - Bergen, Norway Presenter: Åse Kleveland - Conductor: Egil Monn-Iversen Directed by John Andreassen - Executive supervisor: Frank Naef Host broadcaster: Norsk rikskringkasting (NRK) Opening act: "Welcome to Music" performed by Åse Kleveland Interval act: "Bergensiana" performed by Sissel Kyrkjebø and Steinar Ofsdal German Language Commentary: ORF (Austria) by Ernst Grissemann The Eurovision Song Contest 1986 was the 31st Eurovision Song Contest and was held on 3 May 1986 in Grieghallen in Bergen, Norway. It was the first occasion on which Norway played host to the contest. The presenter was Åse Kleveland, a well-known folk guitarist who was President of the Norwegian Association of Musicians (and a former Eurovision entrant, in 1966). A week before the event the worst nuclear disaster in history both in terms of cost and casualties occured in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in the north of the Ukrainian SSR. Many participants in Bergen were afraid of nuclear smog those days, for the radioactive cloud had mostly spread in a North bound direction across Europe. But no one was harmed. The 1986 contest was a first for Eurovision in that royalty were among the guests—Crown Prince Harald, Crown Princess Sonja, Princess Märtha Louise and Prince Haakon Magnus were all in attendance. Sandra Kim was the winner of this Eurovision with the song "J'aime la vie", representing Belgium. Aged 13, Kim was the youngest ever Eurovision winner. Current rules require Eurovision Song Contest participants to be at least 16, so unless the rule is changed, Kim's record will never be broken. In the lyrics of her song, Kim claimed to be 15 years of age, but after the contest, it was revealed that she was actually 13. Switzerland, who finished second, appealed for her to be disqualified, but it was not successful. As this was the first time Norway hosted a Eurovision Song Contest, NRK commissioned a lavish budget for the event, turning Grieghallen into a Viking-esque "ice palace" for the live show, complete with white and pastel neon lights for the stage. In addition, NRK also had a special diamond-encrusted dress made for presenter Åse Kleveland for her opening number. The prized dress, which weighed upwards of 15 pounds (6.8 kg), is still available for viewing at NRK's costuming department at Marienlyst in Oslo. Kleveland sang the multilingual "Welcome to Music" as the opening act, During her opening speech, Kleveland said of Norway's road in the contest, "For those of you who have followed Norway's course through the history of the Eurovision Song Contest, you will know that it has been quite thorny, in fact. So, imagine our joy when last year we finally won, and the pleasure we feel today, being able to welcome 700 million viewers to the top of Europe, to Norway, and to Bergen." One of the interval acts presented featured Norwegian musicians Sissel Kyrkjebø and Steinar Ofsdal, accompanied by Norwegian national broadcasting orchestra, Kringkastingsorkesteret (KORK). They opened with the traditional song of the city of Bergen, Udsikter fra Ulriken (also known as "Nystemte'n"), and presented a number of familiar tunes while showing the sights and sounds of Bergen area. Ofsdal played a range of traditional Norwegian folk instruments such as accordion, recorder and hardingfele. The presentation launched Kyrkjebø into a career as an internationally recognized artist. Iceland competed for the first time, as the national broadcaster RÚV finally cemented their satellite television connections with the rest of Europe. Italy and Greece sent no entry to Bergen. Starter List: Draw Country Artist Song Language Place Points 01 Luxembourg Sherisse Laurence "L'amour de ma vie" French 3 117 02 Yugoslavia Doris Dragović "Željo moja" Croatian 11 49 03 France Cocktail Chic "Européennes" French 17 13 04 Norway Ketil Stokkan "Romeo" Norwegian 12 44 05 United Kingdom Ryder "Runner in the Night" English 7 72 06 Iceland ICY "Gleðibankinn" Icelandic 16 19 07 Netherlands Frizzle Sizzle "Alles heeft ritme" Dutch 13 40 08 Turkey Klips ve Onlar "Halley" Turkish 9 53 09 Spain Cadillac "Valentino" Spanish 10 51 10 Switzerland Daniela Simmons "Pas pour moi" French 2 140 11 Israel Moti Giladi & Sarai Tzuriel "Yavo Yom" (יבוא יום) Hebrew 19 7 12 Ireland Luv Bug "You Can Count On Me" English 4 96 13 Belgium Sandra Kim "J'aime la vie" French 1 176 14 Germany Ingrid Peters "Über die Brücke geh'n" German 8 62 15 Cyprus Elpida "Tora zo" (Τώρα ζω) Greek 20 4 16 Austria Timna Brauer "Die Zeit ist einsam" German 18 12 17 Sweden Lasse Holm & Monica Törnell "E' de' det här du kallar kärlek?" Swedish 5 78 18 Denmark Lise Haavik "Du er fuld af løgn" Danish 6 77 19 Finland Kari Kuivalainen "Never the End" Finnish 15 22 20 Portugal Dora "Não sejas mau para mim" Portuguese 14 28

Date: Saturday, 4 May 1985 - 1985 Eurovision Song Contest - 30th edition Venue: Scandinavium, Gothenburg, Sweden - Presentation: Lill Lindfors Voting: Each country awarded 12, 10, 8-1 points to its top 10 (by a jury) Number of countries: 19 This show is fully subtitled. If you activate the subtitles, it's never been easier to understand all the lyrics of the songs and our annotations that we created with much love. For the 1985 ESC you have the choice between several language versions as for the commentary. Here they are: 1. 🔴 1985 Eurovision Song Contest from Gothenburg/Sweden (English Commentary by Terry Wogan) With SUBTITLES https://youtu.be/JIHNRV6O4_U 2. 🔴 1985 Eurovision Song Contest from Gothenburg/Sweden (German Commentary by Ernst Grissemann) With SUBTITLES https://youtu.be/YSxz_yw-DGs 3. 🔴 1985 Eurovision Song Contest from Gothenburg (German Commentary Ado Schlier) With SUBTITLES https://youtu.be/WFlOHcSKhi0 4. 🔴 1985 Eurovision Song Contest from Gothenburg/Sweden (No Commentary) FULL SUBTITLED SHOW https://youtu.be/VeNIu-U000M Many fans consider THIS to be the best ESC ever. Mostly because of the very charming host Lill Lindfors who really did a perfect job that night. We added complete subtitles to the whole show with the lyrics to all the songs and infos during the postcards. The audio commentary here is spoken by ESC legend Terry Wogan for the BBC. The Eurovision Song Contest 1985 was the 30th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held on 4 May 1985 in Gothenburg, Sweden. The presenter was entertainer Lill Lindfors, whose jokey dress rip after the interval act (seemingly revealing her knickers before unfolding another dress) was said to have not amused the wife of EBU scrutineer Frank Naef. Norwegian duo Bobbysocks! were the winners with the song "La det swinge". Bobbysocks!' win for Norway was the country's first. Host Lill Lindfors congratulated the duo, Hanne Krogh and Elisabeth Andreasson, following their victory by saying, "I must say I am honestly very happy that this happened because Norway has been last on so many times that you really deserve it!" Krogh replied, "You're happy? What do you think we are?!" After an energetic reprise, the two women embraced to a standing ovation from the audience. During the voting, it was not immediately evident that Norway would win the Contest. Germany took a commanding lead in the first half, with Norway fifth place behind Germany, Sweden, Italy and the United Kingdom around the end of the first half of voting. Finally, with five juries left, Germany, Sweden and Norway were tightly wrapped around the pole positions with 87, 86, and 85 points respectively. At that point, Sweden briefly took the lead away from Germany (who received no points from Switzerland). Sweden was the fourth-to-last jury, conceding their brief lead by awarding Germany eight points and Norway the maximum twelve. With only three countries left to vote, Norway kept the lead, in one of the shortest winning stretches during voting in the contest's history. STARTER LIST: Draw Country Artist Song Language Place Points 01 Ireland Maria Christian "Wait Until the Weekend Comes" English 6 91 02 Finland Sonja Lumme "Eläköön elämä" Finnish 9 58 03 Cyprus Lia Vissi "To katalava arga" (Το κατάλαβα αργά) Greek 16 15 04 Denmark Hot Eyes "Sku' du spørg' fra no'en?" Danish 11 41 05 Spain Paloma San Basilio "La fiesta terminó" Spanish 14 36 06 France Roger Bens "Femme dans ses rêves aussi" French 10 56 07 Turkey MFÖ "Didai didai dai" Turkish 14 36 08 Belgium Linda Lepomme "Laat me nu gaan" Dutch 19 7 09 Portugal Adelaide "Penso em ti, eu sei" Portuguese 18 9 10 Germany Wind "Für alle" German 2 105 11 Israel Izhar Cohen "Olé, Olé" (עולה, עולה) Hebrew 5 93 12 Italy Al Bano & Romina Power "Magic Oh Magic" Italian 7 78 13 Norway Bobbysocks! "La det swinge" Norwegian 1 123 14 United Kingdom Vikki "Love Is…" English 4 100 15 Switzerland Mariella Farré & Pino Gasparini "Piano, piano" German 12 39 16 Sweden Kikki Danielsson "Bra vibrationer" Swedish 3 103 17 Austria Gary Lux "Kinder dieser Welt" German 8 60 18 Luxembourg Margo, Franck Olivier, Diane Solomon, Ireen Sheer, Chris & Malcolm Roberts "Children, Kinder, Enfants" French 13 37 19 Greece Takis Biniaris "Miazoume" (Μοιάζουμε) Greek 16 15

Date: 23 April 1983 - Host Venue: Rudi-Sedlmayer-Halle, Munich, Germany Presenter: Marlene Charell - Conductor: Dieter Reith Directed by Rainer Bertram - Executive supervisor: Frank Naef Executive producer: Christian Hayer, Gunther Lebram Host broadcaster: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Rundfunkanstalten Deutschland (ARD) Opening act: Marlene Charell introducing each act and calling all of them on stage together Interval act: German songs in a dance performance with Marlene Charell Number of entries: 20 Debuting countries: None Returning countries: France, Greece, Italy Withdrawing countries: Ireland This show is fully subtitled with all the lyrics of the songs and their English translation. Enjoy! The Eurovision Song Contest 1983 was the 28th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held in Munich, then West Germany, on 23 April 1983. The presenter was Marlene Charell. Corinne Hermes was the winner of this Eurovision with the song, "Si la vie est cadeau". This was Luxembourg's fifth victory in the contest which equalled the record set by France in 1977. It was also the second year in a row where the winning entry was performed last on the night and the second year in a row in which Israel won 2nd place. The set that year was a quite small, arc-shaped stage surrounding the orchestra section, and a large background resembling giant electric heaters, which lit up in different sequences and combinations depending on the nature and rhythm of the songs. The 1983 contest was the first to be televised in Australia, via Channel 0/28 (now SBS Television) in Sydney and Melbourne. The contest went to become a very popular show in Australia, leading to an intended one-off participation in the 60th anniversary contest in 2015, and their invitation to return to the 2016 contest. Ireland was not in the contest because RTÉ was in strike action at that time Starter list: Draw Country Artist Song Language Place Points 01 France Guy Bonnet "Vivre" French 8 56 02 Norway Jahn Teigen "Do Re Mi" Norwegian 9 53 03 United Kingdom Sweet Dreams "I'm Never Giving Up" English 6 79 04 Sweden Carola Häggkvist "Främling" Swedish 3 126 05 Italy Riccardo Fogli "Per Lucia" Italian 11 41 06 Turkey Çetin Alp & the Short Waves "Opera" Turkish 19 0 07 Spain Remedios Amaya "¿Quién maneja mi barca?" Spanish 19 0 08 Switzerland Mariella Farré "Io così non ci sto" Italian 15 28 09 Finland Ami Aspelund "Fantasiaa" Finnish 11 41 10 Greece Christie Stasinopoulou "Mou les" (Μου λες) Greek 14 32 11 Netherlands Bernadette "Sing Me a Song" Dutch 7 66 12 Yugoslavia Daniel "Džuli" Serbo-Croatian 4 125 13 Cyprus Stavros & Constantina "I agapi akoma zi" (Η αγάπη ακόμα ζει) Greek 16 26 14 Germany Hoffmann & Hoffmann "Rücksicht" German 5 94 15 Denmark Gry Johansen "Kloden drejer" Danish 17 16 16 Israel Ofra Haza "Hi" (חי) Hebrew 2 136 17 Portugal Armando Gama "Esta balada que te dou" Portuguese 13 33 18 Austria Westend "Hurricane" German 9 53 19 Belgium Pas de Deux "Rendez-vous" Dutch 18 13 20 Luxembourg Corinne Hermès "Si la vie est cadeau" French 1 142

Date: 24 April 1982 Host Venue: Harrogate International Centre, United Kingdom Presenter: Jan Leeming Conductor: Ronnie Hazlehurst Directed by Michael Hurll Executive supervisor: Frank Naef Executive producer: Michael Hurll Host broadcaster: British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) Opening act: Where is Harrogate ? Interval act: Pictures from Yorkshire and Castle Howard Number of entries: 18 - Debuting countries: None - Returning countries: None Withdrawing countries: France and Greece This iconic edition of the ESC is subtitled. It's never been easier to understand all the lyrics. Simply click the subtitles button in the video. You have the choice between seven (!) languages as for the commentaries to this show. Here they are: 1. ESC 1982 from Harrogate without commentary: https://youtu.be/R5aHE_HTV5c 2. ESC 1982 from Harrogate with English commentary by Terry Wogan: https://youtu.be/5i8yUSgIbQs 3. ESC 1982 from Harrogate with German commentary by Ado Schlier: https://youtu.be/oZetUscAdww 4. ESC 1982 from Harrogate with Dutch commentary by Pim Jacobs: https://youtu.be/UHUPg8mQZBU 5. ESC 1982 from Harrogate with French commentary by Marylène Bergmann (RTL) https://youtu.be/R3CiQaC8MWg 6. ESC 1982 from Harrogate with Swedish commentary by Ulf Elfving: https://youtu.be/0TAqgdmY4Is 7. ESC 1982 from Harrogate with Norwegian commentary by Erik Heyerdahl: https://youtu.be/9ypO0ys7Hqc Yes, this was - once more - really a lot of work. So, thank you for all the flowers in the comments ;-) The Eurovision Song Contest 1982 was the 27th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held on 24 April 1982 in Harrogate, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom. The presenter was Jan Leeming. The German entrant, Nicole, was the winner with the song "Ein bißchen Frieden". Germany received 1.61 times as many points as runner-up Israel, which was a record under the current scoring system until 2009, when Norway received 1.78 times as many points as Iceland. The song also cemented Ralph Siegel and Bernd Meinunger, the song's composers, into German Eurovision tradition, writing 18 Eurovision songs between them before and after "Ein bißchen Frieden", 13 of which were for Germany. This was the first time that Germany won the contest. They have competed in the finals every year (with the exception of 1996) since the contest's inception. Germany won again in 2010. The opening of the contest showed a map of Europe, with the translation "Where is Harrogate?" popping up on-screen from the languages of the various countries. The question was always in the language in which the respective country's song was performed, with the exception of Ireland. The Irish entry was sung in English, but the translation of the question in the map was in Irish. Then the map zoomed into Harrogate's location in Yorkshire, followed by an introduction video spotlighting the town. Greece was due to participate in the contest with the song "Sarantapente Kopelies" performed by Themis Adamantidis. Although drawn to perform in second place, ERT withdrew the entry a few weeks before the contest. In November 1981, France's national broadcaster, TF1, declined to enter the Eurovision Song Contest for 1982. Antenne 2 became the new broadcaster for Eurovision after public outcry, returning the country to the Contest in 1983. The tradition of previous year's winners handing over the prize to current winners was not followed by Bucks Fizz, winners in 1981. Irish band Chips lost out in their national finals, which, had they been successful, would have led to the unique situation of two bands in the same Eurovision with the same name (the other being Sweden). Starter list and results: Draw Country Artist Song Language Place Points 01 Portugal Doce "Bem bom" Portuguese 13 32 02 Luxembourg Svetlana "Cours après le temps" French 6 78 03 Norway Jahn Teigen & Anita Skorgan "Adieu" Norwegian 12 40 04 United Kingdom Bardo "One Step Further" English 7 76 05 Turkey Neco "Hani?" Turkish 15 20 06 Finland Kojo "Nuku pommiin" Finnish 18 0 07 Switzerland Arlette Zola "Amour on t'aime" French 3 97 08 Cyprus Anna Vissi "Mono i agapi" (Μόνο η αγάπη) Greek 5 85 09 Sweden Chips "Dag efter dag" Swedish 8 67 10 Austria Mess "Sonntag" German 9 57 11 Belgium Stella "Si tu aimes ma musique" French 4 96 12 Spain Lucía "Él" Spanish 10 52 13 Denmark Brixx "Video, Video" Danish 17 5 14 Yugoslavia Aska "Halo, halo" (Хало, хало) Serbian 14 21 15 Israel Avi Toledano "Hora" (הורה) Hebrew 2 100 16 Netherlands Bill van Dijk "Jij en ik" Dutch 16 8 17 Ireland The Duskeys "Here Today Gone Tomorrow" English 11 49 18 Germany Nicole "Ein Bißchen Frieden" German 1 161

Date: 4 April 1981 - Host Venue: RDS Simmonscourt - Ballsbridge, Dublin, Ireland Presenter: Doireann Ní Bhriain Musical director: Noel Kelehan Directed by Ian McGarry Executive supervisor: Frank Naef Executive producer: Noel D Greene Host broadcaster: Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ) Interval act: "Timedance" performed by Planxty featuring dance performance by the 'Dublin City Ballet' This iconic edition of the ESC is subtitled. It's never been easier to understand all the lyrics. Simply click the subtitles button in the video. For this edition of the 1981 ESC you have the choice between these 5 commentary variations: 1. English commentary by Terry Wogan (BBC): https://youtu.be/ZHO0CGWdSTM 2. English commentary by Pat Kenny (RTE): https://youtu.be/Ae3vd83zyUs 3. German commentary by Ado Schlier (ARD): https://youtu.be/Rrh0I3cZdlo 4. Spanish commentary by Miguel de los Santos (TVE): https://youtu.be/K-gHHiSjHBM 5. Swedish commentary by Ulf Elfving (SVT): https://youtu.be/eKWLBs2kJeg The Eurovision Song Contest 1981 was the 26th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in Dublin, Ireland, following Johnny Logan's win at the 1980 contest in The Hague, Netherlands with the song "What's Another Year". It was the second time the contest took place in Ireland, after 1971. The contest was held at the RDS Simmonscourt on Saturday 4 April 1981, and was hosted by Doireann Ní Bhriain. Twenty countries participated in the contest, equalling the record of the 1978 edition. Cyprus made their début this year, while Israel, and Yugoslavia both returned, after their one-year and five-year absence, respectively. Morocco and Italy, which had both participated the year prior, decided not to enter. The winner was the United Kingdom with the song "Making Your Mind Up", performed by Bucks Fizz, written by Andy Hill and John Danter. This was the United Kingdom's fourth victory in the contest, following their wins in 1967, 1969 , and 1976. Germany finished second for the second consecutive year, while France finished third. Norway finished last, with its third nul points. Bucks Fizz's performance on the Eurovision stage included a dance-routine where the two male members ripped the skirts off the two female members only to reveal mini-skirts, and today stands as one of the defining moments in the contest's history. Harald Tusberg, head of light entertainment for Norwegian television was upbeat about Norway's 'nul points' result as he claimed that their entry would be remembered above many others; "Who remembers who came second or third – people will remember us!". Finn Kalvik himself conceded graciously saying that he had enjoyed the week's holiday. Germany, who had never won the contest up to this point, were becoming increasingly frustrated with their second placings in this and the previous year's contest and made a concerted effort for the following year. This was to pay off, as in 1982 they finally clinched their first victory which was achieved in an overwhelming manner. Results Draw Country Artist Song Language Place Points 01 Austria Marty Brem "Wenn du da bist" German 17 20 02 Turkey Modern Folk Üçlüsü & Ayşegül "Dönme Dolap" Turkish 18 9 03 Germany Lena Valaitis "Johnny Blue" German 2 132 04 Luxembourg Jean-Claude Pascal "C'est peut-être pas l'Amérique" French 11 41 05 Israel Hakol Over Habibi "Halayla" Hebrew 7 56 06 Denmark Tommy Seebach & Debbie Cameron "Krøller eller ej" Danish 11 41 07 Yugoslavia Seid Memić Vajta "Lejla" Serbo-Croatian 15 35 08 Finland Riki Sorsa "Reggae OK" Finnish 16 27 09 France Jean Gabilou "Humanahum" French 3 125 10 Spain Bacchelli "Y sólo tú" Spanish 14 38 11 Netherlands Linda Williams "Het is een wonder" Dutch 9 51 12 Ireland Sheeba "Horoscopes" English 5 105 13 Norway Finn Kalvik "Aldri i livet" Norwegian 20 0 14 United Kingdom Bucks Fizz "Making Your Mind Up" English 1 136 15 Portugal Carlos Paião "Playback" Portuguese 18 9 16 Belgium Emly Starr "Samson" Dutch 13 40 17 Greece Yiannis Dimitras "Feggari kalokerino" Greek 8 55 18 Cyprus Island "Monika" Greek 6 69 19 Switzerland Peter, Sue and Marc "Io senza te" Italian 4 121 20 Sweden Björn Skifs "Fångad i en dröm" Swedish 10 50 Timeline: 0:00 - Eurovision Theme 0:39 - Opening Ceremony 5:13 - Welcome to Dublin! 8:21- 1. Austria 12:50 - 2. Turkey 16:51 - 3. Germany 21:22 - 4. Luxembourg 25:25 - 5. Israel 29:48 - 6. Denmark 33:53 - 7. Yugoslavia 38:01 - 8. Finland 42:11 - 9. France 46:33 - 10. Spain 50:53 - 11. Netherlands 55:07 - 12. Ireland 59:26 - 13. Norway 1:03:47 - 14. United Kingdom 1:07:45 - 15. Portugal 1:12:08 - 16. Belgium 1:16:23 - 17. Greece 1:20:50 - 18. Cyprus 1:25:08 - 19. Switzerland 1:29:22 - 20. Sweden 1:35:06 - Interval Act 1:42:05 - Voting 2:24:40 - Prize Award 2:26:18 - Winning Song Reprise 2:29:27 - Goodbye! 2:31:38 - Eurovision Theme

Date: 22 April 1978 - Host Venue: Palais des Congrès, Paris, France Presenters: Denise Fabre, Léon Zitrone - Musical director: François Rauber Directed by Bernard Lion - Executive supervisor: Frank Naef Host broadcaster: Télévision Française 1 (TF1) Interval act: Stéphane Grappelli and Oscar Peterson, Yehudi Menuhin, Kenny Clarke, Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen The Eurovision Song Contest 1978 was the 23rd edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held on 22 April 1978 in Paris. The contest was won by Izhar Cohen & the Alphabeta who represented Israel with the song "A-Ba-Ni-Bi". Although 'A-Ba-Ni-Bi' is the correct title, French television mistakenly captioned on screen the song title as 'Ah-Bah-Nee-Bee'. The presenters were Denise Fabre and Léon Zitrone, and this was the first time more than one presenter hosted an edition of the Contest and the first to have a male presenter since 1956. In addition, the two presenters served as commentators for France. Twenty countries participated, a record at the time. The winning entry was a love song sung in the Hebrew equivalent of Ubbi dubbi (the title is an expansion of the Hebrew word ani אני, meaning "I"). This was Israel's first Eurovision win, which was also the first winning song to be performed in one of the Semitic languages. The win caused problems for several North African and Middle-Eastern nations that were televising the contest, even though they were not participating. According to author and political commentator John Kennedy O'Connor in his book The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History, when Israel became the clear winners during the voting, most of the Arabic stations ended their transmission of the contest. Jordanian TV finished the show with a photo of a bunch of daffodils on screen, later announcing that the Belgian entry (which finished second) was the winner. Television of the USSR for the first time showed a competition, and until 1988 only performances of several participants, each time with the exception of representatives of Israel. Norway finished last for the fifth time, gaining the first nul points during the current voting system was implemented in 1975. The event took place in Paris, the capital and largest city of France, with the host venue being the Palais des congrès de Paris which is a concert venue, convention centre and shopping mall in the 17th arrondissement of Paris. The postcards were filmed live, featuring the artists making their way to the stage. They took a corridor, then an elevator. Leaving the lift, they were greeted by the previous participants and then made their entrances to the stage. The camera also made several shots of the audience, notably Jane Birkin and Serge Gainsbourg. Results: Draw Country Artist Song Language Place Points 01 Ireland Colm C. T. Wilkinson "Born to Sing" English 5 86 02 Norway Jahn Teigen "Mil etter mil" Norwegian 20 0 03 Italy Ricchi e Poveri "Questo amore" Italian 12 53 04 Finland Seija Simola "Anna rakkaudelle tilaisuus" Finnish 18 2 05 Portugal Gemini "Dai li dou" Portuguese 17 5 06 France Joël Prévost "Il y aura toujours des violons" French 3 119 07 Spain José Vélez "Bailemos un vals" Spanisha 9 65 08 United Kingdom Co-Co "The Bad Old Days" English 11 61 09 Switzerland Carole Vinci "Vivre" French 9 65 10 Belgium Jean Vallée "L'amour ça fait chanter la vie" French 2 125 11 Netherlands Harmony "'t Is OK" Dutch 13 37 12 Turkey Nilüfer & Nazar "Sevince" Turkish 18 2 13 Germany Ireen Sheer "Feuer" German 6 84 14 Monaco Caline & Olivier Toussaint "Les jardins de Monaco" French 4 107 15 Greece Tania Tsanaklidou "Charlie Chaplin" (Τσάρλυ Τσάπλιν) Greek 8 66 16 Denmark Mabel "Boom Boom" Danish 16 13 17 Luxembourg Baccara "Parlez-vous français?" French 7 73 18 Israel Izhar Cohen and the Alphabeta "A-Ba-Ni-Bi" (א-ב-ני-בי) Hebrew 1 157 19 Austria Springtime "Mrs. Caroline Robinson" Germanb 15 14 20 Sweden Björn Skifs "Det blir alltid värre framåt natten" Swedish 14 26 Timeline: 0:11:35 5) 🇮🇪 Ireland / 86 points 0:15:18 20) 🇳🇴 Norway / 0 points 0:19:15 12) 🇮🇹 Italy / 53 points 0:23:44 18) 🇫🇮 Finland / 2 points (tie) 0:27:44 17) 🇵🇹 Portugal / 5 points 0:32:08 3) 🇫🇷 France /🥉119 points 0:35:46 9) 🇪🇸 Spain / 65 points (tie) 0:40:00 11) 🇬🇧 United Kingdom / 61 points 0:44:14 9) 🇨🇭 Switzerland / 65 points (tie) 0:48:32 2) 🇧🇪 Belgium /🥈125 points 0:53:33 13) 🇳🇱 Netherlands / 37 points 0:56:53 18) 🇹🇷 Turkey / 2 points (tie) 1:01:04 6) 🇩🇪 Germany / 84 points 1:05:29 4) 🇲🇨 Monaco / 107 points 1:09:24 8) 🇬🇷 Greece / 66 points 1:14:12 16) 🇩🇰 Denmark / 13 points 1:18:06 7) 🇱🇺 Luxembourg / 73 points 1:22:33 1) 🇮🇱 Israel /🥇🏆157 points 1:27:06 15) 🇦🇹 Austria / 14 points 1:30:53 14) 🇸🇪 Sweden / 26 points

Date: 19 April 1980 - Host Venue: Nederlands Congresgebouw, The Hague, Netherlands Presenters: Marlous Fluitsma and Hans van Willigenburg (green room) Musical director Rogier van Otterloo - Directed by Theo Ordeman Executive supervisor Frank Naef - Executive producer Fred Oster Host broadcaster Nederlandse Omroep Stichting (NOS) Interval act The Dutch Rhythm Steel and Show Band with The Lee Jackson Dancers Number of entries 19 Debuting countries: Morocco Returning countries: Turkey Non-returning countries: Israel, Monaco This show is fully subtitled. It's never been easier to understand all the lyrics of the songs. If you spot any errors in the subtitles please let us know in the comments or via mail: escstuff@mail.com The version of the 1980 ESC with German commentary by Ado Schlier is here: https://youtu.be/52NXNExASpg The English version with Terry Wogan's comments is here: https://youtu.be/lLtdvaa2QJg If you prefer to watch the 1980 ESC with Dutch comments by Pim Jacobs click here: https://youtu.be/f-yoerkNtpQ If you would like to watch the event without foreign language commentary, this is where you should go: https://youtu.be/pQF-EzfF_x4 The Eurovision Song Contest 1980 was the 25th Eurovision Song Contest and was held on 19 April 1980 in The Hague. The presenter was Marlous Fluitsma, although each song was introduced by a presenter from the participating nation. In some cases, this was the same person providing the commentary. The contest was won by Johnny Logan, representing Ireland with a song called "What's Another Year"The venue that had hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 1976, Congresgebouw, was chosen. Various parts of the opening sequence and stage of the 1976 festival were reused. Again, Roland de Groot took charge of the design. As with the 1977 and 1978 contests, there were no pre-filmed postcards between the songs, with a guest presenter from each nation introducing the entries. Apart from this, the presenter, Marlous Fluitsma, except for the voting, did not make the presentation in English or French, which means that the presentation was made almost entirely in Dutch. NOS spent just US$ 725,000 on the project. After Israel announced its non-participation, Morocco entered into the contest instead. Monaco also did not participate after it did so in 1979. Australian-born Johnny Logan representing Ireland was the winner of this Eurovision with the song "What's Another Year". This was Ireland's second time winning the competition, having won in 1970 with "All Kinds of Everything", which was also held on Dutch soil. Germany were runners-up this year. They would finish in second place again the following year, finally winning in 1982. Germany would go on to finish second again in 1985 and 1987, making the 1980s their most successful Eurovision Song Contest decade. After two relatively poor placings, United Kingdom returned to form by coming third. Each song was introduced by a presenter from the national country. A few countries used their commentators as presenters (Turkey's radio commentator and the TV commentators of Denmark, Sweden and Finland). The Danish, Norwegian, German, Portuguese and French presenters hosted their countries' respective national finals. Fluitsma wore a different dress when introducing the Dutch entry, rather than having another person introduce that entry. Results Draw Country Artist Song Language Place Points 01 Austria Blue Danube "Du bist Musik" German 8 64 02 Turkey Ajda Pekkan "Pet'r Oil" Turkish 15 23 03 Greece Anna Vissi and the Epikouri "Autostop" (Ωτοστόπ) Greek 13 30 04 Luxembourg Sophie & Magaly "Papa pingouin" French 9 56 05 Morocco Samira Bensaïd "Bitaqat Hub" (بطاقة حب) Arabic 18 7 06 Italy Alan Sorrenti "Non so che darei" Italian 6 87 07 Denmark Bamses Venner "Tænker altid på dig" Danish 14 25 08 Sweden Tomas Ledin "Just nu!" Swedish 10 47 09 Switzerland Paola "Cinéma" French 4 104 10 Finland Vesa-Matti Loiri "Huilumies" Finnish 19 6 11 Norway Sverre Kjelsberg & Mattis Hætta "Sámiid ædnan" Norwegiana 16 15 12 Germany Katja Ebstein "Theater" German 2 128 13 United Kingdom Prima Donna "Love Enough for Two" English 3 106 14 Portugal José Cid "Um grande, grande amor" Portugueseb 7 71 15 Netherlands Maggie MacNeal "Amsterdam" Dutch 5 93 16 France Profil "Hé, hé, m'sieurs dames" French 11 45 17 Ireland Johnny Logan "What's Another Year" English 1 143 18 Spain Trigo Limpio "Quédate esta noche" Spanish 12 38 19 Belgium Telex "Euro-Vision" French 17 14

Date: Saturday, 31 March 1979 - Venue: International Convention Centre, Jerusalem, Israel Presentation: Daniel Pe'er & Yardena Arazi Voting: Each country awarded 12, 10, 8-1 points to its top 10 (by a jury). Number of countries: 19 This show is fully subtitled. It's never been easier to understand all the lyrics of the songs. For the 1979 ESC you have the choice between seven language versions as for the commentary. Here they are: 🔴 1979 Eurovision Song Contest Full Show Jerusalem (Norwegian Commentary by Egil Teige) https://youtu.be/wtaF4yUaDoU 🔴 1979 Eurovision Song Contest Full Show Jerusalem (Dutch Commentary by Willem Duys) https://youtu.be/cM7KbNyvkNo 🔴 1979 Eurovision Song Contest Full Show Jerusalem (German Commentary Ado Schlier & Gabi Schnelle) https://youtu.be/dN1dDw1IX7M 🔴 1979 Eurovision Song Contest Full Show Jerusalem (Without Commentary) https://youtu.be/18keiqj7UHE 🔴 1979 Eurovision Song Contest Full Show Jerusalem (English Commentary by John Dunn) https://youtu.be/mijtnEnQlP8 🔴 1979 Eurovision Song Contest Full Show Jerusalem (Spanish Commentary by Miguel de los Santos) https://youtu.be/A_5btgxrLas 🔴 1979 Eurovision Song Contest Full Show Jerusalem (French Commentary by Marc Menant) https://youtu.be/5osQYOUfB8A The Eurovision Song Contest 1979 was the 24th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held on 31 March 1979 in Jerusalem, Israel, following the country's win at the 1978 edition. The event was staged at the International Convention Center. The presenters were Daniel Pe'er and Yardena Arazi. Nineteen out of the twenty countries that participated in 1978 also participated, with the exception of Turkey, which withdrew after Arab countries pressured into not participating in Israel. The winner was Israel with the song "Hallelujah", performed by Milk and Honey. Yugoslavia, who missed the 1978 Contest, also didn't want to take part nor transmit the 1979 show for political reasons. As well as being broadcast live in the 19 competing countries, the contest was broadcast in Romania, Hong Kong and Iceland. Results The following tables reflect the confirmed, verified scores, which were adjusted after the live broadcast. During the voting announcement, due to a misunderstanding by the presenter Yardena Arazi, Spain appeared to award 10 points to both Portugal and Israel and these scores were added to the scoreboard. After the programme, verification confirmed that Portugal should only have received six points, leaving the total Portuguese score reduced by four points to 64. Draw Country Artist Song Language Place Points 01 Portugal Manuela Bravo "Sobe, sobe, balão sobe" Portuguese 9 64 02 Italy Matia Bazar "Raggio di luna" Italian 15 27 03 Denmark Tommy Seebach "Disco Tango" Danish 6 76 The Danish entry is NOT in this video due to copyright issues. 04 Ireland Cathal Dunne "Happy Man" English 5 80 05 Finland Katri Helena "Katson sineen taivaan" Finnish 14 38 06 Monaco Laurent Vaguener "Notre vie c'est la musique" French 16 12 07 Greece Elpida "Sokrati" (Σωκράτη) Greek 8 69 08 Switzerland Peter, Sue, Marc, Pfuri, Gorps and Kniri "Trödler und Co" German 10 60 09 Germany Dschinghis Khan "Dschinghis Khan" German 4 86 10 Israel Milk and Honey "Hallelujah" (הללויה) Hebrew 1 125 11 France Anne-Marie David "Je suis l'enfant soleil" French 3 106 12 Belgium Micha Marah "Hey Nana" Dutch 18 5 13 Luxembourg Jeane Manson "J'ai déjà vu ça dans tes yeux" French 13 44 14 Netherlands Xandra "Colorado" Dutch 12 51 15 Sweden Ted Gärdestad "Satellit" Swedish 17 8 16 Norway Anita Skorgan "Oliver" Norwegian 11 57 17 United Kingdom Black Lace "Mary Ann" English 7 73 18 Austria Christina Simon "Heute in Jerusalem" German 18 5 19 Spain Betty Missiego "Su canción" Spanish 2 116

Date: 25 March 1972 - Host Venue: Usher Hall, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom Presenter: Moira Shearer - Musical director: Malcolm Lockyer Directed by Terry Hughes - Executive supervisor: Clifford Brown Executive producer: Bill Cotton Host broadcaster: British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) Interval act: Military Tattoo at Edinburgh Castle The Eurovision Song Contest 1972 was the 17th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom, and was held at the Usher Hall on Saturday 25 March 1972. The show was hosted by Moira Shearer. Following Séverine's win for Monaco at the 1971 contest in Dublin, Ireland with the song "Un banc, un arbre, une rue", the principality were unable to meet the demands of hosting the event. Rainier III of Monaco received a letter from the European Broadcasting Union about hosting the 1972 contest in the principality, but he was unable to provide a venue, the props and the remainder of the requirements. The BBC stepped in, and chose to stage the contest in Edinburgh. This was the fourth time the UK played host, after the 1960, 1963, and 1968 editions, however, this is the first (and, so far, only) time that the UK hosted the contest in a venue outside England. The winner was Luxembourg with the song "Après toi", performed by Vicky Leandros, written by Klaus Munro and Yvess Dessca, and composed by Munro and Mario Panas. Munro also conducted the song at the contest. This was Luxembourg's third victory in the contest, following their wins in 1961, and 1965. Yves Dessca also wrote for "Un Banc, Un Arbre, Une Rue" that won the previous edition, and other than conductors of the winning song, became the second person to win the Contest twice, the first person to win for two different countries and the first person to win two years in a row. Germany finished in third place for the third consecutive year, equalling their highest placement from the previous two editions. Séverine made the trip to Edinburgh to pass on the 'Grand Prix' to Vicky Leandros. However, she looked thoroughly uninterested in the Monegasque entry when seen by viewers checking her watch before the song was performed. The 1972 Eurovision Song Contest was hosted by Edinburgh, the capital city of Scotland. The Usher Hall, the venue for the 1972 contest, is a concert hall, situated on Lothian Road, in the west end of Edinburgh, Scotland. It has hosted concerts and events since its construction in 1914 and can hold approximately 2,900 people in its recently restored auditorium, which is well loved by performers due to its acoustics. The Hall is flanked by The Royal Lyceum Theatre on the right and The Traverse Theatre on the left. Historic Scotland has registered the Hall with Category A listed building status. Each country had two jury members, one aged between 16 and 25 and one aged between 26 and 55. They each awarded 1 to 5 points for each song, other than the song of their own country. They cast their votes immediately after each song was performed and the votes were then collected and counted. For the public voting sequence after the interval act, the jury members were shown on the stage's screen with each lifting a signboard with the number between 1 and 5 for each song, as a visual verification of the scores they had awarded earlier. The eventual winner, Luxembourg, remained in a strong scoring position throughout the voting. 1972 was the first year that had no ties in the voting. Every year prior to 1972, at least two countries had received the same score. Results: Draw Country Artist Song Language Place Points 01 Germany Mary Roos "Nur die Liebe läßt uns leben" German 3 107 02 France Betty Mars "Comé-comédie" French 11 81 03 Ireland Sandie Jones "Ceol an Ghrá" Irish 15 72 04 Spain Jaime Morey "Amanece" Spanish 10 83 05 United Kingdom The New Seekers "Beg, Steal or Borrow" English 2 114 06 Norway Grethe Kausland & Benny Borg "Småting" Norwegian 14 73 07 Portugal Carlos Mendes "A festa da vida" Portuguese 7 90 08 Switzerland Véronique Müller "C'est la chanson de mon amour" French 8 88 09 Malta Helen and Joseph "L-imħabba" Maltese 18 48 10 Finland Päivi Paunu & Kim Floor "Muistathan" Finnish 12 78 11 Austria Milestones "Falter im Wind" German 5 100 12 Italy Nicola Di Bari "I giorni dell'arcobaleno" Italian 6 92 13 Yugoslavia Tereza Kesovija "Muzika i ti" (Музика и ти) Serbo-Croatian 9 87 14 Sweden Family Four "Härliga sommardag" Swedish 13 75 15 Monaco Anne-Marie Godart & Peter MacLane "Comme on s'aime" French 16 65 16 Belgium Serge & Christine Ghisoland "À la folie ou pas du tout" French 17 55 17 Luxembourg Vicky Leandros "Après toi" French 1 128 18 Netherlands Sandra & Andres "Als het om de liefde gaat" Dutch 4 106

Date: 3 April 1971 - Host Venue: Gaiety Theatre, Dublin, Ireland Presenter: Bernadette Ní Ghallchóir - Musical director: Colman Pearce Directed by Tom McGrath - Executive supervisor: Clifford Brown Host broadcaster: Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ) Interval act: Bunratty Castle Entertainers The Eurovision Song Contest 1971 was the 16th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in Dublin, Ireland, following Dana's win at the 1970 contest in Amsterdam, Netherlands with the song "All Kinds of Everything". It was the first time Ireland hosted the event. The contest was held at the Gaiety Theatre on Saturday 3 April 1971, and was hosted by Bernadette Ní Ghallchóir. Eighteen countries participated in the contest, equalling the record of the 1965 and 1966 editions. Austria returned after their two-year absence, while Finland, Norway, Portugal and Sweden all returned after their one-year absence. Malta made their début in this edition. The winner was Monaco with the song "Un banc, un arbre, une rue", performed by Séverine, written by Yves Dessca, and composed by Jean-Pierre Bourtayre. This was Monaco's first and only victory in the contest. The song was performed by a French singer, living in France, sung in French, conducted by a French native and written by a French team. Séverine later claimed she never visited Monaco before or after her victory – a claim easily disproved by the preview video submitted by Télé-Monte-Carlo featuring the singer on location in the Principality. For the first time, each participating broadcaster was required to televise all the songs in "previews" prior to the live final. Belgium's preview video featured Nicole & Hugo performing the song "Goeiemorgen, morgen", but Nicole was struck with a sudden illness days before the contest final, with Jacques Raymond & Lily Castel stepping in at short notice to perform the entry in their place. Reports suggested that Castel had not even had enough time to buy a suitable dress for the show. The BBC were worried about the possible audience reaction to the UK song due to the hostilities raging in Northern Ireland. They specifically selected a singer from Northern Ireland, Clodagh Rodgers, who was popular in both the UK and the Republic of Ireland, to ease any ill-feeling from the Dublin audience. However, Rodgers still received death threats from the IRA for representing the UK. Groups of up to six people were allowed to perform for the first time, with the rule in previous contests of performing either solo or as a duet abolished. This was only RTÉ's second outside broadcast in colour. The contest was broadcast in Iceland, the United States and Hong Kong several days later. Malta made their début in this year's contest, while Austria, Finland, Norway, Portugal and Sweden all returned after a brief absence. This brought the total number of countries to eighteen. Results: Draw Country Artist Song Language Place Points 01 Austria Marianne Mendt "Musik" Viennese 16 66 02 Malta Joe Grech "Marija l-Maltija" Maltese 18 52 03 Monaco Séverine "Un banc, un arbre, une rue" French 1 128 04 Switzerland Peter, Sue and Marc "Les illusions de nos vingt ans" French 12 78 05 Germany Katja Ebstein "Diese Welt" German 3 100 06 Spain Karina "En un mundo nuevo" Spanish 2 116 07 France Serge Lama "Un jardin sur la terre" French 10 82 08 Luxembourg Monique Melsen "Pomme, pomme, pomme" French 13 70 09 United Kingdom Clodagh Rodgers "Jack in the Box" English 4 98 10 Belgium Lily Castel & Jacques Raymond "Goeiemorgen, morgen" Dutch 14 68 11 Italy Massimo Ranieri "L'amore è un attimo" Italian 5 91 12 Sweden Family Four "Vita vidder" Swedish 6 85 13 Ireland Angela Farrell "One Day Love" English 11 79 14 Netherlands Saskia & Serge "Tijd" Dutch 6 85 15 Portugal Tonicha "Menina do alto da serra" Portuguese 9 83 16 Yugoslavia Krunoslav Slabinac "Tvoj dječak je tužan" (Твој дјечак је тужан) Serbo-Croatian 14 68 17 Finland Markku Aro & Koivistolaiset "Tie uuteen päivään" Finnish 8 84 18 Norway Hanne Krogh "Lykken er" Norwegian 17 65

Date: 7 May 1977 - Host Venue: Wembley Conference Centre, London, United Kingdom Presenter: Angela Rippon - Musical director: Ronnie Hazlehurst Directed by Stewart Morris - Executive supervisor: Clifford Brown Executive producer: Bill Cotton - Host broadcaster: British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) Opening act: An aerial tour of the four constituent countries of the United Kingdom Interval act: Acker Bilk and his Paramount Jazz Men The Eurovision Song Contest 1977 was the 22nd edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in London, United Kingdom, following Brotherhood of Man's win at the 1976 contest in The Hague, Netherlands with the song "Save Your Kisses for Me". It was the sixth time the contest took place in the UK, after 1960, 1963, 1968, 1972, and 1974. The contest was held at the Wembley Conference Centre on Saturday 7 May 1977, marking the first time the event took place in the month of May since 1956. The show was hosted by Angela Rippon. Eighteen countries participated in the contest; Sweden returned after its absence from the previous edition, while Yugoslavia, which did participate in 1976, did not enter. The winner was France with the song "L'oiseau et l'enfant", performed by Marie Myriam, written by Joe Gracy, and composed by Jean-Paul Cara. This was France's fifth victory in the contest, following their wins in 1958, 1960, 1962, and 1969 (the latter being in the infamous four-way tie). The five wins were also a record at the time, and one that France held onto for seven years, until being equalled by Luxembourg in 1983. This was later equalled by Ireland in 1993, United Kingdom in 1997, Sweden in 2012, and by the Netherlands in 2019. The language rule was brought back in this contest, four years after it had been dropped in 1973. However Germany and Belgium were allowed to sing in English, because they had already chosen the songs they were going to perform before the rule was reintroduced. This was most possibly the Eurovision with the most scoring mistakes, as the scrutineer Clifford Brown had to stop the host Angela Rippon several times to correct the scores. Due to the strike by the BBC camera staff, and lack of time to organise the contest, this is seen as the only Eurovision where there were no postcards between songs. Various shots of the contests audience were shown, with the various countries' commentators informing the viewers of the upcoming songs. Tunisia was set to participate and had been drawn to participate in fourth place, but later withdrew. Yugoslavia did not enter this contest after having participated in 1976, while Sweden returned to the competition. The Belgian act Dream Express had created some controversy in the press with reports that the three female members would wear transparent tops; this did not materialise for the actual event. The British conductor Ronnie Hazlehurst used an umbrella and wore a bowler hat during the UK entry. Results: Draw Country Artist Song Language Place Points 01 Ireland The Swarbriggs Plus Two "It's Nice to Be in Love Again" English 3 119 02 Monaco Michèle Torr "Une petite française" French 4 96 03 Netherlands Heddy Lester "De mallemolen" Dutch 12 35 04 Austria Schmetterlinge "Boom Boom Boomerang" Germana 17 11 05 Norway Anita Skorgan "Casanova" Norwegian 14 18 06 Germany Silver Convention "Telegram" English 8 55 07 Luxembourg Anne-Marie B "Frère Jacques" French 16 17 08 Portugal Os Amigos "Portugal no coração" Portuguese 14 18 09 United Kingdom Lynsey de Paul and Mike Moran "Rock Bottom" English 2 121 10 Greece Paschalis, Marianna, Robert & Bessy "Mathima solfege" (Μάθημα σολφέζ) Greek 5 92 11 Israel Ilanit "Ahava Hi Shir Lishnayim" (אהבה היא שיר לשניים) Hebrew 11 49 12 Switzerland Pepe Lienhard Band "Swiss Lady" German 6 71 13 Sweden Forbes "Beatles" Swedish 18 2 14 Spain Micky "Enséñame a cantar" Spanish 9 52 15 Italy Mia Martini "Libera" Italian 13 33 16 Finland Monica Aspelund "Lapponia" Finnish 10 50 17 Belgium Dream Express "A Million in One, Two, Three" English 7 69 18 France Marie Myriam "L'oiseau et l'enfant" French 1 136 Timecodes of the show: 0:07:46 3) 🇮🇪 Ireland /🥉119 points 0:11:34 4) 🇲🇨 Monaco / 96 points 0:15:36 12) 🇳🇱 Netherlands / 35 points 0:20:06 17) 🇦🇹 Austria / 11 points 0:24:18 14) 🇳🇴 Norway / 18 points (tie) 0:27:58 8) 🇩🇪 Germany / 55 points 0:32:27 16) 🇱🇺 Luxembourg / 17 points 0:36:36 14) 🇵🇹 Portugal / 18 points (tie) 0:41:04 2) 🇬🇧 UK /🥈121 points 0:45:28 5) 🇬🇷 Greece / 92 points 0:49:33 11) 🇮🇱 Israel / 49 points 0:53:51 6) 🇨🇭 Switzerland / 71 points 0:58:26 18) 🇸🇪 Sweden / 2 points 1:02:50 9) 🇪🇸 Spain / 52 points 1:07:19 13) 🇮🇹 Italy / 33 points 1:11:23 10) 🇫🇮 Finland / 50 points 1:15:39 7) 🇧🇪 Belgium / 69 points 1:19:53 1) 🇫🇷 France /🥇🏆136 points 2:04:58 Winner's reprise 🇫🇷 France

Date: 3 April 1976 - Host Venue: Nederlands Congresgebouw, The Hague, Netherlands Presenters: Corry Brokken - Musical director: Jan Stulen - Directed by Theo Ordeman Executive supervisor: Clifford Brown - Executive producer: Fred Oster Host broadcaster: Nederlandse Omroep Stichting (NOS) Interval act: The Dutch Swing College Band For this edition of the ESC 1976 in The Hague you have the choice between 8 (!) commentary versions: 1. The ESC 1976 without any foreign language commentary under this link: https://youtu.be/nSqg2fhbnLs 2. German commentary by Werner Veigel: https://youtu.be/EaqMVwim4Ic 3. English commentary by Michael Aspel for the BBC: https://youtu.be/JQ90RQGdRK8 4. English commentary by Mike Murphy for the Irish broadcaster RTÉ: https://youtu.be/VzH6RIwvmcI 5. Spanish commentary by José Luis Uribarri: https://youtu.be/nnqjzZC9aIo 6. Dutch commentary by Willem Duys: https://youtu.be/h8q7y_2Vk88 7. Norwegian commentary by Erik Heyerdahl: https://youtu.be/JujVQ1Qc4ZY 8. French commentary by Jean-Claude Massoulier: https://youtu.be/Th_76B1OMWE The Eurovision Song Contest 1976 was the 21st edition of the Eurovision Song Contest. It was hosted by NOS and held in The Hague, Netherlands. The arena for the event was the Nederlands Congrescentrum. Teach-In's victory in Stockholm the previous year gave The Netherlands the right to host the contest for the third time. The Contest was won by Brotherhood of Man, who sang "Save Your Kisses for Me" in English, representing the United Kingdom. The Hague is the seat of government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the capital city of the province of South Holland. It is also the third largest city of the Netherlands, after Amsterdam and Rotterdam. Located in the west of the Netherlands, The Hague is in the centre of the Haaglanden conurbation and lies at the southwest corner of the larger Randstad conurbation. The contest took place at the Congresgebouw (presently known as the World Forum). The venue was constructed in 1969. The scoring system introduced in the previous year's competition returned in 1976. Each jury gave 12 points to the best song, 10 to the second best, then 8 to the third, and then 7 to 1 (from fourth to tenth best song, according to the jury). Unlike today, the points were not given in order (from 1 up to 12), but in the order the songs were performed. The current procedure was not established until 1980. Sweden, Malta and Turkey did not enter after their participation the year prior, while Austria and Greece returned to the contest, making for eighteen participating countries. Sweden did not enter in the contest, as broadcaster Sveriges Radio (SR) did not have enough money to host another contest if Sweden won again. A new rule was therefore introduced that in the future each broadcaster participating would have to pay a part of the cost of staging the contest. As the author and historian John Kennedy O'Connor notes in his book The Eurovision Song Contest – The Official History, there had been public demonstrations in Sweden against the contest, which also played a part in SR's decision not to take part. The same book also notes that the victorious song went on to become the biggest selling winning single in the history of the contest and won with 80.39% of the possible maximum score and an average of 9.65 of 12; a record under the voting system introduced in 1975. Results: Draw Country Artist Song Language Place Points 01 United Kingdom Brotherhood of Man "Save Your Kisses for Me" English 1 164 02 Switzerland Peter, Sue and Marc "Djambo, Djambo" English 4 91 03 Germany Les Humphries Singers "Sing Sang Song" German, English 15 12 04 Israel Chocolate, Menta, Mastik "Emor Shalom" (אמור שלום) Hebrew 6 77 05 Luxembourg Jürgen Marcus "Chansons pour ceux qui s'aiment" French 14 17 06 Belgium Pierre Rapsat "Judy et Cie" French 8 68 07 Ireland Red Hurley "When" English 10 54 08 Netherlands Sandra Reemer "The Party's Over" English 9 56 09 Norway Anne-Karine Strøm "Mata Hari" English 18 7 10 Greece Mariza Koch "Panagia mou, Panagia mou" (Παναγιά μου, Παναγιά μου) Greek 13 20 11 Finland Fredi & The Friends "Pump-Pump" English 11 44 12 Spain Braulio "Sobran las palabras" Spanish 16 11 13 Italy Al Bano & Romina Power "We'll Live It All Again" English, Italian 7 69 14 Austria Waterloo & Robinson "My Little World" English 5 80 15 Portugal Carlos do Carmo "Uma flor de verde pinho" Portuguese 12 24 16 Monaco Mary Christy "Toi, la musique et moi" French 3 93 17 France Catherine Ferry "Un, deux, trois" French 2 147 18 Yugoslavia Ambasadori "Ne mogu skriti svoju bol" Serbo-Croatian 17 10