ProVaticanus

Mausoleum Hadriani est Castellum S. Angeli #shorts http://www.zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Mausoleum Hadriani est Castellum S. Angeli: Imperator Romanus Hadrianus I fecit sui nominis pontem et sepulcrum iuxta Tiberim. Hadriano . . . mortuo reliquias eius . . . in hortis Domitiae conlocavit. Cum Pachale II obiit aput castellum S. Angeli, in domo iusta (sic) eream portam. #Roma http://www.patreon.com/ProVaticanus

http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus SS. Pius PP. X decrevit formulas Professionis Orthodoxae Fidei et Iurisiurandi Adversus Modernismum (Excerptum de Motu Propio "Sacrorum antistitum" 1 Sept. 1910). #StPiusX #Magisterium #Orthodox http://ProVaticanus.blogspot.com/2010/09/ss-pius-pp-x-decrevit-formulas.html http://twitter.com/ProVaticanus

http://www.zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Contra quoscumque Clericos, tam saeculares quam regulares, nefandi criminis reos. PIUS EPISCOPUS (SANCTUS PIUS Pp. V) SERVUS SERVORUM DEI Ad perpetuam rei memoriam. Horrendum illud scelus, quo pollutae foederatae Civitates a tremendo Dei judicio coflagrarunt, acerbissimum Nobis dolorem inurit, graviterque animum nostrum commovet, ut ad illud, quantum potest, comprimendum, studia nostra conferamus. #1. Sane Lateranensi Concilio dignoscitur constitutum, ut quicumque Clerici, illa incontinentia, quae contra naturam est, propter quam ira Dei venit in filios diffidentiae, deprehensi fuerint laborare, a Clero deiiciantur, vel ad agendum in Monasteriis poenitentiam detrudantur. #2. Verum ne tanti flagitii contagium, impunitatis spe, quae maxima peccandi illecebra est, fidentius invalescat, Clericos hujus nefarii criminis reos, gravius ulciscendos deliberavimus, ut qui animae interitum non horrescunt, hos certe deterreat civilium legum vindex gladius saecularis. #3. Itaque quod Nos iam in ipso Pontificatus nostri principio hac de re decrevimus, plenius nunc, fortiusque persequi intendentes, omnes, & quoscumque Presbyteros, & alios Clericos saeculares, & regulares cujuscumque gradus, & dignitatis, tam dirum nefas exercentes, omni privilegio clericali, omnique officio, dignitate, & beneficio Ecclesiastico praesentis Canonis auctoritate privamus. Ita quod per Judicem Ecclesiasticum degradati, potestati statim saeculari tradantur, qui de eis illud idem capiat supplicium, quod in laicos hoc in exitio devolutos, legitimis reperitur sanctionibus constitutum. Nulli ergo &c. Datum Romae apud S. Petrum, Anno Incarnationis Dominicae 1568. 3. Kal. Sep. Pont. nostri Anno III. --SS. Pius V P.M., Const. Horrendum illud scelus, 30 Aug. 1568, in Bullarium Romanum, Rome: Typographia Reverendae Camerae Apostolicae, Mainardi, 1738, chap. 3, p. 33. #StPiusV #Magisterium #NaturalLaw http://www.twitter.com/ProVaticanus http://www.youtube.com/ProVaticanus

SS. Benedictus PP. XV Declaravit de Catholicismo: "Abstineant se etiam nostri, volumus, iis appellationibus, quae recens usurpari coeptae sunt ad catholicos a catholicis distinguendos: easque non modo devitent uti profanas vocum novitates, quae nec veritati congruunt nec aequitati; sed etiam quia inde magna inter catholicos perturbatio sequitur, magnaque confusio. Vis et natura catholicae fidei est eiusmodi, ut nihil ei possit addi, nihil demi : aut omnis tenetur, aut omnis abiicitur. Haec est fides catholica, quam nisi quisque fideliter firmiterque crediderit, salvus esse non poterit [Symb. Athanas.] . Non igitur opus est appositis ad professionem catholicam significandam; satis habeat unusquisque ita profiteri: 'Christianus mihi nomen, catholicus cognomen'; tantum studeat se re vera eum esse, qui nominatur." [It is, moreover, Our will that Catholics should abstain from certain appellations which have recently been brought into use to distinguish one group of Catholics from another. They are to be avoided not only as "profane novelties of words," out of harmony with both truth and justice, but also because they give rise to great trouble and confusion among Catholics. Such is the nature of Catholicism that it does not admit of more or less, but must be held as a whole or as a whole rejected: "This is the Catholic faith, which unless a man believe faithfully and firmly; he cannot be saved" (Athanas. Creed). There is no need of adding any qualifying terms to the profession of Catholicism: it is quite enough for each one to proclaim "Christian is my name and Catholic my surname," only let him endeavour to be in reality what he calls himself]. Ad beatissimi Apostolorum, 1 Nov. 1924, n. 17 ; Acta Apostolicae Sedis, vol. VI (1914), n. 18, pp. 577. http://twitter.com/ProVaticanus http://ProVaticanus.blogspot.com http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus #Magisterium #Catholicism #BenedictXV

Musica Bella Instrumenti Plani Per Festum Nativitatis Domini NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705821612609634305/ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Angels We Have Heard On High Auld Lang Syne Ave Maria (Schubert) Coventry Carol Deck The Halls For Unto Us Panis Angelicus God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen Good King Wenceslas Hallelujah Chorus Hark! The Herald Angels Sing Here We Come A-Caroling (Wassail Song) I Heard The Bells On Christmas Day I Saw Three Ships In The Bleak Midwinter It Came Upon The Midnight Clear Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring Jingle Bells Jolly Old St. Nicholas Joy To The World O Come All Ye Faithful O Come O Come Emmanuel O Holy Night O Little Town Of Bethlehem Once In Royal David’s City Silent Night The First Noel The Twelve Days of Christmas Up On The Housetop We Three Kings We Wish You A Merry Christmas What Child Is This Sancta Maria O Sanctissima Pachelbel's Canon in D O Tannenbaum I'll Be Home For Christmas Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas White Christmas Silver Bells Feliz Navidad Carol of the Bells Little Drummer Boy Tu Scendi Dalle Stelle Ode to Joy In Dulci Jubilo #ChristmasMusic #MerryChristmas #FelizNavidad Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de Andrea Negative et al pro bono rei publicae (Creative Commons Acknowledgement), cf. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DAXp2w5dljk http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

PROVATICANVS INTENSE EST REI ROMANÆ CATHOLICÆ CHRISTIANÆ ORTHODOXÆQVE #shorts NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705820513098106528/ A.M.D.G. Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de "avl _________" pro bono rei publicae (Creative Commons Acknowledgement), cfr. https://youtu.be/OEvLx_0gH-A #PROVATICANVS #Orthodox #Roman #Catholic #Christian #PVnfts #AMDG #Hardstyle #Intense #Latin http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

Ἡ ΠῘ́ΣΤῘΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΟ ΛΆΒΑΡΟΝ : XP+SPQR : FIDES ET LABARVM NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705819413586388752 https://www.zazzle.com/%e1%bc%a9_%ce%a0%e1%bf%98_%ce%a3%ce%a4%e1%bf%98%ce%a3_%ce%9a%ce%91%ce%99_%ce%a4%ce%9f_%ce%9b%ce%86%ce%92%ce%91%ce%a1%ce%9f%ce%9d_xp_spqr_fides_et_laba_poster-228276039510963081 https://www.zazzle.com/ProVaticanus In Christogramma habemvs potentiam revnificationis, sic dicitvr + : ἐν τούτῳ νίκα = In Hoc Signo Vinces Gratias ago tibi Deo per instrvmenta de Jove Mavro Cámara pro bono Rei Pvblicae (Creative Commons Acknowledgment), cf. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_9UY1P_rHI #Fides #XP #SPQR http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

Symbolum Urbis Romae: Imago lupae in infantia geminos lactens NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705818314074750977/ https://www.zazzle.com/pocvlvm_ab_vrbe_condita_coffee_mug-168910865060124392 In mythologia Romana, Romulus et Remus Latin: [ˈroːmʊlʊs] , [rɛmʊs] ) Sunt gemini fratres, quorum historia narrat de rebus gestis, quae ad urbem Romam conditam et regnum Romanum a Romulo ducti sunt, post Remi parricidam suam. Imago lupae in infantia geminos lactens symbolum urbis Romae fuit et Romanorum antiquorum ab III aCn saltem saeculo. Quamvis narratio ante Romam conditam circiter 750 a.C.n. fiat, nota antiquissima narrationis fabulae scripta est ab exeunte saeculo III aCn. Possibiles historicae bases historiarum, et interpretationes variarum locorum variantium, perennem disceptationem subjiciuntur. Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de Alano Walker et "NinjaToxic !!" pro bono rei publicae (Creative Commons Acknowledgement), Cf. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j87n-BIh8rw #Roma #Vis #Lupa http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

Missa Immaculatae Conceptionis Beatae Mariae Virginis cantatur per chorum Abbatiae Sancti Vulfranni http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705817214563123201/ Placido Costanzi made this modello, or presentation sketch, in preparation for an apse fresco in a Roman church. He may have shown this highly finished oil study to his patrons for approval before embarking on the actual architectural decoration. Costanzi incorporated the curving ribs of the apse, which would have been carved or molded gilt plaster in the church itself, into the ornamental decoration as a frame for the Virgin. Above an elaborate sunburst with her monogram, the Virgin Mary dominates the central panel. Saint Luke, holding a scroll that reads "Ecce Virgo" or "Behold the Virgin," occupies the left panel, and Saint John the Evangelist looks up at her from the right. Costanzi used the typical light palette, weightless putti and angels, and artificial sky of Italian Rococo architectural decorators. Ago gratias Deo per instrumenta de archive.org pro bono rei publicae (Public Domain Acknowledgement), confer: https://archive.org/details/lp_gregorian-chants-volume-3_choeur-des-moines-de-labbaye-st-wandrille #ImmaculateConception #LatinMass #Chant http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

SS. Martinus PP. V convocavit Concilium Basiliense (1 Feb. 1431 A.D.) http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705816115051495425/ Basel had been designated as the place for this ecumenical council by the abortive council of Pavia -- Siena (1423-1424). It was opened on 25 July 1431 by the papal legate, who had been appointed by Pope Martin V in two bulls dated 1 February 1431, Dum onus universalis gregis and Nuper siquidem cupientes shortly before the pope's death on 20 February 1431. A great part of the council's work in the early years was taken up with its quarrel with Pope Eugenius IV, who was accused of wishing to dissolve or transfer the council. The prospect of re-union with the eastern church provided an opportunity to transfer the council to another city. This move was supported by the council fathers loyal to the pope, who however were in a minority, and in the 25th session they voted for the city of Ferrara. There the council was re-opened on 8 January 1438, Pope Eugenius IV later attending in person. Some historians doubt the ecumenicity of the first 25 sessions at Basel. All agree that the sessions held at Basel after the 25th session until the final one on 25 April 1449 cannot be regarded as sessions of an ecumenical council. The Greek bishops and theologians attended the council of Ferrara from 9 April 1438. The council was transferred to Florence on 10 January 1439. There, in the session on 6 July 1439, the decree of union with the Greek church was approved. Subsequently decrees of union with the Armenian and Coptic churches were approved. Finally the council was transferred to Rome on 24 February 1443. There other decrees of union with the Bosnians, the Syrians and finally with the Chaldeans and Maronites of Cyprus, were approved. The last session of the council was held on 7 August 1445. The decisions taken at Basel have the form of conciliar decrees. Those taken at Ferrara, Florence and Rome are almost always in the form of bulls, since the pope was presiding in person; in these cases the decree mentions the council's approval and contains the words "in a solemnly celebrated general session of the synod". #MartinV #ArtBasel #NFT http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus

Τὸ Δεσποτᾶτον τῆς Ἠπείρου - Despotatus Epiri #EDU Το Δεσποτάτο της Ηπείρου ήταν ένα από τα κράτη που προέκυψαν από τη διάλυση της Βυζαντινής Αυτοκρατορίας μετά την Δ΄ Σταυροφορία το 1204. Το Δεσποτάτο της Ηπείρου, μαζί με την Αυτοκρατορία της Νίκαιας και την Αυτοκρατορία της Τραπεζούντας, ήταν η νόμιμη ελληνική συνέχεια της Βυζαντινής Αυτοκρατορίας. Αρχικά περιείχε τα εδάφη της Ηπείρου και της Αιτωλοακαρνανίας, όμως γρήγορα επεκτάθηκε στα Επτάνησα καθώς και σε σημαντικά τμήματα της Αλβανίας, της Θεσσαλίας, της Μακεδονίας και της Θράκης. Από τα μέσα του 13ου αιώνα άρχισε να συρρικνώνεται στα αρχικά του όρια, ενώ κατά διαστήματα υποτάχθηκε στους Σέρβους και στο κράτος της Νίκαιας. Στα μέσα του 15ου αιώνα κατακτήθηκε από τους Οθωμανούς. Με έδρα την Άρτα και αργότερα τα Ιωάννινα, διοικήθηκε διαδοχικά από Βυζαντινούς, Σέρβους και Ιταλούς ηγεμόνες. Η φεουδαλική υπόσταση του κράτους οδήγησε συχνά τους ηγέτες του σε μία σειρά συμμαχιών, επιγαμιών και συγκρούσεων, με Φράγκους, Ιταλούς, Σέρβους, Βουλγάρους, Βυζαντινούς ηγεμόνες του κράτους της Νίκαιας, καθώς και με Αλβανούς και Βλάχους φυλάρχους. Despotatus Epiri fuit una e civitatibus Graecis, quae in territorio antea Imperii Romani Orientalis post quartam expeditionem sacram anno 1204 ortae sunt. Civitas finibus alternis usque ad saeculum decimum quartum exeuntem exstabat. Regiones principales erant Epirus, quae regio civitati nomen dedit, et Acarnania. Civitati continuae cum potentiis regionalibus pugnae erant gerendae, primo cum Bulgaris et Imperio Byzantino, quod rursus corroboratum est, postea cum Regno Neapolitano et Imperio Serbico, quae omnia Epirum ad imperium eorum adiungere studebant. In plura dominia dilapsus Epirus inter anno 1386-1449 gradatim in Imperium Ottomanicum insertus est. Appellatio "Despotatus Epiri" fontibus illius temporis non adhibetur, nam despota ordinem in aulae byzantinae hierarchia denotat. Epirus autem semper autonomus ab Imperium Nicaeum sive ab Imperium Romanum restitutum fuit. Plerumque principes se Archontes aut simpliciter Kyrioi nominabant. Nihilo minus quidam Epiri principes post annum 1230 ab imperator byzantino titulo despotae ornati sunt. The Despotate of Epirus (Medieval Greek: Δεσποτᾶτον τῆς Ἠπείρου) was one of the Greek successor states of the Roman-Byzantine Empire established in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade in 1204 by a branch of the Angelos dynasty. It claimed to be the legitimate successor of the Roman-Byzantine Empire, along with the Empire of Nicaea and the Empire of Trebizond, its rulers briefly proclaiming themselves as Emperors in 1227–1242 (during which it is most often called the Empire of Thessalonica). The term "Despotate of Epirus" is, like (Roman) "Byzantine Empire" itself, a modern historiographic convention and not a name in use at the time. The Despotate was centred on the region of Epirus, encompassing also Albania and the western portion of Greek Macedonia and also included Thessaly and western Greece as far south as Nafpaktos. Through a policy of aggressive expansion under Theodore Komnenos Doukas the Despotate of Epirus also briefly came to incorporate central Macedonia, with the establishment of the Empire of Thessalonica in 1224, and Thrace as far east as Didymoteicho and Adrianopolis, and was on the verge of recapturing Constantinople and restoring the Roman-Byzantine Empire before the Battle of Klokotnitsa in 1230 where he was defeated by the Bulgarian Empire. After that, the Epirote state contracted to its core in Epirus and Thessaly, and was forced into vassalage to other regional powers. It nevertheless managed to retain its autonomy until being conquered by the restored Palaiologan Roman-Byzantine Empire in ca. 1337. In the 1410s, the Count palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos Carlo I Tocco managed to reunite the core of the Epirote state, but his successors gradually lost it to the advancing Ottoman Empire, with the last stronghold, Vonitsa, falling to the Ottomans in 1479. Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de "Motokishita" pro bono rei publicae (Creative Commons Acknowledgement), cf. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7m55VA7yFPQ #Epirus #RomanEmpire http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

Aestivate per Depostatum Epiri ad majorem gloriam XP+SPQR #Ήπειρος NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705813916028239873/ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Το Δεσποτάτο της Ηπείρου ήταν ένα από τα κράτη που προέκυψαν από τη διάλυση της Βυζαντινής Αυτοκρατορίας μετά την Δ΄ Σταυροφορία το 1204. Το Δεσποτάτο της Ηπείρου, μαζί με την Αυτοκρατορία της Νίκαιας και την Αυτοκρατορία της Τραπεζούντας, ήταν η νόμιμη ελληνική συνέχεια της Βυζαντινής Αυτοκρατορίας. Αρχικά περιείχε τα εδάφη της Ηπείρου και της Αιτωλοακαρνανίας, όμως γρήγορα επεκτάθηκε στα Επτάνησα καθώς και σε σημαντικά τμήματα της Αλβανίας, της Θεσσαλίας, της Μακεδονίας και της Θράκης. Από τα μέσα του 13ου αιώνα άρχισε να συρρικνώνεται στα αρχικά του όρια, ενώ κατά διαστήματα υποτάχθηκε στους Σέρβους και στο κράτος της Νίκαιας. Στα μέσα του 15ου αιώνα κατακτήθηκε από τους Οθωμανούς. Με έδρα την Άρτα και αργότερα τα Ιωάννινα, διοικήθηκε διαδοχικά από Βυζαντινούς, Σέρβους και Ιταλούς ηγεμόνες. Η φεουδαλική υπόσταση του κράτους οδήγησε συχνά τους ηγέτες του σε μία σειρά συμμαχιών, επιγαμιών και συγκρούσεων, με Φράγκους, Ιταλούς, Σέρβους, Βουλγάρους, Βυζαντινούς ηγεμόνες του κράτους της Νίκαιας, καθώς και με Αλβανούς και Βλάχους φυλάρχους. Despotatus Epiri fuit una e civitatibus Graecis, quae in territorio antea Imperii Romani Orientalis post quartam expeditionem sacram anno 1204 ortae sunt. Civitas finibus alternis usque ad saeculum decimum quartum exeuntem exstabat. Regiones principales erant Epirus, quae regio civitati nomen dedit, et Acarnania. Civitati continuae cum potentiis regionalibus pugnae erant gerendae, primo cum Bulgaris et Imperio Byzantino, quod rursus corroboratum est, postea cum Regno Neapolitano et Imperio Serbico, quae omnia Epirum ad imperium eorum adiungere studebant. In plura dominia dilapsus Epirus inter anno 1386-1449 gradatim in Imperium Ottomanicum insertus est. Appellatio "Despotatus Epiri" fontibus illius temporis non adhibetur, nam despota ordinem in aulae byzantinae hierarchia denotat. Epirus autem semper autonomus ab Imperium Nicaeum sive ab Imperium Romanum restitutum fuit. Plerumque principes se Archontes aut simpliciter Kyrioi nominabant. Nihilo minus quidam Epiri principes post annum 1230 ab imperator byzantino titulo despotae ornati sunt. The Despotate of Epirus (Medieval Greek: Δεσποτᾶτον τῆς Ἠπείρου) was one of the Greek successor states of the Roman-Byzantine Empire established in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade in 1204 by a branch of the Angelos dynasty. It claimed to be the legitimate successor of the Roman-Byzantine Empire, along with the Empire of Nicaea and the Empire of Trebizond, its rulers briefly proclaiming themselves as Emperors in 1227–1242 (during which it is most often called the Empire of Thessalonica). The term "Despotate of Epirus" is, like (Roman) "Byzantine Empire" itself, a modern historiographic convention and not a name in use at the time. The Despotate was centred on the region of Epirus, encompassing also Albania and the western portion of Greek Macedonia and also included Thessaly and western Greece as far south as Nafpaktos. Through a policy of aggressive expansion under Theodore Komnenos Doukas the Despotate of Epirus also briefly came to incorporate central Macedonia, with the establishment of the Empire of Thessalonica in 1224, and Thrace as far east as Didymoteicho and Adrianopolis, and was on the verge of recapturing Constantinople and restoring the Roman-Byzantine Empire before the Battle of Klokotnitsa in 1230 where he was defeated by the Bulgarian Empire. After that, the Epirote state contracted to its core in Epirus and Thessaly, and was forced into vassalage to other regional powers. It nevertheless managed to retain its autonomy until being conquered by the restored Palaiologan Roman-Byzantine Empire in ca. 1337. In the 1410s, the Count palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos Carlo I Tocco managed to reunite the core of the Epirote state, but his successors gradually lost it to the advancing Ottoman Empire, with the last stronghold, Vonitsa, falling to the Ottomans in 1479. Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de "𝐇𝐮𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐔𝐓 𝖮𝖿𝖿𝗂𝖼𝗂𝖺𝗅 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙" et "M.I.K.E. Push" pro bono rei publicae (Creative Commons Acknowledgement), cf. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bpQHdQxCU5A #Epirus #RomanEmpire #Orthodoxy #RomanReigns #XP #SPQR #Roma #Greek #Albania #Catholic #Roma #Citadel #DespotateofEpirus #Tocco #Byzantine #RomanState #Politics #EasternRomanHistory #Christianity #Rump #SheIsBack #Romance http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

Ο Κωνσταντίνος Παλαιολόγος (γιος Ανδρέα) Ο Διοικητής της φρουράς του Πάπα Ιουλίου Β΄ NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705812816516612097/ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Ο Κωνσταντίνος Παλαιολόγος ήταν βυζαντινής καταγωγής ευγενής του Παπικού κράτους και πρίγκιπας της Βυζαντινής Αυτοκρατορίας και Αυτοκράτορας των Ρωμαίων (1512-1543), τιτουλάριος εφόσον η αυτοκρατορία δεν υφίσταται. Ήταν γιος του Ανδρέα Παλαιολόγου, τιτουλάριου βυζαντινού αυτοκράτορα και της Αικατερίνης, ή της δεύτερης γυναίκας του πατέρα του, βυζαντινής καταγωγής λαϊκή, είχε μία αδελφή την Μαρία. Ο Κωνσταντίνος που είχε γεννηθεί στην Ιταλία, πιθανότατα στην Ρώμη και στο Παπικό κράτος, υπηρέτησε ως στρατιωτικός στην προσωπική φρουρά του πάπα κι αργότερα, αναφέρεται από το 1508, έγινε και διοικητής της φρουράς. Πέθανε γύρω στο 1543, άγνωστο εάν παντρεύτηκε ή αν είχε απογόνους. Constantine Palaiologos was of Byzantine-Roman origin, a noble of the Papal State and a prince of the Byzantine-Roman Empire and Emperor of the Romans (1512-1543), titular since the empire did not exist. He was the son of Andreas Palaiologos , titular Byzantine-Roman emperor and Catherine, or his father's second wife , a laywoman of Byzantine-Roman origin, he had one sister Maria . Constantine, who was born in Italy, probably in Rome and in the Papal State, served as a soldier in the personal guard of the pope and later, it is mentioned from 1508 , he also became commander of the guard. He died about 1543, unknown if he married or had issue. Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de Peiroten pro bono rei publicae (Creative Commons Acknowledgement), cf. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6hP5uEhNHe0 #TheLastRoman #PapalGuard #ConstantinePalaiologos http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

Titvlvs Patricivs Romanorvm datvs est Pippino a SS. Stephano II P.M. (28 Iul. 754 A.D.) http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705811717004984321/ July 28, 754 – Pope Stephen II re-consecrates Pepin III (the Short) as king of the Franks, at the Basilica of Saint-Denis outside Paris, bestowing upon him the additional title of Patricius of the Romans. This marks the first recorded crowning of a civil ruler by a pope. Pepin assumes the role of ordained protector of the Catholic Church. PATRICIUS ROMANORUM Patrician of the Romans, an honorary title instituted by Emperor constantine i (306–37) as a personal distinction for his principal juridical and military officers. The emperors of the fifth and sixth centuries conferred it, with other honors such as the consulate, upon barbarian chieftains, as well as upon high imperial officials; individual kings of the Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Franks, and Burgundians all held the title. The patriciate remained honorific. In the West, it survived the imperial collapse of the seventh and eighth centuries only in Italy, where the fact that the effective imperial representative, the exarch of ravenna, was also patricius gave the title genuine political content. After the lombards suppressed the exarchate in the eighth century, the patriciate assumed a new character, which it retained until its extinction. In their search for a ruler to assume the duties of defense that the exarchs had formerly owed to the bishops of Rome, the popes of the late eighth century granted the patriciate to their chosen defenders, the Frankish kings. Pope stephen ii conferred the title upon pepin iii the Short and his sons charlemagne and carloman in 754, when he also anointed and crowned them as kings of the Franks, specifically designating them as protectors of the Roman Church. In 781 Charlemagne likewise saw Pope adrian i anoint and crown his sons Pepin and Louis as kings and proclaim them patricii. The title thus came to be an ancillary distinction of the Frankish kings peculiarly expressive of their political and military obligations in Italy, and after the coronation of Charlemagne as emperor (800), it became an attribute of the imperial office itself. Some scholars have maintained that in bestowing the patriciate, Stephen II and Adrian I deliberately usurped prerogatives of the Byzantine emperors and moved to adapt to papal direction what had been the most powerful imperial office in Italy. The patriciate, however, retained the institutional independence of papal authority that it had held in the time of the exarchate, and, though it was frequently bestowed by medieval popes to secure temporal defenders, it was also assumed in other ways by persons hostile to the papacy. Thus, heads of the great Roman family the crescentii, claimed the patriciate by popular election late in the tenth century, and turned the official powers they attributed to the office toward undermining the alliance between the papacy and the Ottonian rulers at the same time that the emperors themselves used the title "by apostolic benediction." Likewise, Emperor Henry IV, who wore the golden circlet of the patricius at least as early as 1061, commanded Pope Gregory VII to descend from the throne of St. Peter by virtue of the patriciate he held "through the bestowal of God and the sworn assent of the Romans" (1076). Still, because of its close association with papal prerogatives, the insurgent Roman commune abolished the office (1144–45). Bibliography: l. von heinemann, Der Patriziat der deutschen Könige: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Beziehungen zwischen Staat und Kirche im Mittelalter (Wolfenbüttel 1888). f. gregorovius, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages, tr. a. hamilton, 8 v. in 13 (London 1894–1902). l. halphen, Charlemagne et l'empire carolingien (Paris 1947). l. brÉhier, Le monde byzantine (Paris 1947–50) v.2, Les institutions de l'empire byzantine. r. folz, L'idée d'empire en occident du Ve au XIVe siècle (Paris 1953); Le couronnement impérial de Charlemagne (Paris 1964). p. e. schramm, Herrschaftszeichen und Staatssymbolik, 3 v. (Schriften der Monumenta Germaniae historica 13; Stuttgart 1954–56). o. treitinger, Die oströmische Kaiser-und Reichsidee nach ihrer Gestaltung im höfischen Zeremoniell (2d ed. Darmstadt 1956). j. deÉr, "Die Vorrechte des Kaisers im Rom (772–800)," Schweizerische Beiträge zur allgemeinen Geschichte 15 (1957) 5–63. w. ullmann, The Growth of Papal Government in the Middle Ages (2d ed. New York 1962). Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de L. Stilson pro bono rei publicae, (Creative Commons Acknowledgement): cf. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rR7XCS2RtoM #Pepin #PatriciusRomanorum #NFT http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

A.D. 751 S. Zacharias PP. I Mandavit Pippino [Quotatio Brevis Ad Fontes] #quotes http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Pepin the Short (French: Pépin le Bref; c. 714 – 24 September 768), also called the Younger (Ger. Pippin der Jüngere), was King of the Franks from 751 until his death in 768. He was the first Carolingian to become king. The younger was the son of the Frankish prince Charles Martel and his wife Rotrude, Pepin's upbringing was distinguished by the ecclesiastical education he had received from the monks of St. Denis. Succeeding his father as the Mayor of the Palace in 741, Pepin reigned over Francia jointly with his elder brother Carloman. Pepin ruled in Neustria, Burgundy, and Provence, while his older brother Carloman established himself in Austrasia, Alemannia, and Thuringia. The brothers were active in suppressing revolts led by the Bavarians, Aquitanians, Saxons, and the Alemanni in the early years of their reign. In 743, they ended the Frankish interregnum by choosing Childeric III, who was to be the last Merovingian monarch, as figurehead king of the Franks. Being well disposed towards the church and papacy on account of their ecclesiastical upbringing, Pepin and Carloman continued their father's work in supporting Saint Boniface in reforming the Frankish church, and evangelizing the Saxons. After Carloman, who was an intensely pious man, retired to religious life in 747, Pepin became the sole ruler of the Franks. He suppressed a revolt led by his half-brother Grifo, and succeeded in becoming the undisputed master of all Francia. Giving up pretense, Pepin then forced Childeric into a monastery and had himself proclaimed king of the Franks with support of Pope Zachary in 751. The decision was not supported by all members of the Carolingian family and Pepin had to put down a revolt led by Carloman's son, Drogo, and again by Grifo. As king, Pepin embarked on an ambitious program to expand his power. He reformed the legislation of the Franks and continued the ecclesiastical reforms of Boniface. Pepin also intervened in favour of the papacy of Stephen II against the Lombards in Italy. In the midsummer of 754, Stephen II anointed Pepin afresh, together with his two sons, Charles and Carloman. The ceremony took place in the Abbey Church of St. Denis, near Paris, and the Pope formally forbade the Franks ever to elect as king anyone who was not of the sacred race of Pepin. He also bestowed upon Pepin and his sons the title of 'Patrician of Rome'. Pepin was able to secure several cities, which he then gave to the Pope as part of the Donation of Pepin. This formed the legal basis for the Papal States in the Middle Ages. The Byzantines, keen to make good relations with the growing power of the Frankish empire, gave Pepin the title of Patricius. In wars of expansion, Pepin conquered Septimania from the Islamic Umayyads, and subjugated the southern realms by repeatedly defeating Waiofar and his Gascon troops, after which the Gascon and Aquitanian lords saw no option but to pledge loyalty to the Franks. Pepin was, however, troubled by the relentless revolts of the Saxons and the Bavarians. He campaigned tirelessly in Germany, but the final subjugation of these tribes was left to his successors. Pepin died in 768 and was succeeded by his sons Charlemagne and Carloman. Although unquestionably one of the most powerful and successful rulers of his time, Pepin's reign is largely overshadowed by that of his more famous son, Charlemagne. A.D. 751 S. Zacharias PP. I mandavit Pippino quod «melius sibi videri illum regem vocari, qui potestatem haberet, quam illum, qui sine regali potestate manebat». Έτος Κυρίου 751: Ο Πάπας Άγιος Ζαχάριος ο Πρώτος έδωσε εντολή στον Πεπίνο γιατί «είναι καλύτερο να λέγεται εκείνος που κρατά την εξουσία του Βασιλιά στα χέρια του, παρά έναν που μένει χωρίς εξουσίες». A.D. 751: Pope St. Zachary I mandated to Pepin because [quote]«it is better to call the person who holds the power of the King in his hands, rather than one, who remains without powers»[end quote]. An du Seigneur 751 : Pape saint Zacharie 1er mandaté à Pépin car « il vaut mieux appeler celui qui détient le pouvoir du Roi entre ses mains, plutôt que celui qui reste sans pouvoirs ». Año del Señor 751: El Papa San Zacarías I encomendó a Pipino porque «más vale llamar al que tiene en sus manos el poder del Rey, que al que se queda sin poderes». FONTES: Reginonis Prumiensis Abbatis Chronica: Liber de gestis regum Francorum, Ann. 749-750; J.P. Migne, Patrologia Latina (Patrologiae Cursus Completus. Series Latina), Tom. CXXXII, Col. 47B. #PopeZachary #Pepin #Childeric #Vatican #PontificalStates #Byzantines #RomanEmpire #Roma #InternationalLaw #Italia #France #Alliance #mandatum #ITA #Lombards #Italy #Franks #Supremacy #Papacy #CatholicChurch #InternationalAffairs #Magisterium #machiavelli #Politics #Legitimacy #DidYouKnow #Latin #Greek #French #Spanish #English #ThePrince #Briefs #edu http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

NVMMVS: GREGORIVS . III . - . PONT . M . - ADORABO . IN . TEMPLO . SAN . TVO . (~741 A.D.) http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Ο Γρηγόριος Γ΄ σε παπικό μετάλλιο του 8ου αιώνα (εμπρόσθια όψη). Ο Γρηγόριος Γ΄ σε παπικό μετάλλιο του 8ου αιώνα (οπίσθια όψη). Gregorius III (natus die ignoto in Syria; obiit die 29 Novembris 741) fuit episcopus Romae et Papa Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae a die 18 Martii 731. Pauca de Gregorio nota sunt, antequam papa factus est. Gregorius III primus papa fuit, qui contra Langobardos auxilium Francorum petivit. Die 1 Novembris 731 Iconoclastiae fautores damnavit. (Reigned 731-741.) Pope St. Gregory III was the son of a Syrian named John. The date of his birth is not known. His reputation for learning and virtue was so great that the Romans elected him pope by acclamation, when he was accompanying the funeral procession of his predecessor, 11 February, 731. As he was not consecrated for more than a month after his election, it is presumed that he waited for the confirmation of his election by the exarch at Ravenna. In the matter of Iconoclasm, he followed the policy of his predecessor. He sent legates and letters to remonstrate with the persecuting emperor, Leo III, and held two synods in Rome (731) in which the image-breaking heresy was condemned. By way of a practical protest against the emperor's action he made it a point of paying special honour to images and relics, giving particular attention to the subject of St. Peter's. Fragments of inscriptions, to be seen in the crypts of the Vatican basilica, bear witness to this day of an oratory he built therein, and of the special prayers he ordered to be there recited. Leo, whose sole answer to the arguments and apologies for image worship which were addressed to him from both East and West, was force, seized the papal patrimonies in Calabria and Sicily, or wherever he had any power in Italy, and transferred to the patriarch of Constantinople the ecclesiastical jurisdiction which the popes had previously exercised both there, and throughout the ancient Prefecture of Illyricum. Gregory III confirmed the decision of his predecessors as to the respective rights of the Patriarchs of Aquileia and Grado, and sent the pallium to Antoninus of Grado. In granting it also to Egbert of York, he was only following out the arrangements of St. Gregory I who had laid it down that York was to have metropolitical rights in the North of England, as Canterbury had to have them in the South. Both Tatwine and Nothelm of Canterbury received the pallium in succession from Gregory III (731 and 736). At his request Gregory III extended to St. Boniface the same support and encouragement which had been afforded him by Gregory II. "Strengthened exceedingly by the help of the affection of the Apostolic See", the saint joyfully continued his glorious work for the conversion of Germany. About 737 Boniface came to Rome for the third time to give an account of his stewardship, and to enjoy the pope's "life-giving conversation", At Gregory's order the monk and great traveller, St. Willibald, went to assist his cousin St. Boniface in his labours. The close of Gregory's reign was troubled by the Lombards. Realizing the ambition which animated Liutprand, Gregory completed the restoration of the walls of Rome which had been begun by his predecessors, and bought back Gallese, a stronghold on the Flaminian Way, from Transamund, Duke of Spoleto, which helped to keep open the communications between Rome and Ravenna. In 739, Liutprand was again in arms. His troops ravaged the exarchate, and he himself marched south to bring to subjection his vassals, the Dukes of Spoleto and Benevento, and the Duchy of Rome. Transamund fled to Rome, and Gregory implored the aid of the great Frankish chief, Charles Martel. At length ambassadors from the viceroy (subregulus) of the Franks appeared in Rome (739). Their arrival, or the summer heats, brought a momentary peace. But in the following year, Liutprand again took the field. This time the Romans left their walls, and helped Transamund to recover Spoleto. When, however, he had recovered his duchy, he would not or could not comply with Gregory's request, and endeavour to recover for the pope "the four cities of the Roman duchy which had been lost for his sake." In the midst of all these wars and rumours of war, Gregory died, and was buried in the oratory of our Lady which he had himself built in St. Peter's. He died in 741, but whether in November or December is not certain. It is however, on 28 November that he is commemorated in the Roman martyrology. N.B., Pope Gregory III (731-41) dedicated an oratory in the original St. Peter's Basilica in honor of all the saints on Nov. 1, and this date then became the official date for the celebration of the feast of All Saints in Rome. Gratias ago tibi Deo per instrumenta de Jove Mauro Cámara pro bono rei publicae. #StGregory #Numismatics #Halloween http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

S. Nicolai Magni PP. I Canon de sententiis atque interdictis Sedis Apostolicae NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705815015539867649/ Hoc opus factum est per YouTube Video Editor http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus S. Nicolaus “Magnus” PP. I apud Concilium Romanum (863 A.D.) decrevit: Cap. 5. Si quis dogmata, mandata, interdicta, sanctiones vel decreta pro catholica fide, pro ecclesiastica disciplina, pro correctione fidelium, pro emendatione sceleratorum vel interdictione imminentium vel futurorum malorum a Sedis Apostolicae praeside salubriter promulgata contempserit, anathema sit. Epistola Scelus quod (Adoni Viennensi achiepiscopo), 30 Oct. 863, Cap. 5; Acta Pontificum Romanorum inedita, ed. Dr. J. v. Pflugk-Harttung (Stutgardiae: Verlag Von W. Kohlhammer, 1884), Vol. II, n. 58, p. 30; Sacrorum Conciliorum Nova et Amplissima Collectio, ed. Joannes Dominicus Mansi (Venetiis: Apud Antonium Zatta, 1770), Tom. XV, Col. 652. #Magisterium #ApostolicSee #Anathema http://twitter.com/ProVaticanus

Custodes aput portam Constantinopolis - Οι φύλακες στην πύλη της Κωνσταντινούπολης NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705810617493356545/ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Expugnatio Constantinopolis anni 1453 (Graece: Άλωσις της Κωνσταντινουπόλεως, Turcice: İstanbul'un Fethi) per Ottomanidas Imperii Romani Orientalis finem fecit. Cum Sultanus Mahometus II copiis magnis praefuit, ultimo imperatori Byzantino Constantino XI milites pauci fuerunt. Expugnata urbe non solum longaevum Imperium interiit sed etiam Imperium Ottomanicum adeo convaluit ut inde inter primas potestates Europae numeraretur. Sunt rerum gestarum scriptores, qui eventus iste gravis limitem inter Medium Aevum atque initium Renascentiae declarent. Η Άλωση της Κωνσταντινούπολης υπήρξε το αποτέλεσμα της πολιορκίας της βυζαντινής πρωτεύουσας, της οποίας Αυτοκράτορας ήταν ο Κωνσταντίνος ΙΑ΄ Παλαιολόγος, από τον οθωμανικό στρατό, με επικεφαλής τον σουλτάνο Μωάμεθ Β΄. Η πολιορκία διήρκεσε από τις 6 Απριλίου έως την Τρίτη, 29 Μαΐου 1453 (Ιουλιανό ημερολόγιο). Η άλωση αυτή της Κωνσταντινούπολης, σήμανε και το τέλος της υπερχιλιετούς Βυζαντινής Αυτοκρατορίας. #Constantinople #ConstantineXI #RomanEmpire Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de "AudioMachine" et "Drake Yin's New Music Channel" pro bono rei publicae - cf. recognition for Creative Commons production: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TC5yVoV2v0 http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

OBELISCVS VATICANVS #shorts http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus #Vatican #StPeters Obeliscus Vaticanus: * the obelisk from Heliopolis erected by Caligula on the spina of the circus Gai et Neronis (CIL VI.882; Plin. NH XVI.201; XXXVI.74, where the reading is uncertain, cf. BC 1897, 226), and now standing in front of S. Peter's. In the Middle Ages it was called the tomb of Julius Caesar, whose ashes were supposed to be contained in a gilt ball on its top, now in the Museo dei Conservatori (Mirabilia 20; p371 Jord. II.429, 625; JRS 1919, 43, 56; Cons. 171; Bullar. Vatican. I.25 (a.1023 Leo IX); Urlichs 228). It is a monolith of red granite, without hieroglyphs, 25.36 metres in height (cf. Not. Brev. and Jord. II.187), and was moved from its ancient to its present site by Fontana, at the command of Sixtus V (LS IV.144‑147; LR 554, and literature cited, for removal​1), having stood erect from the time when it was brought to the city (HJ 657; BC 1897, 225‑227 = Ob. Eg. 149‑151). The vessel which brought it was used as the nucleus of the central breakwater on which the pharos stood (Suet. Claud. 20) or the left-hand breakwater (Plin. NH XVI.76; XXXVI.4) of the Claudian harbour of Portus Augusti (Porto) (NS 1907, 734‑740).​a The mediaeval church of S. Stefanus de Agulia took its name from it​b (HCh 472). Ago tibi gratis Deo per instrumenta de "Raw Curgy Gaming" pro bono rei publicae (Creative Commons Acknowledgement), cf. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ry0dITzBJEU http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus

LENTE DESCENDAS ME - TRIBVTVM PSS. THEODOSIO MAGNO PER IMPERIVM PRO XP+SPQR 380-395 A.D. NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705774333609639937/ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Flavius Theodosius (Caucae apud Segoviam natus die 11 Ianuarii 347 – obiit in Mediolani die 17 Ianuarii 395), qui dicitur etiam Theodosius Magnus, fuit imperator, ultimus omnis Imperii Romani ab anno 379 usque ad mortem. Edicta eius Christianismum ut sola religio legitima effecerunt et Ecclesiam Catholicam plene comprobaverunt. Postea imperium inter liberos eius Honorium et Arcadium divisum est. Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de Tevvez et Dark Bass pro bono rei publicae: N.B., Creative Commons Acknowledgement "Alec Benjamin - Let Me Down Slowly Tevvez Remix Parallel Universe (Bass Boosted)": Cf: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3IqCGywv8Rs #Theodosius #RomanEmpire #HispanicHeritageMonth http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

Imperium & Magisterium (On Roman Law Concept in State Continuity & Ecclesiastical Union) http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus The precept “sovereignty within a polity cannot be divided” includes understanding more contextually the triage of the Roman State’s Civic, Republican, Military, and Byzantine Continuity in context of the Roman Law concept of “command” & “empire”. Here are additional notes for articulation towards understanding the imperium of the Roman State and how it co-existed in greater complexity but remained a unified body and also in union with the Catholic Church by means of the magisterium... #Magisterium #Imperium #Rome http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

#shorts CONSTANTINVS MAGNVS EST COLOSVSS PRO XP+SPQR NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705809517981728769/ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus The great head, arms and legs of the Colossus were carved from white marble, while the rest of the body consisted of a brick core and wooden framework, possibly covered with gilded bronze. Judging by the size of the remaining pieces, the seated, enthroned figure would have been about 12 meters (40 feet) high. The head is about 21⁄2 meters tall and each foot is over 2 meters long. One of the two right hands of the Colossus. The statue's right hand is said by Eusebius to have held "a trophy of the Saviour's passion with the saving sign of the Cross", possibly therefore in the form of a staff with the sacred monogram XP affixed to it. Medals minted by Constantine at about this time show him so decorated. Eusebius further records the Latin inscription engraved below the statue, which may be translated as follows: through this sign of salvation, which is the true symbol of goodness, i rescued your city and freed it from the tyrant's yoke, and through my act of liberation i restored the senate and people of rome to their ancient renown and splendour. The great head is carved in a typical, abstract, Constantinian style ('hieratic emperor style') of late Roman portrait statues, whereas the other body parts are naturalistic, even down to callused toes and bulging forearm veins. The head was perhaps meant to convey the transcendence of the other-worldly nature of the Emperor over the human sphere, notable in its larger-than-life-size eyes which gaze toward eternity from a rigidly impersonal, frontal face. The treatment of the head shows a synthesis of individualistic portraiture: aquiline nose, deep jaw and prominent chin characteristic of all images of Constantine, with the trends of late Roman portraiture which focus on symbolism and abstraction, rather than detail. Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de Tevvez ex ZYZZ GYM HARDSTYLE - Maroon 5 Payphone (Aftergeneration Bootleg Remix) pro bono rei publicae - Creative Commons Acknowledgement - Cf. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=upG13Xmmz04 #Constantine #Roma http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

IMPERIUM (Roman Law Concept) http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus IMPERIUM, as a concept taken from Roman Law, in Latin means “command” & “empire”, is the supreme executive power in the Roman state, involving both military and judicial authority. It was exercised first by the kings of Rome; under the Republic (--circa years 509 through 27 B.C.) it was held by the chief magistrates (that is: consuls, dictators, praetors, military tribunes with consular power, and masters of the cavalry) and private citizens entrusted with a special command. In the later Republic, proconsuls, propraetors, second members of certain commissions also possessed the imperium. Restrictions on its use were instituted from the inception of the Republic. The principle of collegiality provided that each of the magistrates of the same level (that is for example: the two consuls) who held it should hold it to the same degree. Down to the 2nd century B.C., a series of laws was passed requiring trials for Roman citizens in capital cases, and also the right of appeal to the people (or ius provocandi ad populum). The same rights were conventionally extended to Roman citizens in the military or other official service outside Rome. Magistrates were required to exercise imperium within the limits of their office (or provincia). Imperium was officially conferred by the Comitia Curiata (as the popular assembly) for one year or until the official completed his commission. Only in the last years of the Republic was the imperium granted for specific terms beyond one year. Caesar’s opponent Pompey was the first to receive such a commission, specifically for three years by the Lex Gabinia (--circa year 67 B.C.). Octavian obtained the imperium as holder of various offices under the Republic before he became the first emperor, under the name of Augustus, in year 27 B.C. From then on he was granted imperium for periods of 10 or 5 years by the Senate throughout his tenure of office. The Senate thereafter voted the imperium to each succeeding emperor upon his accession. Some emperors, such as Augustus, had it voted to their chosen successor. Under the empire the title imperator (emperor), which had been used by victorious Roman generals under the Republic, was reserved as an exclusive title for the head of state. The emperors received their first acclamation as emperor at their accession and thereafter each time a Roman general won a victory. Imperium was sometimes given to others in cases of special military commands, such as that of Germanicus in A.D. 17. When it was granted with no special duties, as in the case of Tiberius in A.D. 13, it implied that the recipient was an appropriate successor to the princeps, the unofficial title used by Augustus and subsequent emperors. With the expansion of Roman power during and after the reign of Augustus, imperium took on the meaning of “empire.” Painting: The Age of Augustus, the Birth of Christ, c. 1852–1854, Musée de Picardie. Cf. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "imperium". Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 Jun. 2017, https://www.britannica.com/topic/imperium-Roman-law. Accessed 12 October 2022. #Imperium #RomanLaw #Empire http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

#shorts : Ο Χριστόφορος Κολόμβος τῷ θεῷ διά την λῐ́μνην ☧ Deo per rivum Christophorus Columbus ✠ NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705807318958473217/ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus https://www.zazzle.com/alexandri_pp_vi_bulla_inter_caetera_4_mai_1493_photo_print-190319255735991208 Christophorus Columbus (Italice: Cristoforo Colombo; Catalane: Cristòfor Colom; Hispanice: Cristóbal Colón, unde nonnulli eum Christophorum Colonum dicunt; natus Genuae anno 1451 verisimiliter; mortuus Pintiae 20 Maii 1506) fuit explorator praeclarissimus. Regum Catholicorum Hispaniae, Ferdinandi II (regis Aragoniae) et Isabellae I (reginae Castellae), mandatu, Columbus viam securam ab occidente die 12 Octobris 1492 in Americam (adhuc ignotam, vel sine documentis) invenit, ubi ille, credens se Indiam advenisse, terram pro regibus Hispanicis adrogavit. Te Deum laudamus: te Dominum confitemur. Te aeternum Patrem omnis terra veneratur. Tibi omnes Angeli; tibi caeli et universae Potestates; Tibi Cherubim et Seraphim incessabili voce proclamant: Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus, Dominus Deus Sabaoth. Pleni sunt caeli et terra maiestatis gloriae tuae. Te gloriosus Apostolorum chorus, Te Prophetarum laudabilis numerus, Te Martyrum candidatus laudat exercitus. Te per orbem terrarum sancta confitetur Ecclesia, Patrem immensae maiestatis: Venerandum tuum verum et unicum Filium; Sanctum quoque Paraclitum Spiritum. Tu Rex gloriae, Christe. Tu Patris sempiternus es Filius. Tu ad liberandum suscepturus hominem, non horruisti Virginis uterum. Tu, devicto mortis aculeo, aperuisti credentibus regna caelorum. Tu ad dexteram Dei sedes, in gloria Patris. Iudex crederis esse venturus. Te ergo quaesumus, tuis famulis subveni: quos pretioso sanguine redemisti. Aeterna fac cum sanctis tuis in gloria numerari. Salvum fac populum tuum, Domine, et benedic hereditati tuae. Et rege eos, et extolle illos usque in aeternum. Per singulos dies benedicimus te; Et laudamus Nomen tuum in saeculum, et in saeculum saeculi. Dignare, Domine, die isto sine peccato nos custodire. Miserere nostri domine, miserere nostri. Fiat misericordia tua, Domine, super nos, quemadmodum speravimus in te. In te, Domine, speravi: non confundar in aeternum. https://www.scribd.com/document/357298889/Inter-Caetera-Alexander-VI-Tractatus Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de Zyzz - Thrive 🙏 (et Tevvez) pro bono rei publicae (Creative Commons Acknowledgement), cf. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cRmpqHLwiZU #Columbus #Byzantine #Barcelona #Constantinpolitan #Colom #Thrive #Hehe #Colombo #Colom #CristobalColon #ChristopherColumbus #MusicVideo #shortvideo #tribute #HappyColumbusDay #Spain #Chios #RomanCatholic #EasternRomanHistory #LastRoman #Kolumbus #Kolombos #Kolombia #Columbia #Colombia #Colon #K #XPO #Oct12 #October12 #Year1492 #Italy #America #Bahamas #History #Discovery #Divine #Crusader #CK #4K #SPQR #XP #RomanEmpire #RomanReigns #ChiRho #Palaiologos #CouncilOfFlorence #Catholicism #Orthodoxy #CatholicChurch #Greek #Latina #Catala #AlexanderSextus #Borja #ReyesCatolicos #ΡΩΜΑΙΟΙ #Vaticano #Roma #Madrid #ElClasico #Armanda #ESP $RUM http://patreon.com.com/ProVaticanus

Credo in...sanctam ecclesiam catholicam ☧ Πιστεύω εἰς...ἁγίαν καθολικὴν ἐκκλησίαν NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705808418470100993/ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus SYMBOLUM APOSTOLICUM. FORMA RECEPTA: Credo in DEUM PATREM omnipotentem; Creatorem cæli et terræ. Et in J ESUM CHRISTUM, Filium ejus unicum, Dominum nostrum; qui conceptus est de Spiritu Sancto, natus ex Maria virgine; passus sub Pontio Pilato, crucifixus, mortuus, et sepultus; descendit ad inferna; tertia die resurrexit a mortuis; ascendit ad cælos; sedet ad dexteram Dei Patris omnipotentis; inde venturus (est) judicare vivos et mortuos. Credo in SPIRITUM SANCTUM; sanctam ecclesiam catholicam; sanctorum communionem; remissionem peccatorum; carnis resurrectionem; vitam æternam. Amen. Πιστεύω εἰς ΘΕΟΝ ΠΑΤΕΡΑ, παντοκράτορα, ποιητὴν οὐρανοῦ καὶ γῆς. Καὶ (εἰς) ἸΗΣΟΥΝ ΧΡΙΣΤΟΝ, υἱὸν αὐτοῦ τὸν μονογενῆ, τὸν κύριον ἡμῶν, τὸν συλληφθέντα ἐκ πνεύματος ἁγίου, γεννηθέντα ἐκ Μαρίας τῆς παρθένου, παθόντα ἐπὶ Ποντίου Πιλάτου, σταυρωθέντα, θανόντα, καὶ ταφέντα, κατελθόντα εἰς τὰ κατώτατα , τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ ἀναστάντα ἀπὸ τῶν νεκρῶν, ἀνελθόντα εἰς τοὺς οὐρανούς, καθεζόμενον ἐν δεξιᾷ θεοῦ πατρὸς παντοδυνάμου, ἐκαῖθεν ἐρχόμενον κρῖναι ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς. Πιστεύω εἰς τὸ ΠΝΕΥΜΑ ΤΟ ἍΓΙΟΝ, ἁγίαν καθολικὴν ἐκκλησίαν, ἁγίων κοινωνίαν, ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν, σαρκὸς ἀνάστασιν, ξωὴν αἰώνιον. Ἀμήν. THE APOSTLES' CREED. (a) RECEIVED FORM. I believe in GOD THE FATHER Almighty; Maker of heaven and earth. And in J ESUS CHRIST his only (begotten) Son our Lord; who was conceived by the Holy Ghost, born of the Virgin Mary; suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, dead, and buried; he descended into hell [Hades, spirit-world];ii the third day he rose from the dead; he ascended into heaven; and sitteth at the right hand of God the Father Almighty; from thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead. I believe in the HOLY GHOST ; the holy catholic Church; the communion of saints; the forgiveness of sins; the resurrection of the body [flesh];iii and the life everlasting. Amen The Latin and Greek texts of the Apostles' Creed are taken from the Psalterium Græcum et Romanum (previously ascribed to Pope St. Gregory the Great), first published from a MS. preserved in the library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, by Archbishop Ussher: De Romanæ Ecclesiæ Symbolo Apostolico vetere, London, 1647. I used the Geneva edition, 1722, pp. 6, 7. The MS. is written in two parallel columns, the one Latin, the other Greek, but the Greek likewise in Latin characters. The same text is given by Hahn, Biblioth. der Symb. p. 10, and Heutley (in Greek), Harmonia Symb. pp. 81–83. The Latin text agrees with the creed of Pirminius (d. 758) in Heurtley, p. 71. Gratias ago tibi Deo per instrumenta de Jove Mauro Cámara pro bono rei publicae (Creative Commons Acknowledgement), cf. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UGxZB1ovVm0 #Orthodoxy #Credo #CatholicChurch http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus