Future Space

When you hear of planets in the universe, many people imagine places as ideal as the Earth, or at worst, as hot as Mercury. However, the truth is that the majority of the planets are harsh places where life doesn't stand a chance! The universe is full of scary objects, and planets are among some of the most horrible ones! In this video, we bring you the most horrifying planets ever discovered! Get ready as it is about to get real scary!

This is Egypt in North Africa and one of the most famous natural landmarks is the River Nile, shown in Blue to the south of the country. However, dotting the length of the river, as you can see in brown, are some of the most iconic relics of ancient people; pyramids! In fact, due to these remains of eras past, you can call Egypt the land of the pyramids! However, pyramids are not the only ancient things to be found in Egypt, as scientists have kept on unearthing new discoveries, some scary! In this video, we bring you terrifying new discoveries made by scientists in Egypt that change everything!

When you want to travel a long distance, say from one continent to another, you book an airplane flight, expecting to spend some hours in the air. However, when it comes to space travel, you need to travel faster because all the points of interest are so far away! Space explorers have always been searching for a way to travel faster than light, which will allow them to get to deep space more quickly! Basically, all the methods discovered have significant drawbacks, but scientists have found a new way! How does it work? What are the requirements? How soon will you be able to travel with it? Join us as we bring you a new way to travel faster than light!

Few things in space intrigue scientists and the general populace, like dark matter. One of the draws of dark matter is the terrifying mystery surrounding it. Many experts believe in the existence of dark matter, which comprises most matter in the universe. However, with the new James Webb Space Telescope, we are about to learn more about dark matter! Join us as we dive into the terrifying discovery about dark matter made by the James Webb Space Telescope that changes everything!

This is Russia, and to the right of the country is Siberia, but many people do not know how large that part of the country is. Shown in blue on the map, it covers 77 percent of the landmass of Russia. However, popular-wise, Siberia is responsible for only 23 percent of the total population of the massive country, while the rest huddle in the white space representing the rest of Russia! However, the sparse population is not the only strange thing about Siberia because many mysterious things happen in that massive and cold region! Scientists have discovered viruses thousands of years old and mysteriously formed craters! Should you be afraid of these new discoveries? In this video, we bring you the terrifying discoveries scientists have made under Siberia!

NASA is famous for its exploration and discovery in space! However, the agency is also making discoveries under the Earth, right here on the planet! One of such is the strange new discovery under Antarctica's ice that changes the way scientists have viewed the planet! What has NASA discovered? And does it affect you? Join us as we dive into NASA's strange new discovery under Antarctica's ice!

This is the map of Africa. If you look to the South, you will see lush vegetation, with lots of greenery. However, when you go north, things are different. Covering multiple countries, it is the most gigantic desert globally, with miles and miles of dune formation. Altogether, the Sahara Desert covers 9 million square kilometers, meaning it will swallow Spain 18 times! However, did you know that this vast stretch of sterile sand covering a third of the African continent was covered in lush vegetation thousands of years ago? What happened to the Sahara? And what is happening to it right now? In this video, we look at the terrifying discoveries scientists made under the Sahara desert!

The James Webb Space Telescope is shaping up to be one of the most significant breakthroughs for humankind regarding space observation! Being far more powerful than all other space telescopes ever launched by humans, the scientific community has high hopes! It will enable them to study very distant objects in space as they have never been able to. One of the objects the JWST will study is Proxima b to see whether artificial lights are coming from the planet! Yes, you heard right! Scientists want to know if the lights coming from Proxima b are due to aliens! What will the JWST see when it focuses on the exoplanet, and how does it affect you? Join us as we dive into the James Webb artificial lights discovery on Proxima b that changes everything!

Few things are as terrifying as black holes! They gobble up everything, including massive stars, dust, errant spaceships, etc.! Their appetite is so insatiable that they also swallow light! However, the opposite of black holes exists, and they are no less terrifying! These massive objects are called white holes, and their discovery has set off excitement in the astronomy community! What are white holes, and how do they come about? Can they affect you as a person? Join us as we dive into how scientists' first discovery of white holes changes everything! You don't want to get too close to a black hole because you will end up inside its belly! The most common black holes, the stellar black holes, are formed when the center of a very massive star collapses in upon itself. This collapse also causes a supernova, or an exploding star, that blasts part of the star into space. Scientists believe supermassive black holes formed simultaneously as the galaxy they are in, meaning most galaxies, including our dear Milky Way galaxy, have a black hole at their core. The size of the supermassive black hole is related to the size and mass of the galaxy it is in. The black hole at the center of our galaxy is known as the Sagittarius A* and can swallow up 4 million of our Sun with room to spare. We could have ended up in its belly, but we are far away enough to be safe! The strong gravity that black holes exert on objects near them is due to an enormous amount of matter having been pressed into a tiny space. This compression can take place at the end of a star's life. Yes, exploding stars are actually dying stars! And, no, the Sun will never become a black hole simply because it is not big enough. It will only become a red giant star, after which it will transform into a glowing ring of gas called a planetary nebula. Finally, all that will be left of the Sun is a cooling white dwarf star

Many people think space is full of fearful things, which is true! However, you don't need to hop on a space rocket to find something that will scare the living daylight out of you because they are about here on earth! And because they are here on this planet, many of these terrifying things can affect you! One huge example is the latest terrifying thing that scientists just uncovered at the Yellowstone National Park! What is it, and how does it affect you anywhere in the world that you might live? Join us as we dive into the scientists' terrifying new discovery at Yellowstone National Park!

The James Webb Space Telescope cost ten billion dollars and consumed countless person-hours. It is also the most complex and powerful space telescope ever built by humans. So, expectations are high for this brand new eye in deep space! One of these expectations is what scientists have been grappling with for ages; is there life elsewhere in the universe? Are there aliens there waiting to contact us? One of the areas the James Webb Space Telescope may find aliens or life signals is Hycean planets. Can the new space telescope find life out there? Join us as we dive into how the new James Webb Telescope will discover alien life! Few space missions have taxed NASA and the whole space scientific community as the James Webb Telescope! With a cost that ended up being ten times the original budget, and multiple delays, including the new cancellation of the program by the Senate, everybody involved breathed a half sigh of relief, if there is ever anything like that! Everything about the JWST was complex, yet the team launching it had only one shot at getting it right. This was because it would be situated where it was impossible to send a repair mission, one million away from the Earth at a place known as the Lagrange 2 point! That orbit is unique because it lets the telescope stay in line with the Earth as it moves around the Sun. This allows the satellite's large sunshield to protect the telescope from the light and heat of the Sun, Earth, and Moon! JWST primarily observes infrared light, which can sometimes be felt as heat. Because the telescope will observe the faint infrared signals of very distant objects, it needs to be shielded from any bright, hot sources, including from the satellite itself! The sunshield serves to separate the sensitive mirrors and instruments from not only the Sun, Earth, and Moon, but also the spacecraft bus. To get an idea of the heat shield, the temperature difference between the hot and cold sides of the telescope is enormous; you could almost boil water on the hot side and freeze nitrogen on the chilly side! The telescope will operate at about 225 degrees below zero Celsius (minus 370 Fahrenheit. To have the sunshield be effective protection-it gives the telescope the equivalent of SPF one million sunscreen-against the light and heat of the Sun/Earth/Moon, these bodies all have to be located in the same direction. The JWST spent the first day after launch executing the first and most crucial trajectory correction maneuver using small rocket engines aboard the telescope itself. It also released and deployed the high gain antenna to enable the highest available data communication rates as early as possible. During the first week, the JWST executed a second trajectory correction maneuver and began the sequence of significant deployments, beginning with the fore and aft sunshield pallets. The next step was separating the spacecraft bus and telescope by extending the telescoping tower between them. The tower extended about 2 meters and had to be extended so that the rest of the sunshield deployment could proceed. Next, the sunshield membranes were unpinned, and the telescoping sunshield midbooms extended, pulling the membranes out with them. The last step in the sunshield deployment step was tensioning of the membranes. In the meantime, other things like radiators were released and deployed. JWST finished deploying the telescope structures during the second week by unfolding and latching the secondary mirror tripod and rotating and latching the two primary mirror wings. And near the end of the first month, it executed the last mid-course maneuver to insert into the optimum orbit around L2. The various scientific instruments were also powered up. Kudos to the launch team because due to the flawlessness of the process, the service life of the space telescope has been extended. Previously, NASA expected the fuel in the telescope to last about ten years. But thanks to the efficiency of the lau

There is no recent event in space and astronomy that comes close in hype to the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope! After a wait that seemed like an eternity and tortured people in the scientific community, the new and powerful space telescope has made its way to its location, where it will use its large lens to capture mind-blowing images of the universe! Some of the pictures will be the much acclaimed Big Bang, giving scientists their best chance ever to understand the great event that started it all! However, why do we need to understand the Big Bang, and how will the James Webb Space Telescope help us do that? Join us as we dive into the terrifying pictures that the James Webb Space Telescope will take and how it changes everything! You have probably gazed up at the sky and wish you could get a closer look at them! That has been the dream of humanity for a long time, and we have sent lots of space telescopes up there to give us better looks at the stars and other celestial bodies! Popular spaces telescopes include the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, SOHO, which has spent the last 25 years looking at the sun! Another one is the Chandra, the world's most powerful X-ray telescope. Chandra, named for Indian-American physicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, examines the X-rays emitted by some of the universe's strangest objects, including quasars, immense clouds of gas and dust, and particles sucked into black holes. It was launched in 1999 by NASA. The granddaddy of space telescopes was the Hubble, which has been observing from Earth orbit for more than 30 years! Hubble, the first of NASA's Great Observatories, has revolutionized astronomy, providing stunning images of countless cosmic objects and giving astronomers their most distant views of the universe with the Hubble Deep Field and Ultra Deep Field! Hubble has meant so much during its 30-year run. For one thing, it's sent us unforgettable, jaw-droppingly beautiful images like those of the Lagoon Nebula and the Pillars of Creation! However, none of these space telescopes are as powerful as the James Webb Space Telescope, which launched last December! Basically, you can say the JWST represents the culmination of decades, if not centuries, of astronomy! The JWST project was originally supposed to launch in 2010 and cost around $1 billion. Its price tag ballooned to $10 billion, and it was way overdue. But the wait would be more than worth it! The JWST improves on Hubble in two key ways. The first is the sheer size! While the Hubble was about the size of a school bus, the JWST is more like the size of a tennis court! It is so enormous that it is by far the biggest telescope NASA's ever attempted to send into space! But the size is not the only improvement here that matters. When you are building a reflecting telescope, the key component is the size of its curved mirror. The telescope mirror is like a light bucket. The more light you can collect in your bucket, the fainter and farther-away things you can see in the universe! Hubble's mirror was an impressive 7.8 feet in diameter. JWST, however, surpasses that with its beautiful, gold-hued mirrors that combined form a diameter of 21.3 feet! Overall, that gives the JWST more than six times the light-collecting area of the Hubble! The JWST has other advantages making it more powerful than the Hubble. One of them is the type of light it collects. You see, light comes in a lot of different varieties. The human eye can see only a narrow band known as visible light, but the universe contains lots of light outside this range, including the higher-frequency, higher-energy forms known as ultraviolet gamma rays. Then there's the lower-energy light with longer wavelengths: infrared, microwaves, radio. The Hubble collects visible light, ultraviolet, and a little bit of infrared, but the JWST is primarily an infrared telescope, so it sees the light that is in a longer wavelength than what our eyes can see. This is what allows Webb to look further back in time than the Hubble, and we will get to how this affects the Big Bang in a moment! While one reason for all the launch delays had to do with contractor snafus and political interference, a big source of all of them is the complexity of the telescope itself! Due to its size, there weren't any rockets that were big enough to launch it fully deployed. So the telescope had to be folded up to fit inside a rocket! Upping the stakes is the fact that while Hubble sits around 340 miles above the Earth, the JSWT will be almost a million miles away, four times the distance from the Earth to the moon! It means human hands cannot fix the JWST if it breaks! That's scary for a 10 billion dollar asset, especially if you consider the history of the Hubble! Shortly after the Hubble launched in 1990, engineers realized there was a problem with its mirror; the telescope's initial images came back fuzzy, and astronauts had to launch a space shuttle to fix it! However, that

Professor Stephen Hawking might have died before the James Webb Space Telescope finally launched. Still, due to the vast space legacy of the late physicist, many hours of the new space telescope will be dedicated to proving some of his theories! One of such theories is the very last one Hawking worked on before his death, in which he argued about a multiverse theory that implies an exact copy of you existed in a parallel universe! What is the multiverse theory, and will the James Webb Space Telescope finally prove Stephen Hawking's multiverse theory? Stephen Hawking died in 2018, missing the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope by more than three and a half years. That was thanks to multiple delays that pushed the launch date from between 2007 and 2011. It also gulped about 10 billion dollars, about ten times the initial budget. However, following a successful launch and deployment of its components, this powerful space telescope will undergo several months of calibrating and testing before settling down to work. Thanks to the large 6.5 meter giant mirror that had to be folded during launch, the telescope will be able to peer into the atmospheres of planets outside our Solar System and peek through massive clouds of dust to watch the birth of new stars and planetary systems. JWST will be able to gather and reflect light from the early Universe. The Universe is thought to be around 13.8 billion years old, and JWST will be able to observe light from the earliest stars and galaxies, close to the Big Bang! The JWST is an infrared telescope, meaning it uses infrared radiation to detect objects in space. It is able to observe celestial bodies, such as stars, nebulae, and planets that are too cool or too faint to be observed in visible light, that is, what is visible to the human eye. According to NASA, infrared radiation can also pass through gas and dust, which appear opaque to the human eye. This is different from the world-famous Hubble Telescope, which sees visible light, ultraviolet radiation, and near-infrared radiation. In order for the instruments aboard to work, they need to be kept at extremely cold temperatures, -370 degrees Fahrenheit or lower. The large sunshield protects the telescope from the heat of the sun and keeps the instruments cold. According to a report conducted by an independent review board in 2018, there were 344 "single-point failures," or steps that needed to work for the mission to succeed! However, the telescope was tucked inside the nose of an Ariane 5 rocket and launched safely from the European Space Agency's Spaceport in French Guiana in December last year! It separated from the rocket after the launch and began unfolding. According to NASA, about 30 minutes after the launch, the first deployment took place as the solar panels unfolded so the telescope could get power from the sun! Because of JWST's capabilities, many astronomers are vying for time with the telescope. The Space Telescope Science Institute, which oversees science operations on Hubble and JWST, had sent out a call to astronomers for proposals on how they'd like to use James Webb, with 6,000 hours of observation time up for grabs! The lucky ones have now received approvals for their projects, and we look forward to the wealth of knowledge they will enrich us with! There is plenty of time for the JWST to unlock the deep secrets of the Universe, with about 20 years of operation guaranteed by the amount of fuel aboard the space telescope. With the JWST safely delivered to its location about one million miles away from the earth, is it time to confirm one of Hawking's most intriguing theories, the multiverse concept? The theory is special because it was the last one published by the professor! In fact, that final research from the sharp mind was submitted for publication just ten days before his death! In the paper, titled "A smooth exit from eternal inflation?" which he co-authored with Thomas Hertog, a physicist at the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium, Hawking laid out a theory on the origin of the Universe that might settle a few lingering questions. However, despite being his last work, the paper was actually a final look at one of his earliest theories. In fact, if the JWST eventually helps prove the existence of the multiverse, it will make the scientists behind it likely candidates for a Nobel Prize! However, since Nobel Prizes cannot be awarded posthumously, Hawking would be ineligible to receive it.

Many have heard about the space monsters called black holes! They are terrifying large objects that we can't see but swallow everything that they encounter, including stars and light! However, there are other even more mysterious objects lurking in the Universe, which are the direct opposite of black holes; white holes! Scientists have tried to unlock the secrets of white holes without success! However, scientists have a new weapon in space; the James Webb Space Telescope! What are white holes, and where do they come from? In this video, we will show you how the new James Webb Telescope will prove scientists right about white hole theory! The James Webb Space Telescope is a 10 billion dollar gamble that launched to space late last year. However, the James Webb Space Telescope has reached its final destination, almost a month after launch! Since lifting off from French Guiana on December 25, the telescope has unfurled its tennis court-size sunshield and unfolded a massive gold mirror that will help it study the Universe in new ways and peer inside the atmosphere of exoplanets. The telescope's observation point is nearly a million miles away from Earth and beyond the moon itself. The space observatory experienced its final burn on and has entered the orbit called L2. NASA reports that if Ariane 5, the launch rocket, had been going even a little bit faster, the telescope may have overshot the orbit and exposed its mirror and instruments to the sun if it had to slam on the brakes. But the Ariane 5 targeted the JWST so accurately that the first and most critical burn was smaller than NASA had to plan and design for, leaving more fuel for an extended mission. So, instead of the initial ten-year estimated life span, the JWST now has enough fuel to keep working for 20 years! The JWST will actually orbit the sun and remain in line with the Earth. Thanks to thrusting every three weeks or so, it will stay in orbit from small rocket engines aboard. The L2 point is ideal for the JWST because the gravitational forces of the sun and Earth will basically ensure the spacecraft doesn't have to use much thrust to stay in orbit. And it will allow the telescope to have an unimpeded view of the Universe, unlike Hubble, which moves in and out of Earth's shadow every 90 minutes. Because the JWST works with infrared, it needs to be kept as cool as possible. This is why the spacecraft has a five-layer sunshield that keeps the giant mirror and instruments from the sun's blistering rays and maintains a very frigid negative 370 degrees Fahrenheit or negative 223 degrees Celsius! With the JWST now in orbit, the spacecraft will spend the next five months calibrating its instruments. The first images captured by the observatory will come around this summer this year. NASA promises that they will be stunning and worth all the billions of dollars and person-hours! The JWST's primary mission focuses on four main areas: first light in the Universe, assembly of galaxies in the early Universe, the birth of stars and protoplanetary systems and planets, including the origins of life! It will stare billions of years into the past, taking us as closest as possible to the Big Bang! One of the deep space mysteries this space telescope will solve is the truth about white holes! What truth will the JWST uncover about these unknown but mighty objects? First, what are white holes? To understand white holes, it is important to know about black holes. These gravitational monsters called black holes are like the vacuum cleaners of the Universe, greedily sucking up anything within reach! The strength of their pull is immense, so strong that light itself cannot escape once it has crossed the black hole's event horizon, known as the point of no return! You can't even see a black hole since no light or radiation can escape from its pull, but astronomers are able to locate them due to the gravitational effects they have on stellar bodies around them. For example, every galaxy has a supermassive black hole at its center, which may have formed at the same time as the galaxy itself. These black holes may contain a mass of more than 1 million suns yet be compressed into a ball the size of a single sun, making them infinitely dense! That ball is called a singularity. Medium-sized black holes, called stellar black holes, are created at the end of a star's life after undergoing the volatile expansion, contraction, and explosion of a supernova. Not all stars will experience this dramatic death, but the biggest ones invariably do. The most minor black holes often referred to as primordial black holes, are thought to have been formed at the very start of the Universe, during the first few instants following the

Space is full of the known and the unknown! However, the unknown far outweighs the known, and we continually get baffled by phenomenons that, try as may, we cannot explain! Thanks to sophisticated equipment and sound data interpretation, we can detect many strange things, even though we struggle to explain them or their origin! The latest discovery that has left even the best NASA scientists scratching their heads is a series of strange radio signals emanating from space! What are these strange radio signals? Are they coming from intelligent aliens trying to establish communication with us? And how do they affect your everyday life? Join us as we dive deep into the strange radio signals coming from space that NASA just detected! Sitting in a cozy, well-lit room on Earth, space might look like a serene place where you can enjoy solitude, unlike the hustle and bustle of the big cities down here. However, that perception could not be more wrong! One of the most common is radio emissions because they come from basically everywhere! From planets and stars, exotic objects like pulsars and black holes, galaxies. Radio emissions even come from human technology. So, at any point in time, radio waves are emanating from uncountable sources! Despite the many possible sources, astronomers have detected new and unusual radio wave signals, unlike any found before! The radio waves fit no currently understood patterns of variable radio sources but are coming from the direction of the center of our Milky Way galaxy! The discovery was made using the ASKAP radio telescope. What is ASKAP? It stands for Australian Square Kilometer Array Pathfinder and is a next-generation radio telescope incorporating novel receiver technologies and leading- edge ICT systems. It is made up of 36 antennas, each 12 meters in diameter, that all work together as a single instrument. When ASKAP is completed, it will be capable of high dynamic wide-field imaging using novel phased array feeds that will provide a unique new capability within radio astronomy. The design of ASKAP is unique among radio telescopes because its antennas feature three-axis movement and will use phased array feeds or radio cameras rather than ‘single pixel feeds’ to detect and amplify radio waves. These attributes mean that the telescope will survey large areas of the sky with unprecedented sensitivity and speed. Why did the scientists believe this radio wave was different from whatever they had heard before? They explained that it has a very high polarization. This means its light oscillates in only one direction, but that direction rotates with time. Apart from this, the brightness of the object also varies dramatically, by a factor of 100, and the signal switches on and off apparently at random, unlike anything the scientists had ever seen before! Initially, the scientists thought it could be a pulsar or else a type of star that emits huge solar flares. But the signals from this new source don’t match what these celestial objects emit! While the investigation continues on the radio wave, the source of the signals has been dubbed the ASKAP J173608.2-321635. However, even though the scientists were baffled by the source of the emission, finding it was nothing short of extraordinary! The astronomers detected six signals over a period of nine months in 2020. But, when the astronomers tried to find the source in visible light, using optical telescopes, they saw nothing. The Parkes radio telescope in Australia also came up empty. This telescope, located just outside the town of Parkes in the central-west region of New South Wales, is one of the four instruments that make up the Australia Telescope National Facility. Parkes has a diameter of 64 meters, making it one of the largest single-dish telescopes in the southern hemisphere dedicated to astronomy. It started operating in 1961, and the surface, control system, focus cabin, receivers, computers, and cabling have all been upgraded to keep the telescope at the cutting edge of radio astronomy. The telescope is now 10,000 times more sensitive than when it was first commissioned. However, it failed to detect the source of the radio signal! Luckily, there is the MeerKAT radio telescope in South Africa, an array of 64 interlinked receptors. A receptor is the complete antenna structure, with the primary reflector, sub- reflector, and all receivers, digitizers, and other electronics installed. Forty-eight of the receptors are concentrated in the core area, which is approximately 1 km in diameter. MeerKAT is even more powerful than Parkes, so the astronomers turned to it to unravel the mystery of this strange radio signal! MeerKAT did detect the signal! However, it was intermittent and different, signaling that

There are so many places and things to explore in the universe! From distant exoplanets to faraway galaxies that might host intelligent life, to massive black holes, to bright stars. However, there is a problem with space exploration; distance! Everywhere you want to go in deep space is far! For example, Elon Musk wants to put humans on Mars permanently while NASA wants to send astronauts there. However, any traveler going to Mars has to endure a grueling trip through harsh space that lasts not less than five months, even with the most powerful rocket in history! If only we could find a faster way to travel through space! Also, the next star to us is about 4.5 light-years away, making it impossible to visit with the current space technologies! However, an accidental discovery promises to fix that problem by enabling faster than the speed of light travel! What is the discovery, how does it affect space travel, and how does it affect you personally? Join us as we explore how NASA scientists accidentally discover the world's first Warp Bubble! Warp travel is not strange to fans of the Star Trek franchise. The warp drive is a charming futuristic technology from Star Trek Universe, which since its first episode in 1966, includes ten television series and thirteen feature films. In these series and movies, characters explore the universe using powerful and fast spaceships, traveling from planet to planet and communicating with a crew of aliens. The torsion engine is the center of attraction because, without it, the story would be implausible. The universe is strange, unimaginable, and insanely large, and even if you want to visit the next star, the immense cosmic distances create an almost impossible barrier! Let's take a look at the next star, Proxima Centauri, 4.5 light-years away. This distance means it takes 4.5 years to reach the star if you could manage to attain the speed of light! Light flies at full cosmic speed and acts as a sort of universal speed cap, so any other method takes longer! In fact, if you decide to use the fastest space probe ever built, the long journey through the interstellar void would take nearly eight thousand years! So, it makes sense to stay put to Earth and its immediate environment! Of course, the Star Trek crew didn't stay close to the Earth because they found a solution! This solution makes long-distance travel possible by shortening the distance! The torsion engine, using warp drive tech, achieves this by juggling space and time, making for great entertainment! Warp drive was destined to remain imaginary until a scientist suddenly realized that such an engine was really possible at the end of the last century! The physicist was Miguel Alcubierre, and he came up with a theory that rocked the scientific community globally. In 1994, Alcubierre watched an episode of Next Generation while doing his Ph.D. research on Einstein's general theory of relativity, where heavy masses can curve space and time. And so Alcubierre picked up a scrap of paper, did the calculations, and laid the foundation for an article that appeared in the science magazine later that year! In his paper, Alcubierre describes how you can compress space and time in front of a spacecraft and stretch it back behind the ship so that you have to travel a much smaller distance to the desired destination safely trapped in what he calls a torsion bubble! In visualization, the concept was compared to a surfer riding a wave and a metaphor often used to describe how a ship could travel the stars. There is, however, a problem with Alcubierre's warp bubble! You see, the warp engine is tough to build in reality! You can't just curve space forcefully with normal mass! To do so, you need exotic matter, which has negative gravity! Dozens of Warp Engine publications would follow in the following decades. But they also remained theoretical exercises and thought experiments that manipulated the formulations of the theory of relativity in search of new insights. The need for the foreign matter remained! That was until Eric Lentz, a physicist at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in the US, stepped in. He watched Star Trek as a kid. However, he has not been able to forget

If you have ever witnessed bombs going off, the explosion is mind boggling! The sound can tear your eardrum if you are too close! The same is true of two objects in high speed colliding! The aftermath is usually gory when people are involved. However, there are explosions going off deep in space that will blow everything away! In fact, the most giant explosion, bigger than you can ever imagine, has just taken place, and scientists are excited! What is this cosmic explosion, what caused it, and how does it affect you personally? Join us as we bring you the story of the largest explosion in the Universe that just happened! Space might be intriguing, but it is a scary place where lots of unimaginable things happen. One of such things is an explosion or eruption. Cosmic explosions happen all the time, and sometimes, we are able to fathom the spectacular events! In fact, without these explosions, we won't be here! This is because the Universe started with a mighty blast, the Big Bang! The Big Bang Theory is the leading explanation for how the Universe began! Here is a quick recap of how the Big Bang got us here: Around 13.7 billion years ago, everything in the entire Universe was condensed in an infinitesimally small singularity, a point of infinite denseness and heat. Then, suddenly, an explosive expansion began, ballooning the Universe outwards faster than the speed of light! According to physicist Alan Guth, this period of cosmic inflation lasted mere fractions of a second or about 10 raised to the power of negative 32 of a second! When cosmic inflation came to a sudden and still-mysterious end, a flood of matter and radiation, known as "reheating," began populating our Universe with the things that make up everything today: particles, atoms, all the particles that would become humans, animals, rock, water, atmosphere, stars and galaxies, and so on! Since the Big Bang, cosmic explosions have continued unabated, and we have the biggest one since that initial explosion on record! However, before we go into this recent explosion, what causes cosmic explosions? Well, the most powerful kind of cosmic explosions known to science are called gamma- ray bursts, also known as 'death from space,' and we will show you how they happen in a bit. These galactic events are so fierce that their extraordinary intensity is only surpassed by the Big Bang itself! In a matter of seconds, the process can emit as much energy as a star the size of our Sun would in its entire lifetime! These intense flashes occur all the time, but thankfully they usually take place in galaxies billions of light-years away from Earth, sparing us from intense jets of particles thrust at the speed of light from collapsing stars! However, because we don't get any fore-warning of these bursts, it is not easy for scientists to observe them. Complicating things further, these massive explosions usually only last a matter of seconds, making it nearly impossible to act fast enough even when alerted! Gamma-ray bursts occur when a dying star collapses to become a black hole. An extraordinarily massive dying star can collapse its core into a black hole without triggering a supernova. With the sudden removal of the stellar core, the upper layers of the star come crashing down to fill in the cavity. If the star is spinning rapidly, the in- falling material is whipped up into a swirling frenzy, and a disk forms deep inside the star. In the ensuing vortex, superheated plasma is ensnared by highly twisted magnetic fields. Like an electromagnetic cannon, jets of gas blast through the star's poles and erupt into space. The tunnel through the star forces the plasma streams into narrow cones, tightly focusing the energy of the collapse. Gamma-ray bursts are unique in astronomy. The most distant object seen by astronomers is a burst whose light has been traveling for nearly the age of the Universe. The stellar behemoth that produced it exploded shortly after the period of the first stars! Besides, another Gamma-ray burst is the most energetic event known! It was 2.5 million times brighter than the brightest supernova. And supernovae, for the record, typically outshine entire galaxies! For 30 seconds in 2008, it was the most distant object visible to the naked eye, at about 7.5 billion light- years! Now, any gamma-ray burst you see happened a long time ago, but the light is only reaching us now because of the vast distance! This is why they are sometimes described as messages from the beginning of time when the most massive stars in existence violently collapsed! Scientists have now found the largest explosion since the Big Bang, but what about the previously biggest explosion? To be able to fathom just how big this latest explosion is, we will quickly look at what has now become the third largest explosion in the Universe! That

Elon Musk is a man that knows the value of time. He will soon start sending people to Mars, which means, at the minimum, these explorers will travel 33.9 million miles. This will take at least five months of travel through vast space, with all the dangers associated with it. Since Musk cannot do anything about the distance from the Earth to the Red Planet, all he can do to cut down the travel time is increase the speed at which his Starship spacecraft can move! If the Starship can travel at or above the speed of light, a large chunk of Musk's problem would be solved! However, the CEO believes it is a terrible idea! In this video, we show you why Elon Musk thinks traveling faster than the speed of light is a bad idea! Many people will balk at the idea of transporting one million people from one continent to another! And it is not for invalid reasons because the logistics required to pull it off can make one crazy! However, Musk is undertaking this transport on a large scale! His goal is to transport one million people from the Earth to Mars to live there permanently! And he wants to do this in a short period, for important reasons! The biggest reason is that deep place is full of powerful, harmful radiation that could kill or ruin your health if you stay exposed for too long! One could even become sterile! Similarly, spending so long in a low-gravity environment may cause huge problems to your health, including loss of muscle and bone damage, making it a double whammy of radiation and low gravity! Also, why spend so long in space when anything can go wrong at any moment, but you will ultimately be on your own? So the best thing is for Musk's explorers to get to Mars as soon as possible! This is where the problem lies. While the Starship is really fast, all Musk can do is to target the window of when the Earth and Mars have the shortest distances separating them! But is that really all he can do? What if he can make the Starship move at, or, faster than the speed of light and reduce the travel time or a large order of magnitude? What could go wrong? You shall soon see in this video! However, what exactly is the speed of light, and how fast is it? Many people will be surprised that light travels, and not only that, but that it travels at a specific speed! Some people do not pause to think of how fast the light traveled when they switched on a bulb in a dark room. They just accept that the room is no longer dark and go about their business! They won't be the first to think light is instantaneous or just happens. Aristotle, the famous 5th-century Greek philosopher, did not believe that light traveled either! In fact, he wrote a whole treatise, On Sense and the Sensibility, as a rebuttal to Empedocles, another philosopher who believed light could travel! However, thanks to science, we can now one-up Aristotle because we know the exact speed at which light travels! The value is 299,792,458 meters per second! That is about 186,282 miles per second or 299,792.458 kilometers per second! On Earth, to a casual observer, the effect of light traveling may be lost on us because light appears instantly! However, in space, where distances are vast, it begins to take significance! And this is where it gets mind-boggling, to say the least! We will talk about the concept of a light- year next! What is a light-year? It is a unit of measurement of distance. In fact, it is the unit scientists use to measure vast distances across the universe! A light-year is the distance that light can travel in one year, about 6 trillion miles 10 trillion kilometers! Here is what that means; for example, light travels from the moon to our eyes in about 1 second, which means the moon is about one light-second away. Sunlight takes about 8 minutes to reach our eyes, so the sun is about 8 light minutes away. However, light from Alpha Centauri, the nearest star system to our own, takes about 4.3 years to get to the Earth, so Alpha Centauri is 4.3 light-years away! Better still, to get an idea of the size of a light-year distance, take the circumference of the Earth, that is some 24,900 miles, lay it out in a straight line, multiply the length of the line by 7.5, the corresponding distance is one light-second, then place 31.6 million similar lines end to end. The resulting distance will give you almost 6 trillion miles! There are objects even further away than Alpha Centauri, like stars beyond our solar system! They lie anywhere from a few light-years to a few billion light-years out! This means everything astronomers see in the distant universe is literally history. When astronomers study objects that are far away, the objects appear as they existed at the time that light left them! So, this group of professionals is actually dealing with data that

Since the beginning of time, humans have been curious about things around them. In the quest of knowing about things around us, humans developed fantastic technologies. With these, there were able to know more and more about things around them. With the advancement of technology, humans have been seeking knowledge about things beyond them and even things beyond those skies you see every day. In today's video, we'll look at SpaceX & NASA's terrifying new discovery on Jupiter’s moon that changes everything, which will make you wonder about things that exist up there and give you fantastic thoughts that will keep you awake at night. Ensure you watch to the end! [Call to Action] But before you lay your hands on this secret information that is accessible to some selected ones, kindly subscribe and turn on the notification button if you haven't already done so, in order not to miss out on any of future uploads. Now, let's get started! [Main topic info] Humans have been exploring space since 1957 and it keeps getting better every day until now. Scientists have been trying to search space if they can find living things up there. Don't worry, they won't stumble upon Superman or Green Lanterns anytime soon. This expedition takes us to Jupiter or should we say, the Jovian System. What is the Jovian System? The Jovian System is all about Jupiter, its rings and moons. Jupiter is a gas giant and it is the largest of the Gas Giants. Its atmosphere mostly consists of hydrogen and helium. It is 11 times larger than the Earth as it has an equatorial radius of about 44,000 miles compared to the Earth’s of just under 4,000 miles. This planet was discovered by the Babylonians approximately 2,800 years ago. With a refracting telescope, Galileo Galilei discovered its moons in 1610. We all know that water is one of the most important things to survive. Water is life. The human body can't survive for 5 days without water. Humans can't do most activities without water: agriculture, cooking, and so many others. Water is also a determining factor in biochemical reactions. One of the latest discoveries made by NASA is the presence of water. [Retention Hook] Could this mean that NASA found a living thing? There is only one way to find out. Keep watching the video! [Main topic info cont.] NASA reported that its Hubble space telescope - one of the legendary technologies used to view space found persistent water vapour over the atmosphere of Europa, one of Jupiter's moons. According to NASA, the Hubble Space Telescope observed some persistent water vapour over a large area of Europa's atmosphere. The surface of Europa is smooth and the solid ice crust looks like a cracked eggshell. Its interior consists of a global ocean with more water than found on earth and could possibly harbour life as we know it. That's not all about Jupiter. Data from NASA's Juno probe indicates that about 0.25% of the molecules in the atmosphere over Jupiter's equator is composed of water. Let us save you the mathematics calculation and expression of that 0.25%. That 0.25% is based on a prevalence of water's components, hydrogen and oxygen, three times more than at the sun. Amazing! Why this data is amazing and shocking was that NASA's Galileo data about Jupiter was different. After this latest discovery, scientists checked Galileo's result and compared and they discovered something. What did they discover? They discovered that the result of Galileo's was drier than that of Juno. Galileo's results sent back data showing 10 times less water than scientists predicted, and more weirdly, the amount of water appeared to increase the deeper the spacecraft went into Jupiter's atmosphere. It happened that at the same time Galileo was plunging into Jupiter there was a ground- based infrared telescope that was able to measure water concentrations at Jupiter. This telescope showed that Galileo may have accidentally hit a dry spot during its probe. This could only mean one thing, water is not well-mixed deep in Jupiter's atmosphere. This is also proven by Juno during its first eight flybys. It revealed that there is a lack of atmospheric mixing on the planet and its surrounding systems. Juno principal investigator at the Southwest Research Institute, Scott Bolton, said in a statement, "just when we think we have things figured out, Jupiter reminds us how much we still have to learn". He added, "Juno's surprise discovery that the atmosphere was not well mixed even well below the cloud tops is a puzzle that we are still trying to figure out. No one would have guessed that water might be so variable across the planet." Working with the results of Galileo's probe and that of Juno, scientists will be able to get more details about Jupiter, the Jovian System and the solar system. Jupiter is known to probably be the first planet to form. This indicates that Jupiter could have sucked up

Stephen Hawking was one of the greatest scientists of our time! Even though he is gone, his legacy leaves on in the world of astrophysics and science at large. As we approach the fourth anniversary of this legend's death, the James Webb Space Telescope is about to prove yet one of Hawking's theories, the Black Hole theory, right! What is Hawking's Black Hole theory, why is it controversial, and how does the theory affect you personally? Join us as we dive into how the new James Webb Telescope will finally prove Stephen Hawking Black Hole theory! Black holes are one of the most fascinating features in space, and they attract the attention of many astronomers! From their creation to their features, black holes are mesmerizing! What are black holes anyway? A black hole is a region in space where the pulling force of gravity is so strong that light is not able to escape. Black holes have strong gravity forces because matter inside them has been pressed into a tiny space. Since no light can escape, you can't see black holes, and neither can most telescopes! However, space telescopes with special instruments can help find black holes. They can observe the behavior of materials and stars that are very close to black holes. Black holes can come in a range of sizes, but there are three main types of black holes. They are classified based on their mass and size. The smallest ones are known as primordial black holes. Scientists say this type of black hole is as small as a single atom but has the mass of a large mountain! The most common type of medium-sized black hole is called stellar. The mass of a stellar black hole can be up to 20 times greater than the mass of the Sun and can fit inside a ball with a diameter of about 10 miles! You will find dozens of stellar-mass black holes within the Milky Way galaxy. The largest black holes are called supermassive. This type has masses greater than 1 million suns combined and would fit inside a ball with a diameter about the size of the solar system. Every large galaxy contains a supermassive black hole at its center. The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy is called Sagittarius A. It has a mass equal to about 4 million suns and would fit inside a ball with a diameter about the size of the Sun. How do black holes come about? Well, if we are talking about primordial black holes, those were formed in the early universe, soon after the Big Bang. But stellar black holes form when the center of a very massive star collapses in upon itself. This collapse also causes a supernova, or an exploding star, that blasts part of the star into space. Scientists think supermassive black holes formed at the same time as the galaxy they are in. The size of the supermassive black hole is related to the size and mass of the galaxy it is in. What happens when you are near a black hole? That might never happen because the closes black hole to us is far away enough that you will never get near it. New black holes are found all the time, but the currently closest one to us is about 1,500 light years away from us! It was nicknamed the Unicorn and is located in the Monoceros constellation. However, imagine you somehow stray close enough to a black hole. It will pull you in, and lots of things will happen to you at the same time. You're ultimately going to get torn apart by the extreme gravity! No material, especially fleshy human bodies, could survive intact. So once you pass beyond the edge of the event horizon, you're done. There's no getting out. Even if you were still alive, you'd have to travel faster than the speed of light to escape, which is impossible! There is much to learn about black holes, including testing one of Stephen Hawking's controversial theories on dark matter in the universe. However, before scientists can test Hawking's theory, they need a powerful telescope that can see beyond all existing ones. This is where the James Webb Space Telescope, JWST, comes in! Decades in the making and costing almost 10 billion dollars, the JWST eventually launched to space late last year. The whole science world held its breath as the space telescope blasted off from French Guyana. It was so complicated that too much vibration during the launch would have caused damage and doomed the whole operation! Because of its massive size, the engineers had to fold it up in several places to fit into the launch rocket! The reflecting mirror, made up of smaller hexagonal gold- plated mirrors, had to be folded. If not, the six-meter structure would not have fit into any existing rocket! The heat shield also had to be folded and is even more delicate while being large! It contains five layers that must be set to align perfectly, or the whole setup won't work. Each of these layers, the size of a tennis court, is made from a special material.

The James Webb telescope has been conceptualized for more than a decade. Its fans would be happy to hear that it has finally been launched into the dark abyss known as space. It was launched last christmas, and it began its deployment immediately after it entered space. We hope that this telescope would allow us to know a lot more about both our existence, and the possibility of external life outside us. Since the launch of this $10 billion telescope, its fans have asked nonstop about its progress, and if it really will do what it was set out to do. Join us as we explore all the possibilities of this telescope and give some insight on how this telescope will finally make terrifying new discoveries. If you’re interested in space travel, you should know that there are a lot of limitations to this particular concept, one of which is the ability to view planets and stars past our solar system. It was even a challenge to view events occurring past mars due to the absence of light. Astronomers, engineers, and astronauts have dreamed of being able to see past our solar system. Now, the James Webb telescope is capable of making it possible. For those who don't know, the James Webb telescope was designed to the largest telescope ever created. It got launched on December 25th last year from the ESA space site at Koolu via an Arianespace Ariane 5 Rocket. If this telescope performs its purpose, it would allow us to be able to take a look at the events of the big bang. Imagine seeing how the events occurred during the big bang which happened as far back as 200 million years ago. We would be able to view the first galaxies that were born out of the big bang, and also look at any new planets or stars developing. This would be a phenomenal achievement, and would be such good news for science. Its journey spans over a million miles to a gravitationally stable point in space. Arriving at that point in space would keep it from leaving the solar system, and will keep it stable enough to take a look at several galaxies. The telescope would then land on a second gravitationally stable point, L2. L2 is a position in space that is in close proximity and alignment with earth and is directly opposite the sun. At this point, it will be able to orbit the sun even more closely. Interestingly, other telescopes have used this particular area at several points in time and have captured mind-blowing information. If it gets to this point perfectly, it would use the gravitational stability of that point as well as minimum fuel to stay in perfect alignment with the sun, moon, and the earth. Its successful launch from the earth took about 31 minutes, and scientists, engineers, and fans from all over the world cheered all the way through. We know you might be wondering how its going to survive the full force of the sun. The telescope’s designers understood this, and built a 5-layer, 70-foot long sun shield. It keeps the equipment of the telescope cool and prevents the telescope itself from getting destroyed due to the heat from the sun. This sun shield has been checked and given the okay by multiple engineers and scientists from around the world due to its ability to protect itself from temperatures of up to 250 degrees Fahrenheit. If you’re watching the video, you would probably notice that the telescope is way bigger than a rocket can fit. Because of that, it was designed in such a way that it can be folded up and safely transported in a rocket. According to NASA, opening it up has been one of the most sophisticated processes they have undergone. What’s more is that the process isn’t over yet, as they have said they still have some work to do. What’s Next? Although this telescope has not arrived at its destination yet, it is expected to arrive by January 23rd. The deputy project manager at NASA’s space flight centre said in a conference that between the start of January and the 23rd, the team would spend its time aligning the 18 mirror segments in order to successfully form one giant mirror. Beryllium was used to produce these mirrors because it is a lightweight metal, and it is fairly resistant to the sun’s rays. After it has been fully unfolded and assembled, its different compartments will be turned on. The engineers believe that this will happen between 7-14 days. The distance from the sun ensures that enough darkness is gotten for the heat seeking infra-red studies to be performed. These infra-red telescopes would allow the telescope to view distant galaxies, stars, and planets. This telescope will be the most powerful telescope ever created, and it has already started breaking records. It surpasses the capabilities of the hubble space telescope, among many others.

What Will The James Webb Space Telescope Find?

Stars are always up there when we look at the sky in the night. However, even though they look permanent, stars do not live forever. But what happens when they die? Stars explode, creating a spectacular event that is awe-inspiring! Imagine a star as big as the sun exploding! This phenomenon is called a supernova. However, as grand as they are, they do not occur frequently. But then, how powerful are supernovas, and what types of supernova are they? And more importantly, can the Earth be destroyed by a supernova one day? Join us as we explore the fascinating star explosions that light up the sky! There is nova, and there is supernova. A nova is the temporary flaring up of a dwarf star in a binary system. In the nova scenario, the dwarf star collects matter from its companion star. The excess mass causes the dwarf star to flare up suddenly, every now and then, to many times its average brightness. Then it fades over months to its original luster before the next flare-up. A supernova, however, means the end of the road for a star! A supernova is a much bigger and intrinsically much brighter event where the outer layers of a star are blown explosively into space! A star that goes supernova does not return to its previous brightness and may disappear completely, leaving an expanding supernova remnant behind! The first recorded case of a supernova was observed by the Chinese recorded in the year 1054 CE. However, the supernova had occurred 6,523 years earlier because this star was that many light-years away. They called it a guest star and wrote that it was visible in daylight for a full three weeks, finally fading entirely from view about three months later. However, we do see supernova remnants, expanding clouds in space where stars used to be! There are many examples of these clouds, both inside and outside our galaxy. The most famous supernova remnant visible from the Northern Hemisphere is the Crab Nebula. It’s located in the direction of the constellation Taurus the Bull. The Crab Nebula is famous for containing the first known pulsar, discovered in 1967 by Jocelyn Bell Burnell. As it is known, the Crab pulsar is a neutron star or the remnant of the supernova that created the Crab Nebula. Like cosmic lighthouses, pulsars give off beams of radio waves as they spin! Now, not all supernovas are the same! We can classify them based on how they explode, and we have the Type II and Type IA supernovas. Let’s start with the most popular one, the Type II supernova! Type II happens when a star explodes due to old age. This supernova occurs when a giant star runs out of fuel, which brings it into a rapid collapse and explosion. Such a star is between eight and 40 times heavier than our sun! They are often referred to as core-collapse supernovae because that’s precisely what happens. The star’s core suddenly, like in just a few seconds, collapses in on itself! To understand this phenomenon, here is how stars work. For billions of years during this star’s lifetime, nuclear fusion, the process by which hydrogen is converted into helium in the star’s interior. This process liberates enormous amounts of energy, thus enabling the star to shine. However, the star fights an internal battle with gravity. This gravity is self-induced, but the star remains stable when an inexorable inward-pushing force of gravity is continually countering the outward-pushing radiation from fusion reactions in the star’s core. But the hydrogen fuel eventually runs out, and when that happens, the star can no longer maintain its outward push against inward-pulling gravity. The star slowly starts to shrink. This shrinking has the effect of bringing more hydrogen from locations further out in the star into the region previously occupied by the core, sufficient hydrogen, in fact, for the nuclear fusion to resume in a shell around the star’s inner core. Eventually, the center can no longer hold, and the star explodes. So what happens to the material flung into space in a supernova explosion, the remains of the star? It disperses gently over the eons, and its elements go toward forming new stars, new planets, perhaps even new life. All the atoms in your body were forged in the fiery hearts of ancient stars. The calcium in your bones. The iron in your blood. All were born in a massive red giant star and seeded across the universe in a supernova explosion billions of years ago. Let’s come back to our sun. Can it go supernova on us? The sun has enough fuel to last 10 billion years, and if it were to go supernova, there is no hope for the Earth! We are too close for comfort. However, thankfully, the sun is not massive enough to become a supernova, despite its size! Now that we know our sun will not go supernova on us, how much energy is produced during a Type II supernova? The unit of measure of this type of stupendous energy is FOE, meaning 10 followed by 51 zeroes! During the sun’s lifetime, it will emit approximately 1.2 FOE of energy! However, a

Have you ever complained of the heat on a bright sunny day? Despite being 93 million miles away from the Sun and being protected by the ozone layer, many of us have felt the burning heat of the Sun at one time or the other! There is, however, an object that is moving directly towards the Sun to kiss it! The Parker Probe is one tough guy as it is destined to melt away as it is heading to the Sun, where things get as hot as 5,500 degrees Celsius! However, before it dissolves into nothingness, the Parker Solar Probe mission, which Elon Musk as a proper nerd, is a great fan of, is already making mind- blowing discoveries and sending data back to us about this massive ball of fire at the center of our solar system! What has the Parker Probe discovered about the Sun, and how does it affect you? Join us as we explore through the eye of Musk the insane NASA discovery on the Sun that changes everything! The Sun is truly awe inspiring in every way! Due to its massive size, it basically holds everything together in our Solar System! Without it, the Earth would have flown out of orbit and gotten lost in one corner of the universe! How big is the Sun? Well, the Sun, which is a star, is the largest object in the solar system! It is nearly a perfect sphere with its equatorial diameter and its polar diameter differing by only 6.2 miles or 10 km. The mean radius of the Sun is 432,450 miles or 696,000 kilometers, making its diameter about 864,938 miles or 1.392 million km! The Sun's circumference is approximately 2,713,406 miles (4,366,813 km). To the proper perspective of all these numbers, you can line up 109 Earths across the face of the Sun! Or, if you could somehow hollow out the Sun, you can drop one million of our Earth inside the Sun! What about the mass? Unlike the Earth, the Sun does not have any solid parts, but it is very dense. Its mass has been estimated at 1.989 X 10 raised to the power of 30 kilograms! Compared to the Earth, the Sun is about 333,000 heavier! But then, the Sun accounts for 99.8 percent of the weight of the entire solar system! This is despite that the Sun loses 1.5 million tons of materials every second to the solar wind! Remember solar wind because you will hear more about it in this video! The Sun's size and mass are not the only impressive thing about this star! The Sun gives off so much heat that humans had to invent air conditioning to deal with the hot summer months, despite being tucked away more than 93 million miles! In fact, next time the Sun makes you uncomfortable, remember that the sunray traveled for eight minutes before reaching the Earth! How hot is the Sun? The answers depend on where you are standing in the Sun! The surface of the Sun is about 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit or 5,500 degrees Celsius hot, while temperatures in the core reach more than 27 million Fahrenheit or 15 million Celsius! According to NASA, to replicate or reproduce that amount of energy, you would need to explode 100 billion tons of dynamite every second! But how does the Sun produce this enormous amount of energy? The Sun has a vast supply of hydrogen, and the hydrogen atoms get compressed and fuse together, creating helium. This process is called nuclear fusion. The nuclear fusion taking place at the core of the Sun produces enormous amounts of energy that radiates outward to the Sun's surface, atmosphere, and beyond. From the center, energy moves to the radiative zone, where it bounces around for up to 1 million years before moving up to the convective zone, the upper layer of the Sun's interior. The temperature here drops below 3.5 million degrees Fahrenheit or 2 million degrees Celsius. Large bubbles of hot plasma form a soup of ionized atoms and move upward to the photosphere. There is one intriguing phenomenon about the movement of heat from the Sun's core that defies logic. The Sun has three outermost layers, the photosphere, the chromosphere, and the corona, arranged in that order when you are coming from the core of the Sun. The temperature in the photosphere is about 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit or 5,500 degrees Celsius. Next is the chromosphere, which is not as hot at 7,300 degrees Fahrenheit or 4,000 degrees Celsius. However, the corona can get very hot, with temperatures ranging from 1.7 million degrees Fahrenheit or 1 million degrees Celsius, to more than 17 million Fahrenheit or 10 million degrees Celsius! If you had been following closely by now, you would be wondering why the corona, which is the outer layer and farther from the core, is hotter than the two other layers! Scientists would like to find out precisely what is responsible for this seeming anomaly and also discover the other secrets of our closest star! However, since you can't send astronauts to the Sun, the next best thing is a probe! This is the idea of the Parker Solar Probe launched by NASA, and the probe has sent back a trove of information, with most of its