Featured
Featured
How Far Back In Earth's History Could You Have Survived?
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Researched and Written by Leila Battison
Narrated and Edited by David Kelly
Thumbnail Art and Art by Ettore Mazza
Time Machine Art by Joseph Ioseliani
Additional Visuals by Manuel Rubio
10
views
Why Does The Universe Look Like This?
Thank you to Wondrium for sponsoring today's video! Signup for your FREE trial to Wondrium here: http://ow.ly/3bA050L1hTL
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Researched and Written by Jon Farrow
Narrated and Edited by David Kelly
Animations by the superb Jero Squartini https://www.fiverr.com/share/0v7Kjv using Manim - MIT License, (c) 2020-2023 3Blue1Brown LLC
Laniakea animation by Alperaym
Incredible thumbnail art by Ettore Mazza, the GOAT: https://www.instagram.com/ettore.mazza/?hl=en
Huge thanks to Daniel Pomarède for the use of his images of Laniakea and our local cosmological neighborhood: https://twitter.com/danielpomarede
Thank to Pablo Carlos Budassi for his wonderful images of the KBC Void, Shapley Supercluster and Bootes Void.
Stock footage taken from Videoblocks and Artgrid, music from Epidemic Sound, Artlist and Silver Maple. Space imagery also used from NASA and ESO.
Image Credits:
Visualisations of the QCD Vacuum
Derek D Leinweber CSSM University of Adelaide
Observable Universe by Andrew Z Colvin
KBC Void, Shapley Supercluster and Bootes Void by Pablo Carlos Budassi, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
UK from space European Space Agency, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/deed.en, via Wikimedia Commons
KBC Void, Shapley Supercluster and Bootes Void by Pablo Carlos Budassi, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Galactic Filament by Andrew Pontzen and Fabio Governato, CC BY 2.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0, via Wikimedia Commons
SDSS Plates by EdPost, CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Jim Peebles Juan Diego Soler, CC BY 2.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Zeldovich By A. T. Service - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15963198
Martin Rees By Festival della Scienza, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18609295
Richard Gott By A. T. Service - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15490353
George Smoot By Nomo michael hoefner http://www.zwo5.de - Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7131137
John C Mather By Christopher Michel - John Mather, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=39209520
LHC By Maximilien Brice, CERN - CERN Document Server, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=29068932
00:00 Introduction
05:41 Mapping The Cosmos
16:40 Meatball Honeycomb Sponge (Structure of the Universe)
21:55 Cosmic Seeds (Origin of Structure)
39:36 Problems With Copernicus
#cosmicweb
15
views
What Are The Hidden Rules Of The Universe?
Thank you to Wondrium for sponsoring today's video! Signup for your FREE trial to Wondrium here: http://ow.ly/aJUh50LnlQP
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If you like this video, check out writer Geraint Lewis´ excellent book, co-written with Chris Ferrie:
Where Did the Universe Come From? And Other Cosmic Questions: Our Universe, from the Quantum to the Cosmos
https://www.amazon.com/Where-Universe-Other-Cosmic-Questions/dp/1728238811
AND check out his Youtube channel:
https://www.youtube.com/c/AlasLewisAndBarnes
Incredible thumbnail art by Ettore Mazza, the GOAT: https://www.instagram.com/ettore.mazza/?hl=en
Animations by the superb Jero Squartini https://www.fiverr.com/share/0v7Kjv using Manim - MIT License, (c) 2020-2023 3Blue1Brown LLC
Art created by soso112429
Music from Silver Maple, Epidemic Sound and Artlist.
Stock footage from Videoblocks and Artgrid, images of galaxies from NASA and ESO/Hubble.
Image Credits:
Tsung Dao Lee (left) and Chen Ning Yang at a blackboard in an Institute office from the Shelby White and Leon Levy Archives Center.
Cobalt 60 By V1adis1av - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=95281927
00:00 Introduction
04:21 Symmetry is Everywhere
10:46 The Hidden Rules Of The Universe
22:36 How To Break The Universe
34:52 Why Did The Universe Freeze?
2
views
How Did The Universe Begin?
Go to our sponsor https://betterhelp.com/HOTU for 10% off your first month of therapy with BetterHelp and get matched with a therapist who will listen and help.
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Researched and Written by Leila Battison
Narrated and Edited by David Kelly
Animations by the superb Jero Squartini https://www.fiverr.com/share/0v7Kjv using Manim - MIT License, (c) 2020-2023 3Blue1Brown LLC
Thumbnail art by Ettore Mazza: https://www.instagram.com/ettore.mazza/?hl=en
Art by Joseph Ioseliani
Sound Editing by Jack White
If you like our videos, check out Leila's Youtube channel:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXIk7euOGq6jkptjTzEz5kQ
Music from Epidemic Sound and Artlist
Stock footage from Videoblocks and Artgrid
Galaxies, space videos from NASA and ESO
Image Credits:
UY Scuti By ESO/Digitized Sky Survey 2 - DSS2: http://aladin.u-strasbg.fr/AladinLite/?target=V*%20UY%20Sct&fov=0.033334&survey=P%2fDSS2%2fcolor, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=94999471
Peter Higgs By Bengt Nyman - Flickr: IMG_7516, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30047380
Particle collision By Brookhaven National Laboratory - https://www.flickr.com/photos/11304375@N07/6799740261/, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=44840903
Cloud Chamber by Stephen Curry, CC BY 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
REFERENCES:
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-first-molecule-in-the-universe/
https://www.mpg.de/13392365/first-astrophysical-detection-of-helium-hydride-ion
https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/big-bang-molecule-1.5101734
https://www.sci.news/astronomy/amino-acid-formation-interstellar-medium-09056.html
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Coordinate_(Dative_Covalent)_Bonding
https://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/BBhistory.html
https://www.britannica.com/science/electroweak-theory
http://sciexplorer.blogspot.com/2011/01/our-universe-part-7-quark-epoch.html
https://www.polytechnique-insights.com/en/braincamps/space/astrophysics-3-recent-discoveries-that-illuminate-our-vision-of-the-universe/higgs-boson-we-have-discovered-the-origin-of-matter-in-the-universe/
https://science.nasa.gov/ems/02_anatomy
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/dec/13/us-scientists-confirm-major-breakthrough-in-nuclear-fusion
https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy
https://www.space.com/james-webb-space-telescope-science-denial
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/proton-mass-quarks-calculation
https://astro.ucla.edu/~wright/Lyman-alpha-forest.html
https://www.quantamagazine.org/big-bounce-simulations-challenge-the-big-bang-20200804/
https://www.astro.umd.edu/~miller/nstar.html
https://hps.org/publicinformation/ate/faqs/faqradbods.html
https://www.sciencefocus.com/science/what-holds-together-the-protons-and-neutrons-in-an-atoms-nucleus/
https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/degrees-of-freedom/alan-guth-interview/
https://gizmodo.com/if-you-fold-a-paper-in-half-103-times-it-will-be-as-thi-1607632639
https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/universe-symmetric/
https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2022-03-31-nature-prefers-symmetry-and-simplicity
https://www-project.slac.stanford.edu/e158/parityviolation.html
https://www.britannica.com/science/physical-constant
https://physicstoday.scitation.org/do/10.1063/pt.5.031277/full/
https://depts.washington.edu/imreslab/education/Physics%20of%20PET.pdf
https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2019/02/08/theres-almost-no-antimatter-in-the-universe-and-no-one-knows-why/?sh=1cc06d5c9c6b
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Astro/sn87a.html
https://news.mit.edu/2016/ligo-first-detection-gravitational-waves-0211
https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/152/1/75/2604549?login=false
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/dec/13/us-scientists-confirm-major-breakthrough-in-nuclear-fusion
https://www.physics.unlv.edu/~jeffery/astro/cosmol/big_bang_nucleosynthesis.html
https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/history/historicsites/penziaswilson.cfm
https://darkcosmos.com/home/f/baryon-acoustic-oscillations-bao
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1703.00013.pdf
00:00 Introduction
05:44 1. The Planck Era: First Ten-Tredecillionth Of A Second
18:51 2. Grand Unification: First Undecillionth of A Second
26:56 3. Inflation: First Picosecond
41:43 4. The Higgs and Mass: First Billionth of a Second
56:06 5. Fine Tuning, Protons, Neutrons and Antimatter: First Millionth of a Second
1:13:23 6. Neutrinos and Primordial Black Holes: First Second
1:31:59 7. Big Bang Nucleosynthesis: First Minute
1:44:12 8. The First Molecule: First 100,000 Years
1:54:59 9. First Atoms, First Light: First 380,000 Years
2:10:23 10: Dark Matter and Dark Energy: First Million Years
6
views
Why Is Everything Made Of Atoms?
Offset your carbon footprint on Wren: https://www.wren.co/start/historyoftheuniverse The first 100 people who sign up will have 10 extra trees planted in their name. This video has been sponsored by Wren.
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Researched and Written by Colin Stuart
Check out his superb Astrophysics for Beginners course here: https://www.colinstuart.net/astrophysics-course-for-beginners-introduction-online/
Narrated and Edited by David Kelly
Animations by Manuel Rubio
Incredible thumbnail art by Ettore Mazza, the GOAT: https://www.instagram.com/ettore.mazza/?hl=en
Proton visualization courtesy of MIT, Jefferson Labs, and Sputnik Animation, Copyright © MIT and Jefferson Lab, 2021, All Rights Reserved
Stock footage taken from Videoblocks and Artgrid, music from Epidemic Sound, Artlist and Silver Maple. Space imagery also used from NASA and ESO.
Image Credits:
Heavy Ion Collider By Z22 - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=61544972
Dark Energy Survey By Dark Energy Survey/DOE/FNAL/DECam/CTIO/NOIRLab/NSF/AURAAcknowledgments: T.A. Rector (University of Alaska Anchorage/NSF’s NOIRLab), M. Zamani (NSF’s NOIRLab) & D. de Martin (NSF’s NOIRLab) - https://noirlab.edu/public/images/noirlab2118a/, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=106681491
00:00 Introduction
05:06 The First Light In The Universe
12:17 The Weirdest Object In The Universe
25:59 Seeing The Big Bang
35:55 Why Atoms?
#recombination #quantum
6
views
How Did Our Universe Emerge From Chaos?
Head over to https://bit.ly/3AvGyDT to get 100 blades FREE with your first razor from Henson, using the code 'universe'.
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Researched and Written by JD Voyek
Narrated and Edited by David Kelly
Thumbnail Art by Ettore Mazza
LMC by By ESO, A McLeod et al. - https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1903a/, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=76422254
Rutherford Research Lab By Science Museum London / Science and Society Picture Library - Sir Ernest Rutherfords laboratory, early 20th century. Uploaded by Mrjohncummings, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=28024311
Cloud Chamber by Michael F. Schönitzer, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Microcapsule Livermore National Laboratory, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Chamber Lawrence Livermore National Security, CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
ITER By Oak Ridge National Laboratory - ITER Tokamak and Plant Systems (2016), CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=74249991
By Oak Ridge National Laboratory - ITER 3D plasma equilibrium with ripple contours, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=90681113
Methusaleh By ESA/Hubble, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25275489
Metal poor dwarf galaxy NASA/ESA/Meredith Durbin/Judy Schmidt
By ESO/Digitized Sky Survey 2, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9548125
Judy Schmidt: LDN 1641N Star Cluster
REFERENCES:
http://solar-center.stanford.edu/folklore/Solar-Folklore.pdf
https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.95.1.13
https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57515422
https://home.cern/science/physics/early-universe
https://people.ast.cam.ac.uk/~pettini/Intro%20Cosmology/Lecture08.pdf
https://www.jstor.org/stable/227051?seq=1
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsnr.1951.0007
https://history.aip.org/exhibits/rutherford/sections/young-rutherford.html
https://www.rutherford.org.nz/msquotes.htm
https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/blackett-lecture.pdf
https://www.newenergytimes.com/v2/sr/Rutherford-Blackett/Screenshots/ROYAL-SOCIETY-Letter-to-Editor.pdf
https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co5540/photograph-showing-an-atomic-transmutation-produced-by-an-alpha-x-ray-black-and-white-print-photograph-diagram
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1948/ceremony-speech/
https://www.energy.gov/science/doe-explainsdeuterium-tritium-fusion-reactor-fuel
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-3881/aa899d
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/727/1/57
https://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/page/low_mass_stars_brown_dwarfs
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/NucEne/fusion.html
https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-fusion-power.aspx
https://lasers.llnl.gov/news/high-quality-diamond-capsule-enhanced-nifs-record-energy-shot
https://lasers.llnl.gov/news/hybrid-experiments-drive-nif-toward-ignition
https://lasers.llnl.gov/about/how-nif-works/target-chamber
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02338-4
https://lasers.llnl.gov/about/how-nif-works#targets
https://www.aps.org/newsroom/vpr/dpp/2020/11-09-2020-01.cfm
https://www.britannica.com/science/nuclear-fusion
https://www.britannica.com/science/nuclear-fusion/Fusion-reactions-in-stars
https://www.llnl.gov/news/national-ignition-facility-experiment-puts-researchers-threshold-fusion-ignition
https://cen.acs.org/energy/nuclear-power/Fusion-experiments-broke-records-year/99/i44
https://www.lpi.usra.edu/decadal/leag/DecadalHelium3.pdf
https://physics.unc.edu/the-cosmological-lithium-problem/
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/empedocles/
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Empedocles
https://brill.com/view/journals/rip/44/2/article-p170_2.xml
https://www.uwa.edu.au/science/-/media/Faculties/Science/Docs/Timeline-of-the-Universe.pdf
https://people.ast.cam.ac.uk/~pettini/Intro%20Cosmology/Lecture08.pdf
http://www.astro.uvic.ca/~jwillis/teaching/astr405/astr405_lecture4.pdf
https://arxiv.org/abs/1302.3180
https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/hd140283.html
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2013.12196
https://www.space.com/how-can-a-star-be-older-than-the-universe.html
https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.11311
https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102010-130445
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/665/1/012001/pdf
https://astrobites.org/2012/07/05/lessons-from-lithium/
https://astrobites.org/2015/07/27/shifting-the-pillars-constraining-lithium-production-in-big-bang-nucleosynthesis/
#bigbangnucleosynthesis
00:00 Introduction
06:01 Alchemy
12:53 Fusion
22:40 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
36:19 The Cosmological Lithium Problem
16
views
Where Are All The Hidden Dimensions?
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Written by Joseph Conlon
Professor of Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford
Author, Why String Theory? https://www.amazon.com/Why-String-Theory-Joseph-Conlon/dp/1482242478
Edited and Narrated by David Kelly
Thumbnail Art by Ettore Mazza
Huge thanks to Oliver Knill for the use of his Calabi-Yau imagery, and Jeff Bryant for his.
Footage from Videoblocks, Artgrid. Footage of galaxies from NASA Goddard.
Image Credits:
Democritus By Didier Descouens - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=81966238
Aspen Centre for Physics By Éamonn Ó Muirí - Flickr: The Aspen Center for Physics, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=23516453
Silesia By derivative work: Dunmerr (talk) - Wroclaw_1.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4328944
String theory SriVrushank(1840372), CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
String theory t duality calculations Andrius.v, CC BY 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Mobius Strip By 09glasgow09 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7342809
By Alex P. Kok - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=93778671
Klein bottle By Tttrung - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=960446
Roman surface By en:user:A13ean - Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Keyi., CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5535064
Calabi Yau Manifold By The original uploader was Lunch at English Wikipedia. - Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Lunch. This diagram was created with Mathematica., CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3466278
Quintic By The original uploader was Floriang at German Wikipedia. - Transferred from de.wikipedia to Commons by Trockennasenaffe using CommonsHelper. This diagram was created with Mathematica., CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12895895
Plant cells By Des_Callaghan - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35894254
00:00 Introduction
04:15 The Fifth Dimension
10:03 A Theory of Strings
16:30 Visualizing The Invisible (Calabi-yau Manifolds)
22:31 Where Are The Hidden Dimensions?
33:01 Hunting For Evidence At The Beginning Of Time
#stringtheory
9
views
What Was The First Black Hole?
Start building your ideal daily routine ! The first 500 people who click on the link will get 25% OFF Fabulous Premium ➡️ https://thefab.co/historyoftheuniverse
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Researched and Written by Leila Battison
Narrated and Edited by David Kelly
Incredible thumbnail art by Ettore Mazza, the GOAT: https://www.instagram.com/ettore.mazza/?hl=en
If you like our videos, check out Leila's Youtube channel:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXIk7euOGq6jkptjTzEz5kQ
REFERENCES:
https://web.archive.org/web/20050511104943/http://www.mdtap.org/TT/1999.05/1-art.html
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/399/kuiper-belt-in-depth/
https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/PT.3.4172
https://time.com/5199001/stephen-hawking-als/
https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/edu/news/2019/4/19/how-scientists-captured-the-first-image-of-a-black-hole/
https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/what-happens-if-you-fall-black-hole
https://www.space.com/testable-primordial-black-holes-theory
https://astronomy.com/news/2019/07/primordial-black-holes
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1810.12224.pdf
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Stephen-Hawking
https://ec.europa.eu/research-and-innovation/en/horizon-magazine/how-did-supermassive-black-holes-grow-so-fast
https://www.space.com/testable-primordial-black-holes-theory
https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1971MNRAS.152...75H
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ac332d/meta
https://www.space.com/earliest-supermassive-black-hole-storm-discovered
https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/black-holes
https://astronomy.com/magazine/2019/08/a-brief-history-of-black-holes
https://news.wisc.edu/what-is-a-blazar/
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.11090.pdf
https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.10458
https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.11172
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nZLMWpujVUcC&redir_esc=y
https://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/ryden.1/ast162_7/notes31.html
https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/seuforum/bh_whatare.htm
https://scitechdaily.com/meet-sagittarius-a-astronomers-reveal-first-image-of-the-black-hole-at-the-heart-of-the-milky-way/
Huge thanks to the IllustrisTNG collaboration for footage of their simulation.
Thanks to NASA and ESO for space footage.
Stock footage from Videoblocks and Artgrid.
Soundtrack from Silver Maple, Artlist and Epidemic Sound.
Image Credits:
Cygnus By T.A. Rector (University of Alaska Anchorage) and H. Schweiker (WIYN and NOIRLab/NSF/AURA) - https://noirlab.edu/public/images/noao-cyg_x1/, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=106094689
Keiper Belt NASA/GSFC/Marc Kuchner and Christopher Stark
La Silla By ESO/José Francisco Salgado - http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1319a/, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26059347
Sedna Orbit By Tomruen - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=60453344
Planet 9 nagualdesign; Tom Ruen, background taken from File:ESO - Milky Way.jpg, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Milky way halo By ESO/L. Calçada - http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1217a/, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26366780
Virgo Cluster By Pablo Carlos Budassi - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=94421982
M87 Galaxy By Chris Mihos (Case Western Reserve University)/ESO - http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1525a/, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=41184851
GURT By Serge Yerin (YeS) - Own work, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=84488536
Large Milimeter Telescope By panza.rayada, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=53438718
Very Large Array By CGP Grey - 2009-08-24T14-15-41 -- DSC_0013 4892860281, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37019504
Event Horizon Telescopes By The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration - (2019). "First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole". The Astrophysical Journal 875 (1). DOI:10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7. ISSN 20418213. Figure 1, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=77916273
Event Horizon Infographic By ALMA, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=106758965
ton 618 By Sloan Digital Sky Survey, Apache Point Observatory, Astrophysical Research Consortium - http://aladin.u-strasbg.fr/AladinLite/?target=Ton%20%20618&fov=0.033334&survey=P%2fSDSS9%2fcolor, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=97489739
Black Hole Eats Star Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Chris Smith (USRA/GESTAR)
Universe Simulation NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center and the Advanced Visualization Laboratory at the National Center for Supercomputing
00:00 Introduction
06:14 The First Black Hole
15:13 Supermassive
26:11 Before Atoms
34:22 Finding The Needle
7
views
What Actually Are Space And Time?
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---------------------------------------------------------------------
If you like this video, check out writer Geraint Lewis´ excellent book, co-written with Chris Ferrie:
Where Did the Universe Come From? And Other Cosmic Questions: Our Universe, from the Quantum to the Cosmos
https://www.amazon.com/Where-Universe-Other-Cosmic-Questions/dp/1728238811
AND check out his Youtube channel:
https://www.youtube.com/c/AlasLewisAndBarnes
Incredible thumbnail art by Ettore Mazza, the GOAT: https://www.instagram.com/ettore.mazza/?hl=en
Art created by soso112429, and Joe from History Dose: www.youtube.com/historydose
Thanks to Alexander Long for speculative fiction suggestions.
Music from Silver Maple, Epidemic Sound and Artlist.
Stock footage from Videoblocks and Artgrid, images of galaxies from NASA and ESO/Hubble.
Image Credits:
Steam engine Tfme, CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Caesium Clock By Binarysequence - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24592511
Arecibo By Mariordo (Mario Roberto Durán Ortiz) - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=81583884
World line By Cyp - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=283995
Roger Penrose By Cirone-Musi, Festival della Scienza, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19318743
Wormhole By MikeRun - Own work, using Wurmloch (Wormhole) by MrFreakmanis (CC BY-SA 3.0) (https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:190022), CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=100253460
Dirac Plaque By Nightryder84 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15872966
Spacetime Cone By SVG version: K. Aainsqatsi at en.wikipedia Original PNG version: Stib at en.wikipedia - Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. (Original text: self-made), CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2210907
00:00 Introduction
04:59 What Is Space?
14:45 What Is Time?
25:26 New Space
44:16 New Time
1:00:09 Quantum Spacetime
9
views
What Is Hidden In The Darkness At The Beginning Of Time?
2,403,111 views Jun 23, 2023
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-----------------------------
Written by Emma Chapman
Check out her great book on this subject here: https://www.amazon.com/First-Light-Sw...
Narrated by David Kelly
Edited by Manuel Rubio and David Kelly
Thumbnail art by Ettore Mazza: https://www.instagram.com/ettore.mazz...
Sound Editing by Craig Stevenson
Boötes Void model by Miguel Aragon and Mark Neyrinck https://www.shapeways.com/product/B5F...
CGI of Boötes by Moritz Brand
Galaxies, space videos from NASA and ESO, and IllustrisTNG: https://www.tng-project.org/
Images of the EDGES telescope from MIT Haystack: https://www.haystack.mit.edu/
Music from Epidemic Sound, Artlist and Silver Maple
Stock footage from Videoblocks and Artgrid
00:00 Introduction
04:46 The Edge Of Darkness
17:52 The Hidden Universe
29:41 Let There Be Light
40:57 The Signal
3
views
How Early Could Life Have Appeared In The Universe?
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------------------------
Written by @PaulMSutter
Check out his fantastic YouTube channel and podcast for more: https://www.pmsutter.com/shows/askasp...
And his books which inspired this video: https://www.pmsutter.com/books
Narrated by David Kelly
Edited by Manuel Rubio and David Kelly
Thumbnail art by Ettore Mazza: https://www.instagram.com/ettore.mazz...
Animations by the superb Jero Squartini https://www.fiverr.com/share/0v7Kjv using Manim - MIT License, (c) 2020-2023 3Blue1Brown LLC
Sound Editing by Craig Stevenson
Huge thanks to Bone Clones for footage of their fantastic skulls:
https://boneclones.com/ (look out for much more of them at the end of the year...)
Galaxies, space videos from NASA, ESO, and ESA.
Music from Epidemic Sound, Artlist and Silver Maple.
Stock footage from Videoblocks, Artgrid and Shutterstock.
00:00 Introduction
05:23 What Is Life?
18:44 How To Make Life
31:30 The Earliest Possible Life
43:44 Where Is Everybody?
#aliens
2
views
What Did James Webb Really See At The Beginning Of Time?
Use code HOTU50 to get 50% off your first Factor box at https://bit.ly/46fjW7Z!
--------------------
If you like this video, check out writer Geraint Lewis´ excellent book, co-written with Chris Ferrie:
Where Did the Universe Come From? And Other Cosmic Questions: Our Universe, from the Quantum to the Cosmos
https://www.amazon.com/Where-Universe...
AND check out his YouTube channel:
/ alaslewisandbarnes
Incredible thumbnail art by Ettore Mazza, the GOAT: https://www.instagram.com/ettore.mazz...
Animations by the superb Jero Squartini https://www.fiverr.com/share/0v7Kjv using Manim - MIT License, (c) 2020-2023 3Blue1Brown LLC
Extra editing by Manuel Rubio
Music from Silver Maple, Epidemic Sound and Artlist.
Stock footage from Storyblocks, Artgrid and Shutterstock, images of galaxies from NASA and ESO/Hubble.
00:00 Introduction
05:45 Eyes to the Heavens
12:38 The First Galaxies
26:06 The Galactic Zoo
40:34 The James Webb Mystery
4
views
How Does Time Actually Work?
#time
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-----------------------
Written by Colin Stuart
Check out his fantastic astronomy newsletter here: https://colinstuart.substack.com
Edited and Animated by the legendary Manuel Rubio - subscribe at @ArtandContext
Narrated by David Kelly
Thumbnail art by Ettore Mazza: https://www.instagram.com/ettore.mazz...
Sound Editing by Craig Stevenson
Whale Art by Joseph Ioseliani
Galaxies, space videos from NASA, ESA and ESO.
Music from Epidemic Sound, Artlist, Silver Maple And Yehezkel Raz.
Stock footage from Videoblocks, Artgrid and Shutterstock.
00:00 Introduction
04:54 How Soon Is Now?
18:08 Where Is Now?
31:16 When Is Now?
43:25 The Illusion of Now
2
views
What Is The Biggest Thing In The Universe?
Check out the Opera browser here: https://opr.as/Opera-browser-History-...
-----------------------
Written by @PaulMSutter
Check out his fantastic YouTube channel and podcast for more: https://www.pmsutter.com/shows/askasp...
And his books which inspired this video: https://www.pmsutter.com/books
Huge thanks to Daniel Pomarède for the use of his visualizations of our local cosmological neighborhood, voids, and Laniakea: / danielpomarede
Narrated by David Kelly
Edited by @ArtandContext (Manuel Rubio) and David Kelly
Thumbnail art by Ettore Mazza: https://www.instagram.com/ettore.mazz...
Sound Editing by Craig Stevenson
3D Visualizations by Xinyu Gao
Big thanks to Dr Miguel Aragon and Dr Mark Neyrink for their model of Bootes
Animations by the superb Jero Squartini https://www.fiverr.com/share/0v7Kjv using Manim - MIT License, (c) 2020-2023 3Blue1Brown LLC
Laniakea animation by Alperaym
Galaxies, space videos from NASA, ESO, and ESA and The IllustrisTNG Project: https://www.tng-project.org/
Music from Epidemic Sound, Artlist, Silver Maple and Yehezkel Raz.
Stock footage from Videoblocks, Artgrid and Shutterstock.
00:00 Introduction
04:50 Mapping The Universe
13:34 Into The Great Unknown
26:34 Supervoids
44:46 Eating The Universe
5
views
What Is The Most Powerful Thing In The Universe?
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---------------------------------
Written by @PaulMSutter
Check out his fantastic YouTube channel and podcast for more: https://www.pmsutter.com/shows/askasp...
And his books which inspired this video: https://www.pmsutter.com/books
Narrated by David Kelly
Edited by @ArtandContext (Maniel Rubio) and David Kelly
Thumbnail art by Ettore Mazza: https://www.instagram.com/ettore.mazz...
Sound Editing by Craig Stevenson
Galaxies, space videos from NASA, ESO, and ESA.
Music from Epidemic Sound, Artlist and Silver Maple.
Stock footage from Videoblocks, Artgrid and Shutterstock.
00:00 Introduction
04:00 The Impossible Lights
15:59 Our Quasar
26:41 The Infernal Engine
45:54 The Quasar Mystery
#quasars
4
views
1
comment
What Is (Almost) Everything Made Of?
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----------------------------------
Written by Colin Stuart
Check out his fantastic astronomy newsletter here: https://colinstuart.substack.com
Edited and Animated by the legend Manuel Rubio - @ArtandContext
Narrated by David Kelly
Thumbnail art by Ettore Mazza: https://www.instagram.com/ettore.mazz...
Sound Editing by Craig Stevenson
Further Art by Joseph Ioseliani
Animations by the superb Jero Squartini https://www.fiverr.com/share/0v7Kjv
and Rami Dahouk (Using Manim - MITLicense, (c) 2020-2023 3Blue1Brown LLC)
Huge thanks to Prof. Derek Leinweber for his visualisations at http://www.physics.adelaide.edu.au/th...
Galaxies, space videos from NASA, ESA and ESO.
Music from Epidemic Sound, Artlist, Silver Maple And Yehezkel Raz.
Stock footage from Videoblocks, Artgrid and Shutterstock.
Further Image Sources:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ha...
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/...
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/phy...
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/phy...
https://polarjournal.ch/en/2022/06/30...
00:00 Introduction
04:31 Rise Of The Field
16:28 The Quantum Atom
30:35 Quantum Electrodynamics
45:21 Quantum Flavordynamics
57:46 Quantum Chromodynamics
1:11:37 Quantum Gravity
3
views
Why Shouldn't The Universe Exist?
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Written by Antonio Padilla
Check out his fantastic book here: https://www.amazon.com/Fantastic-Numb...
Huge thanks to Prof. Derek Leinweber for his visualisations at http://www.physics.adelaide.edu.au/th...
Narrated by David Kelly
Edited by Manuel Rubio and David Kelly
Thumbnail art by Ettore Mazza: https://www.instagram.com/ettore.mazz...
Sound Editing by Craig Stevenson
Animations by the superb Jero Squartini https://www.fiverr.com/share/0v7Kjv using Manim - MIT License, (c) 2020-2023 3Blue1Brown LLC
Galaxies, space videos from NASA, ESA and ESO.
Music from Epidemic Sound, Artlist, Silver Maple And Yehezkel Raz.
Stock footage from Videoblocks, Artgrid and Shutterstock.
Extra images from:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
https://oac.cdlib.org/ark:/28722/bk00...
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vi...
00:00 Introduction
05:38 What Is Energy?
12:46 How Much Does The Universe Weigh?
25:24 The Nullpunktsenergie
45:06 The Cosmological Constant Problem
7
views
What Came Before The Big Bang?
Go to https://ground.news/HOTU to stay fully informed on what's happening in and out of our solar system. Subscribe through my link for 40% off unlimited access.
--------------------------
Written by @@PaulMSutter
Check out his fantastic YouTube channel and podcast for more: https://www.pmsutter.com/shows/askasp...
And his books which inspired this video: https://www.pmsutter.com/books
Narrated by David Kelly
Thumbnail art by Ettore Mazza: https://www.instagram.com/ettore.mazz...
Sound Editing by Craig Stevenson
Big Bang Animations by Jero Squartini https://www.fiverr.com/share/0v7Kjv using Manim - MIT License, (c) 2020-2023 3Blue1Brown LLC
Other animations by Manuel Rubio
Other animations by A. Heikal
Galaxies, space videos from NASA, ESO, and ESA
Music from Epidemic Sound, Artlist, Silver Maple and Yehezkel Raz
Stock footage from Videoblocks, Artgrid and Shutterstock
00:00 Introduction
05:07 Before The Big Bang
21:12 The Never-Ending Bang
35:06 The Landscape Before Time
49:35 Before The Before The Before...
3
views
How Did Life Begin?
Researched and Written by Leila Battison
Narrated and Edited by David Kelly
Script Edited by Pete Kelly
Art by Khail Kupsky
Thumbnail Art by Ettore Mazza
If you like our videos, check out Leila's youtube channel:
/ @somethingincredible
References for the video:
https://archive.org/details/molecular...
Thanks to:
Own work from Image:MUexperiment.png.
Author YassineMrabet
Blausen.com staff (2014). "Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014". WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436GYassineMrabetTalk
NASA
Music from Epidemic Sound
5
views
What Was Earth Like 4 Billion Years Ago?
Written & researched by Leila Battison. Check out her channel:-
/ @somethingincredible
Edited by Pete Kelly. Check out his channel:-
/ @petekellyhistory
Narrated by David Kelly. Check out his channel:-
/ @voicesofthepast
Art by Khail Kupsky
Thumbnail art by Ettore Manza
References:-
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/200...
https://science.sciencemag.org/conten...
https://link.springer.com/article/10....
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/200...
https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/20...
https://link.springer.com/referencewo...
https://geogallery.si.edu/10026559/ac...
https://www.britannica.com/place/Nort...
http://www.travelinggeologist.com/201...
https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/mo...
https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf...
https://www.britannica.com/science/Ha...
https://forces.si.edu/atmosphere/02_0...
https://scijinks.gov/atmosphere-forma...
https://volcano.si.edu/learn_gallerie...
https://csmgeo.csm.jmu.edu/geollab/Fi...
Extra thanks to:-
Giuseppe Donatiello
Slim Sepp
H. Martin, Blaise Pascal University
Pedroalexandrade
Tim Bertelink
http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imageg...
NASA/Colorado School of Mines/MIT/JPL/GSFC - http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/fil...
NASA / JPL / Doug Ellison
NASA https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap140805.html
8
views
How Did The Earth Form?
Written by William Painter
Edited and Narrated by David Kelly
Script edited by Pete Kelly
Art by Khail Kupsky
Thumbnail art by Ettore Manza
Note 1: Fractionation.
While some chemicals will remain gaseous (e.g.H and He) the rest will collect at the distance from the Sun with a temperature roughly equal to their temperature of deposition (the temperature a gas freezes into a solid). Jupiter, Saturn, and the other gas giants have cores of frozen volatiles ejected from the inner disk; each planet’s core has a unique chemical blend related to the distance and temperature at which it formed. Since the nebula was originally close to 100% gas, the same fractionation of chemicals also affected the inner disk.
Note 2: Mars' Survival.
Mars survives because of its orbit at the inner edge of this depopulated zone. The embryos that form closer to Jupiter are caught up in its orbital resonances--whole number ratios between two bodies orbiting the same star. These resonances deform the orbits of the embryos until they meet with some catastrophe. It is also possible that Mars emigrated to its position in the depopulated zone after forming nearer to the Sun and experiencing a close encounter with another embryo, possibly Earth.
Note 3: Grand Tack Theory.
This is called the Grand Tack theory, and it is an explanation for several otherwise unexplained conditions of the inner solar system. However there is significant disagreement over the early evolution of the gas giants. There are three primary complaints leveled against the Grand Tack Theory. 1) The migration of Jupiter would significantly accentuate the eccentricities of the orbits of the rocky planets in a fashion not seen. However if the nebular gas was still present, even partially, the friction would return their orbits back to low eccentricities. 2) The asteroid belt should have been depopulated after two passes by Jupiter. However it could have been reformed by material launched inward by continuing migration in the outer disk. 3) The Grand Tack theory requires a 2:3 resonant orbital ratio between Jupiter and Saturn to reverse their inward migration. This would require the planets by-passing the 1:2 resonant orbital ratio and there is significant skepticism of this occurring. We have included the Grand Tack theory because of its ability to explain the character of the inner disk and because it is representative of the fate befallen the inner disks of other systems.
Note 4: Formation of Mercury.
This is the most popular and most studied theory of Mercury’s formation. Despite this many questions remain about the capacity of a collision to strip away Mercury’s mantle. Other theories include Mercury losing its mantle via a series of hit-and-run collisions and then shifting orbits before reabsorbing the debris, its mantle eroding away via asteroid impacts, and its calm formation from an iron-rich innermost fraction of the solar nebula.
Note 5: Solidifying Earth.
The dynamics of the solidifying Earth are extremely complex and unconstrained. It is uncertain whether the Earth developed a solid veneer, how deep the magma oceans stretched or even if they were a global occurrence. Much of this uncertainty lies in the amount of energy available to sustain the magma oceans.
Note 6: Theories surrounding Theia.
There are three competing theories about Theia and its impact with Earth that attempt to explain discrepancies:In the first Theia is a Mars sized proto-planet that has been nurtured in Earth’s gravitational shadow. Thus it obtains a nearly identical chemical composition and survives long into the planetary melee. Ultimately Theia thuds into Earth at an angle, spinning the Earth like a top. Theia’s outer layers spray into the disk but its core subsides into the liquified Earth.Theia is massive in the second scenario, equal in size to the proto-Earth but distinct in composition. One or both the proto-planets are already spinning rapidly. They slump into each other, the prodigious energy from their collision allows thier matter to meld thoroughly. The rapidly spinning system swirls clouds of vaporized mantle into the lunar disk while the two protected cores churn and mingle. After the Moon has formed, the excess angular momentum is drained away by the Sun over eons. In the third scenario a small, blistering fast Theia plows through the Earth but is not captured. Theia fragments but its velocity carries much of the shrapnel out of the coagulating lunar disk, which is instead composed mostly of Earth material. Debates continue between these scenarios and their variations.
Extra thanks to:
Paul Balfe
European SouthernObservatory
Artist’s impression of Corot-7b (NASA/JPL-Caltech)
PaulStewart
FollowJupiter
http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/A... JarvisArtist's rendering of six planets orbiting a Sun-like star, Kepler-11.
Image credit: NASA/Tim Pyle
Kamu Malı, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index...
17
views
1
comment
What Was The Last Common Ancestor of all Life on Earth?
Written & Researched by Leila Battison. Check out her channel:-
/ @somethingincredible
Script & video edited & by Pete Kelly. Check out his channel:-
/ @petekellyhistory
Narrated by David Kelly. Check out his channel:-
/ @voicesofthepast
Thumbnail Art by Ettore Mazza
Artwork by Khail Kupsky
References for this video:-
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/26/sc...
https://ocean.si.edu/ecosystems/deep-...
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1228/...
https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/...
https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/lette...
https://www.nature.com/articles/nmicr...
https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/...
https://phys.org/news/2018-12-luca-un...
https://sci-hub.tw/10.1038/scientific...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112179...
https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo2025
Image credits:-:-
Charles_Darwin_seated.jpg: Henry Maull (1829–1914) and John Fox (1832–1907) (Maull & Fox) [3]derivative work: Beao / Public domain
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi...
https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explor...
http://libraryphoto.cr.usgs.gov/cgi-b...
A. D. Rogers et al. - A. D. Rogers et al. in PLoS Biology
NOAA Okeanos Explorer Program, Galapagos Rift Expedition 2011 - Flickr NOAA Photo Library
Andrew Thurber, Oregon State University - Oregon State University Flickr account: https://www.flickr.com/photos/oregons...
Janderk - transfered from en.wikipedia.org.
Maulucioni y Doridí / CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/...)
Scott Fay / CC BY (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/...)
4
views
Where Did Earth's Water Come From?
Written & Researched by Leila Battison. Check out her channel:-
/ @somethingincredible
Script & video edited & by Pete Kelly. Check out his channel:-
/ @petekellyhistory
Narrated by David Kelly. Check out his channel:-
/ @voicesofthepast
Thumbnail Art by Ettore Mazza
Artwork by Eduardo Valdez
References:-
https://lowell.edu/history/
https://lowell.edu/wp-content/uploads...
https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/ma...
https://www.nasa.gov/content/blue-mar...
https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary...
https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/wa...
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/do...
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/do...
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/do...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
https://web.archive.org/web/201110090...
https://www.space.com/17048-water-on-...
Image sources:-
Iván Éder / CC BY-SA (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/b...)
By Percival Lowell - Яков Перельман - "Далёкие миры". СПб, типография Сойкина (English transliteration: Yakov Perelman - "Distant Worlds". St. Petersburg, Soykin printing house), 1914., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index...
By Mariner 4 - NASA, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index...
By Unknown author - Reconstructed from several online sources by Joe Haythornthwaite, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index...
By John Evans and Howard Periman, USGS - http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyc..., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index...
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
By ESA - European Space Agency & Max-Planck Institute for Solar System Research for OSIRIS Team ESA/MPS/UPD/LAM/IAA/RSSD/INTA/UPM/DASP/IDA - http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Imag..., CC BY-SA 3.0-igo, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index...
By European Southern Observatory / M. Kornmesser - https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso..., CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index...
By Iván Éder - http://www.astroeder.com/digital/C17P..., CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner...
By Frank E. Schoonover (illustration) - Here, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index...
By Henrique Alvim Corrêa - drzeus.best.vhw.net, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index...
2
views
The Mystery of the Late Heavy Bombardment
Researched and Written by William Painter
Revised by Pete & David Kelly
Narrated and Edited by David Kelly
Art Provided by Khail Kupsky
Thumbnail by Ettore Mazza
[1] A collection of radioactive chronometers were employed to reach this date. Most notably these include pairings of U-Pb, Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, and Ar40-Ar39, each of these including a parent atom and a decay product.
[2] Jupiter’s gargantuan mass can inflict chaos on the orbits of smaller bodies over millions and billions of rotations. The danger becomes acute if the orbit of the junior body reflects a ratio of Jupiter’s orbit (for example if the body orbits twice for every single orbit of Jupiter.) In this case the body will pass Jupiter at the same time and place in each orbit and Jupiter’s gravity will pull strongest on the body at the same time and place in each orbit. Over many orbits the slight tug will incrementally draw the junior body out of a circular path and into ever more eccentric ellipses. Eventually this oblong orbit will intersect the orbits of the terrestrial planets.
[3] This phenomenon is called decompression or adiabatic melting is a key feature of plate tectonics on Earth today.
[4] The age of Borealis Basin is somewhat controversial. Without direct access to the physical crater we rely on the fragments of Mars that fall to Earth as meteorites. The oldest known igneous Martian meteorite ALH84001 was forged through the accumulation of crystals floating in a body of magma. It’s therefore postulated that ALH84001 was created during or after the Borealis impact as this event melted half of Mars and deeply buried the other half, erasing any trace of prior martian history.
[5] Around 40% of all meteorites found are classified as H chondrites and most likely originate ultimately from the asteroid 6 Hebe. Around 35% are L chondrites and likely originate from either 433 Eros or 8 Flora. Mesosiderites from 16 Psyche and eucrites from 4 Vesta round off the list of four parent asteroids upon which we find evidence of impacts between 3.5 GA and 4.1 GA. It’s a short list.
[6] Obsessive investigations into the most resilient minerals on the planet, Hadean zircons, unveil a slight bump in temperature between 3.8 and 4.0 billion years ago--the lingering trauma of an otherworldly pummeling? But in all the world only 4 miniscule mineral grains record the bump.
[7] Noting our inability to acquire physical evidence from other planets scientists sought a different way to date geologic features. Since surface imagery was comparatively abundant a sophisticated statistical method was developed to assess age by counting the size and frequency of craters present on a terrain and comparing this size frequency distribution (SFD) to that of a known terrain. This process is fairly effective at achieving relative ages, but caught criticism for some assumptions it makes.
[8] At first glance it appears impossible that the Apollo 16 and 17 sample should come from the Imbrium impact, in each case over a thousand kilometers away. Improved imagery acquired decades later however reveals a radial pattern of debris emanating from Imbrium Basin that overprints both landing sites.
[9] Imbrium is the youngest basin on the near-side of the Moon; much of the volcanism on Mercury ceased by that time; the major basins of Mars all betray the ephemeral presence of liquid water before it vanished from the planet. Echos of this early era still reverberate through the Solar System; solitary giants can wreak havoc especially on our fragile ecosystems, but the terrible scale of the calamity has never again been matched.
[10] In the interest of full disclosure, a continuous (monotonic) bombardment is the perspective that makes the most sense to me. Not only because the physical evidence is sparse and is getting sparser but because the erasure of terrestrial history is a throughline of geology. The destructive power of geologic processes has been on display throughout this narrative and it is a very sensible explanation for the negative anomaly we find in the impact history (a negative anomaly which is now significantly shorter than the “spike” of the LHB.) Furthermore models have consistently shown that while orbital evolution among the gas giants should be expected early on, it’s exceptionally rare for this dynamism to last more than a few 100 MA and virtually impossible for the orbits to calm for several 100 MA then return to a dynamic state. In the absence of a convincing causal mechanism I personally conclude that the LHB is fictitious. (William Painter)
Thanks to:
Mitch Ames - Moon Rock
the Illinois State Museum - Moon Rock Mangolava Imbrium Crater
By Brocken Inaglory, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index... with landing numbers)
NASA/JPL-Caltech
Epidemic Sound for the music
4
views
The Mystery of the Late Heavy Bombardment
Researched and Written by William Painter
Revised by Pete & David Kelly
Narrated and Edited by David Kelly
Art Provided by Khail Kupsky
Thumbnail by Ettore Mazza
[1] A collection of radioactive chronometers were employed to reach this date. Most notably these include pairings of U-Pb, Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, and Ar40-Ar39, each of these including a parent atom and a decay product.
[2] Jupiter’s gargantuan mass can inflict chaos on the orbits of smaller bodies over millions and billions of rotations. The danger becomes acute if the orbit of the junior body reflects a ratio of Jupiter’s orbit (for example if the body orbits twice for every single orbit of Jupiter.) In this case the body will pass Jupiter at the same time and place in each orbit and Jupiter’s gravity will pull strongest on the body at the same time and place in each orbit. Over many orbits the slight tug will incrementally draw the junior body out of a circular path and into ever more eccentric ellipses. Eventually this oblong orbit will intersect the orbits of the terrestrial planets.
[3] This phenomenon is called decompression or adiabatic melting is a key feature of plate tectonics on Earth today.
[4] The age of Borealis Basin is somewhat controversial. Without direct access to the physical crater we rely on the fragments of Mars that fall to Earth as meteorites. The oldest known igneous Martian meteorite ALH84001 was forged through the accumulation of crystals floating in a body of magma. It’s therefore postulated that ALH84001 was created during or after the Borealis impact as this event melted half of Mars and deeply buried the other half, erasing any trace of prior martian history.
[5] Around 40% of all meteorites found are classified as H chondrites and most likely originate ultimately from the asteroid 6 Hebe. Around 35% are L chondrites and likely originate from either 433 Eros or 8 Flora. Mesosiderites from 16 Psyche and eucrites from 4 Vesta round off the list of four parent asteroids upon which we find evidence of impacts between 3.5 GA and 4.1 GA. It’s a short list.
[6] Obsessive investigations into the most resilient minerals on the planet, Hadean zircons, unveil a slight bump in temperature between 3.8 and 4.0 billion years ago--the lingering trauma of an otherworldly pummeling? But in all the world only 4 miniscule mineral grains record the bump.
[7] Noting our inability to acquire physical evidence from other planets scientists sought a different way to date geologic features. Since surface imagery was comparatively abundant a sophisticated statistical method was developed to assess age by counting the size and frequency of craters present on a terrain and comparing this size frequency distribution (SFD) to that of a known terrain. This process is fairly effective at achieving relative ages, but caught criticism for some assumptions it makes.
[8] At first glance it appears impossible that the Apollo 16 and 17 sample should come from the Imbrium impact, in each case over a thousand kilometers away. Improved imagery acquired decades later however reveals a radial pattern of debris emanating from Imbrium Basin that overprints both landing sites.
[9] Imbrium is the youngest basin on the near-side of the Moon; much of the volcanism on Mercury ceased by that time; the major basins of Mars all betray the ephemeral presence of liquid water before it vanished from the planet. Echos of this early era still reverberate through the Solar System; solitary giants can wreak havoc especially on our fragile ecosystems, but the terrible scale of the calamity has never again been matched.
[10] In the interest of full disclosure, a continuous (monotonic) bombardment is the perspective that makes the most sense to me. Not only because the physical evidence is sparse and is getting sparser but because the erasure of terrestrial history is a throughline of geology. The destructive power of geologic processes has been on display throughout this narrative and it is a very sensible explanation for the negative anomaly we find in the impact history (a negative anomaly which is now significantly shorter than the “spike” of the LHB.) Furthermore models have consistently shown that while orbital evolution among the gas giants should be expected early on, it’s exceptionally rare for this dynamism to last more than a few 100 MA and virtually impossible for the orbits to calm for several 100 MA then return to a dynamic state. In the absence of a convincing causal mechanism I personally conclude that the LHB is fictitious. (William Painter)
Thanks to:
Mitch Ames - Moon Rock
the Illinois State Museum - Moon Rock Mangolava Imbrium Crater
By Brocken Inaglory, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index... with landing numbers)
NASA/JPL-Caltech
Epidemic Sound for the music
9
views
What is the Oldest Fossil on Earth?
Written & Researched by Leila Battison. Check out her channel:-
/ @somethingincredible
Script & video edited & by Pete Kelly. Check out his channel:-
/ @petekellyhistory
Narrated by David Kelly. Check out his channel:-
/ @voicesofthepast
Thumbnail Art by Ettore Mazza
Artwork by Khail Kupsky
References:-
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/197...
https://cosmosmagazine.com/biology/ov...
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/201...
https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/mission...
https://helix.northwestern.edu/articl...
Image Credits:-
SIMS analysis of Primaevifilum amoenum, an Apex chert microfossil found in Western Australia, is interpreted to be a methane-consuming γ-Proteobacterium. Source: J.W. Schopf, UCLA.
https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/nai/art...
https://link.springer.com/referencewo...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Hi...
https://theconversation.com/how-we-di...
By Paul Harrison - Photograph taken by Paul Harrison (Reading, UK) using a Sony CyberShot DSC-H1 digital camera., CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index...
By Didier Descouens - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index...
By Ruth Ellison - https://www.flickr.com/photos/laruth/..., CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index...
9
views