Future Space

How did this universe begin? Were we alone in this huge cosmos before the Big Bang? Just some of the numerous questions that scientists have been pondering for years, like this one: They planned a slew of projects and missions to gather as much information as possible about our origins and the universe we live in, but no technology existed to do it. The James Webb Space Telescope, a large telescope was then built by scientists and is expected to help us understand the origins of the cosmos. The projected Christmas Day 2021 launch of the $10 billion James Webb Space Telescope was both exhilarating and worrisome for the thousands of scientists, engineers, managers, and support staff who worked on the project for almost a decade. The scientific potential of the JWST is vast, and it could provide answers to some of the most fundamental problems in the universe's evolution. But the real question is, can this JWST achieve it? Is it possible that James Webb will be able to see thousands of light-years into the future? We'll be discussing this in today's video. But before we begin, kindly subscribe to this channel, like this video, and enable the notification feature If you haven't already. Come on, let's get started! A new era of astronomy is just around the corner, provided everything goes according to plan. After a nail-biting launch on Christmas Day, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has launched its mission to capture the birth of the universe. James Webb Space Observatory will be NASA's largest and most powerful space research telescope, exploring the cosmos to learn more about the universe's history, from its Big Bang to the birth of alien planets and beyond. The observatory will cost $10 billion. It is a part of NASA's Great Observatories, which comprise the Hubble Space Telescope and other massive space telescopes that can stare into the universe. One of JWST's primary goals is the exploration of galaxy formation more than 13.5 billion years before the Big Bang, a hitherto unobserved period of cosmic history that formed our universe as we know it today. According to NASA, JWST was built to observe a time in the universe's history that has not yet been observed before, rather than to study the origins of the cosmos. We prefer to think of the JWST as a successor to the Hubble Space Telescope, rather than a replacement. More than 30 years after its launch, the Hubble Space Telescope has provided us with breathtaking views of the universe and countless scientific discoveries. It is our hope and expectation that it will continue for many more years to come. However, the telescope's 2.4-meter diameter mirror, compared to ground- based telescopes, limits its sensitivity and ability to observe the faintest objects. This is a limitation. Even though Hubble can observe infrared light, it cannot access the light wavelengths from the very first stars and galaxies. Hubble has some capability to observe infrared light. JWST, on the other hand, will be able to do this task. For the first time, we may even be able to observe stars that were generated from primordial material from the Big Bang. Knowing when and how the first stars originated soon after the Big Bang is an important scientific subject and one of the key science aims of JWST. Carbon, silicon, and gold, which are essential to life and contemporary technology, were produced in the early stars, but how they did so is still a mystery to us. As a result, the design of this observatory has been influenced greatly by the fact that it needs to be extremely cool to reduce the amount of unwanted background light. It's not just the initial stars and galaxies that will be studied by JWST. Researchers from all over the world can apply for time at this observatory, which is designed to serve a variety of purposes. Infrared observation will allow JWST to see through the clouds of dust that enshroud very young stars, which are impenetrable to the visible light of the telescope. That means it will be able to see directly into star-forming regions, something Hubble hasn't been able to do yet. The findings will provide light on the formation of stars and the systems of planets that orbit them as a result of the collapse of dust and gas clouds. Webb will be able to see further into the universe than Hubble, and it will be far more sensitive. This will allow Webb to go back much further in time and view the earliest galaxies that formed in the early universe, according to

Jupiter appears tranquil from afar, with reddish-brown clouds floating and its atmosphere emitting a distinct tint in the dark emptiness of space, but as you get closer, this world becomes chaotic, scarred by dangerous storms. With the help of measurements from the Juno spacecraft orbiting the planet, scientists have constructed a 3D depiction of Jupiter's atmosphere for the first time, and what these images reveal chills scientists to their bones. In today's video, we'll be showing these Jupiter images that were discovered and what's shocking about them, and SpaceX's involvement with NASA on these Jupiter explorations. So, stay tuned to the end of this video, you don't want to miss out on anything. Kindly subscribe and turn on the notification button if you haven't already done so. Let's get started! Jupiter, the king of the gods, was fittingly titled. It is the largest planet in the Solar System, with the strongest magnetic field and the most moons. Though astronomers have known about it since antiquity, the discovery of the telescope and the development of modern astronomy have taught us a great deal about it. Close observations by automated spacecraft have been used to explore Jupiter. Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to enter the Jovian system in 1973, and eight other spacecraft missions have been launched since then. All but two of these missions were flybys that took extensive measurements without landing or entering orbit, and they were all carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Because all missions to the outer Solar System have employed Jupiter flybys, Jupiter has become the most visited of the Solar System's outer planets. Juno, the second spacecraft to enter the planet's orbit, arrived on July 5, 2016, and became the second craft to do so in history. Sending a vessel to Jupiter is tough due to the planet's severe radiation environment and huge fuel requirements. In June, NASA announced that SpaceX had been chosen to fly a planned mission to Jupiter's frozen moon Europa, a significant victory for Elon Musk's company as it moves deeper into the solar system. The Europa Clipper mission will launch from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida in October 2024 on a Falcon Heavy rocket, with a total contract value of $178 million. Well, that's still in motion but with the help of Juno data, scientists have constructed the first-ever 3D image of Jupiter's atmosphere. Microwave light enables planetary scientists to peer deep beneath Jupiter's colorful clouds, allowing them to better comprehend the weather and climate in the warmer, darker, deeper layers. The spacecraft orbiting our solar system's largest planet has revealed a more complete view of how the planet's distinctive and colorful atmospheric features reveal information about the activities occurring beneath its clouds. Since 2016, the Juno mission has been circling our solar system's largest planet, snapping photographs of its spectacular swirls. Jupiter has already been detected to have lightning in the clouds, movement deep in the atmosphere, and massive aurorae similar to Earth's famous Aurora Borealis. Although Mars may appear to be the most popular place to look for life, moons in the outer solar system, such as Ganymede, also have a lot of potentials. Underneath their ice exterior shells, several frozen moons, including Ganymede, Europa, and Enceladus, are thought to harbor oceans of water. Ganymede, in particular, has a thick ice shell with rock fragments buried in it and brilliant streaks across the surface, making it an attractive and dynamic astronomical target. Ganymede also contains a magnetic field, which is a vital protective shield for life. One of Jupiter's most recognizable characteristics is the Great Red Spot. This anticyclonic storm has a diameter of 24,000 km and a height of 12–14,000 km. It is located south of the equator. As a result, it has enough room to hold two or three planets with diameters comparable to Earth's. And the location has been known for at least 350 years, dating back to the 17th century when it was discovered. Giovanni Cassini, an Italian astronomer, first discovered the Great Red Spot in 1665. Astronomers theorized that it was a storm caused by Jupiter's turbulent and fast-moving atmosphere by the turn of the twentieth century. The Voyager 1 spacecraft viewed the Giant Red Spot up close during its flyby of the planet in March 1979, confirming these predictions. Since then, though, it seems to have shrunk. In the 17th century, the size was believed to be 40,000 km, almost twice as huge as it is currently, based on Cassini's measurements. Astronomers are unsure when or if it will completely vanish, but they are very certain that another one will appear someplace else on the planet. Scientists have been fascinated by the crimson vortex since its discovery nearly two centuries ago, and new findings

Mankind Will Soon Be Able to Travel to Other Galaxies - Spaceships Faster than Lightspeed! In millennia past, people have progressively figured out more effective ways of getting from one place to another. Previously, long distances could only be traversed by horseback or even on foot, but today we have at our disposal a variety of modes of transportation, including cars, planes, trains, and even futuristic ships. So, while we've already made progress in developing faster and more efficient forms of transportation on Earth, the question now is how manned space flight will evolve in this regard. As is well known, a space probe launched from Earth takes many months, if not years, to reach its galactic target. It's hard to say what the future holds for this venture. A fascinating question arises when we follow the thought experiment of breaking ever new cosmic speed records to its logical conclusion: Will there ever be light-speed ships? In today's video, we will quickly take a closer look at this fascinating issue with you. But before we begin, kindly subscribe to this channel, like this video, and enable the notification feature If you haven't already. Come on, let's get started! Light travels quickly because it has a short path to travel. According to cosmological laws, nothing can move faster than light. In reality, it is the fastest object on the planet. There is no limit to the distance that light may travel; it travels at a speed of 186,000 miles per second. In the blink of an eye, light may travel from Los Angeles to New York City. Faster than any commercial airliner by more than 10,000 orders of magnitude. Proxima Centauri is the nearest star to Earth. It's 4.25 light-years away, or 25 trillion miles away (40 trillion km). The Parker Solar Probe, which is already in orbit, will achieve a top speed of 450,000 mph, making it the fastest spacecraft ever. At such speed, it would take just 20 seconds to travel from Los Angeles to New York City, yet the solar probe would take 6,633 years to reach Earth's nearest neighboring solar system. Everything in our Universe is bound by a few simple rules. The conservation of energy, momentum, and angular momentum is guaranteed anytime two quanta come into contact with each other. There are no differences between the physics of a forward-moving system of particles and its mirrored antiparticle counterpart when time is reversed in a mirror. Nothing can ever travel faster than the speed of light, and nothing with mass will ever be able to achieve this coveted feat. Many people have come up with innovative ways to get around this final restriction. In theory, tachyons have been introduced as hypothetical particles that could theoretically exceed the speed of light, but tachyons must have imaginary masses and do not exist in the real world. Although a sufficiently twisted space in General Relativity could produce other, shorter paths for light, there are no known wormholes in our physical universe. While quantum entanglement can produce "suspicious" behavior at a distance, no information can be transported faster than light. People will have to go faster than the speed of light if they ever hope to travel effortlessly between stars. However, until now, faster-than-light travel has only existed in science fiction. In Isaac Asimov's Foundation series, humans can use jump drives to travel between planets, stars, and even the entire cosmos. Interstellar astronauts and Thor heroes exploit wormholes to travel across solar systems in just a few seconds. Warp drive technology is another option that "Star Trek" fans are familiar with. Theoretically, warp drives are conceivable, but a long way off. One of the many obstacles separating warp drive theory from reality was reported to have been surmounted in two recent studies published in March 2021. However, how do these speculative warp drives actually operate in reality? As for the future of humankind, will they be able to travel at warp speed? Albert Einstein's General Relativity theory is the foundation of modern physics' knowledge of spacetime. According to General Relativity, nothing can travel faster than the speed of light in the universe. Mass and energy can also cause spacetime to distort around massive objects, such as stars and black holes. Many space heroes are afraid of "falling into" or "getting stuck in" a gravity well because of this curvature. John Campbell and Isaac Asimov, among the first science fiction writers, regarded warping as a technique to get around the speed limit. Wouldn't it be cool if a spaceship could shrink the volume of space around it while simultaneously growing the volume behind it? The warp drive from "Star Trek" is based on this concept. Mexican theoretical physicist Miguel Alcubierre demonstrated in 1994 that compressing spacetime in front of the spacecraft while expanding it behind was mathematically achievable under the laws of General Relativity.

In 1977, two spacecraft departed the earth and embarked on a mission to refine human knowledge of the solar system. More than 40 years later, the two spacecraft still communicate with the earth! And now, billions of miles away from us, the Voyager mission has made a terrifying discovery! How has the mission lasted this long, and what is the startling discovery? Join us as we dive into Voyager Spacecraft's INSANE New discovery changes everything! How many technologies from the seventies still work perfectly and continuously used? You will agree not many, as technology leaps by bounds! Here is another question: how many devices made in the seventies still work? Maybe a classic car that is well maintained? Would you like to use a telephone from the seventies as your daily driver? Of course, apart from the ornamental and sentimental value, it is pretty useless. But what about when the device is billions of miles away from the earth and is even going further away from us? That is the story of the twin Voyager spacecraft! Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 left the earth in 1977 within days of each other. Decades later, Voyager 2 is more than ten and a half billion miles away from us! The Voyager 1, going in the opposite direction, is even farther from us, at more than a whopping 12 billion miles away! Yet, we get signals from them, using technology from the seventies! To quantify how far these two spacecraft are from the earth, it takes radio signals, traveling at the speed of light, 30 good hours to get to Voyager 2 and return! For Voyager 2, the scientists have to wait even longer as it takes 38 hours for the two legs of the trip! During their sojourn in deep space, the two Voyager spacecraft have explored Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Thanks to them, we have detailed views of these faraway worlds, seeing their moons enveloped in ice, covered in volcanoes, and bathed in gasoline smog! One cool thing about the Voyagers, apart from changing our perspective of the earth, is that they have exported human culture to the stars and whatever species is there. This is because the two spacecraft are equipped with golden gramophone records playing our sounds out there to anybody that cares to listen! The message includes speech, music, sounds, and even pictures encoded in the grooves. The music consists of classical from Bach, Beethoven, and Mozart. Surprisingly, Elvis Presley, the rave of the moment, did not make the cut! The Voyager spacecraft were built by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which operates them. The JPL is a division of Caltech in Pasadena. Voyager 2 took off from Cape Canaveral on 20 August 1977, while Voyager 1 launched on the 5th of the next. They took advantage of the launch window that would allow the mission to fly by all the four giant planets. Signals from the Voyagers are received by NASA's deep space network, which are giant satellite dishes scattered around the world, designed to pick up data from distant spacecraft. The power of the transmitter on the spacecraft is around 12 watts, but when it is on high power, it is 20 watts, the equivalent of the lightbulb on a fridge! So anytime you struggle to receive a mobile phone signal, remember NASA has no problem receiving messages from 12 billion miles away, using a 40 year old, 12 watt transmitter! The most mind-blowing thing is that each time NASA receives a signal from Voyager 1, it is the farther any manufactured object has communicated with the earth! Few expeditions in the entire history of humankind have produced as many scientific achievements as the twin Voyager spacecraft. They were the first computer controlled spacecraft to be launched. They fly themselves, run themselves, check themselves, and even switch to backup systems by themselves! So, how come the Voyagers are still communicating even after so many years? How are they continuously powered? The two Voyagers are equipped with thermoelectric electric generators. They contain plutonium, which, being radioactive, decays. This process produces heat, converted to the electric current that runs the Voyagers' systems. Plutonium has a half-life of about 90 years, allowing a small quantity to produce power for a long time! However, the power source won't last forever because every year, four watts less heat is produced. To keep them flying as much as possible, NASA has been turning off redundant systems. For example, NASA only keeps the instruments that can take data where the spacecraft are running. The cameras are shut off since it is pitch black where they are, and there is nothing to see. Essential processes like heating are kept running to prevent the onboard instrument from freezing. NASA scientists believe the time to shut down the Voyagers will come within the next ten years, or they will stop getting signals from the Voyager aircraft. If the latter is the case, it will happen gradually as signals will continuously weaken.

Space…the final frontier that is yet to be conquered by humanity. The race to make humankind a multi-planetary species is being led by SpaceX. Elon Musk was the first to envision that the next step to human progress was to conquer the stars and colonize another planet. Elon Musk chose the red planet ―Mars as the first target for human colonization. In 2017, when Elon first proposed this huge undertaking, his goal was to get the first boots on the ground on Mars by 2022. Since then, Elon has pulled back to a more realistic 2024 timeline to reach the Red Planet. Let bore deeper into Elon Musk’s Insane New Plan to reach Mars by 2024. Starship: a Big Falcon Rocket After first revealing his plans to land on the red planet and colonize it. The first challenge Elon musk faced was how to get people and cargo there. Mars is not really in our immediate neighborhood; it is on average about a whopping 140 million miles away from earth. This is a huge distance to cover for a human-bearing rocket. Just to give scale to this distance, the moon is about 240,000 miles away. But the silver lining to this is that Mars and Earth's orbits do come very close to each other periodically, this event happens every two years. The event is called a close approach when Earth and Mars are nearest to each other. At this point, the distance between our home and the red planet is about 33.9 million miles. The next close approach will happen in the winter of 2022. Hence Elon Musk’s original timeline for a 2022 target for the first mission to Mars. The windows after that will happen in 2024,2026, 2026, and so on. With these goals and timelines in mind, SpaceX started the development of the Big Falcon Rocket. This would be a 180-foot-tall spaceship, including three protruding fins, that sits atop a 230-foot-tall rocket booster. The plan was to make the rocket fully reusable and cut down the cost of each launch significantly. In November of 2018, the project was renamed Big Falcon Heavy to Starship. This is a two-stage rocket and is composed of a booster stage named Super Heavy and a second stage, which is the Starship itself. Starship is currently being powered by its Raptor engines, which can produce a thrust of 2 Mega Newtons. Starship is designed with the ability to re‑enter Earth's atmosphere and land on a designated landing pad. The spacecraft is also designed to be able to perform automatic rendezvous and docking operations and on‑orbit propellant transfer between Starships. SpaceX’s facility at Boca Chica in Texas is developing the current generation of Starship Model SN15. Which has been named the Starbase. Since it is planned to host the facility to mass manufacture SpaceXs starships. The plan is to build 1000 starships over 10 years once the facility starts its mass manufacturing process, that is around 100 Starships every year! One small step for a human, one giant leap for humankind Elon Musk in January revealed he had plans to get 1 million people on Mars by 2050. To achieve this ambitious goal, he has plans to launch at average 3 starships a day. But before we talk about colonization, let us look at the first manned mission to Mars. We have already successfully landed unmanned missions to Mars. In fact, our first successful landing was in 1971 when the Soviet Unions Mars 3 mission landed on the red planet. Since then we have had multiple mars, rovers roaming the red planet collecting scientific data. But transporting a human crew to and back from Mars is a whole new challenge. The first obstacle is the time since the distance to the red planet is very large. This means very long mission times for the human crew to be shut inside a cabin being hurled through space. The shorter Mars mission plans have round-trip flight times of 400 to 450 days. These can even be cut shorter with 245 days round trip by using on-orbit staging methods. These are still very long periods to sustain living conditions for the astronauts. SpaceX’s crewed Mars flight looks something like this. Phase 1, Starship launches with Super Heavy booster. Booster separates after delivering Starship to orbit and returns to Earth for future reuse. Phase II, Starship enters Earth’s orbit while a refilling tanker launches to mate with Starship in orbit. Starship then uses tanker vehicles (essentially the Starship spacecraft minus the windows) to refill the Starship spacecraft in low-Earth orbit prior to departing for Mars. Refilling on-orbit enables the transport of up to 100 tons all the way to Mars. Tanker after refueling returns to earth, for future reuse.

NASA is returning to the moon after almost 50 years and this time they plan to stay. This is all part of NASA’s Artemis program and it reads like a script from a science fiction movie. The Artemis program has two objectives, a manned mission to the moon and a permanent human presence on the lunar surface. The program is named after the Greek goddess of the moon. Artemis was the twin sister to Apollo. It’s a way for NASAs to show appreciation for the Apollo missions that landed the first man on the moon. The main star of the Artemis program is the Artemis Base camp that will be developed near the south pole of the moon. This is part of NASA’s vision to develop a human foothold on Luna to support further Deep Space manned and unmanned missions. The Artemis Base camp will also play a critical support role for NASA and SpaceX’s manned mission to Mars. Humans will be returning to the moon for the first time in 2024, almost 50 years after the last manned mission to Luna as part of the Artemis program. SpaceX’s won the bid to support NASA with Artemis Program, beating bids by Blue Origin and Dynetics. NASA awarded SpaceX a US$2.89 billion contract to develop and manufacture a modified variant of the Starship for Lunar Landings. The initial goal of the project is to conduct two flights — an uncrewed demonstration mission, and a crewed lunar landing. SpaceX will be transporting astronauts from the lunar orbital gateway to the base camp on the surface. This will be done using a lunar lander variant of SpaceX’S Starship rocket called the Starship HLS. The HLS stands for Human Land System. The Starship itself is SpaceX's flagship rocket that will be leading the charge towards Mars as part of NASA and SpaceX's plans to visit and colonize mars. This modified starship was optimized for a human landing on the moon. The main difference between the standard starship design and starship HLS is the lack of heat shields and airbrakes. This is due to the fact the moon doesn’t have an atmosphere to heat the Starship HLS when landing. Starship HLS is also equipped with a special landing thruster that will be used on descent and takeoff from the lunar surface. The plan is for the Starship HLS is to take off from earth un-crewed using the super-heavy boosters. The Starship HLS will reach the lunar orbit in approximately 3 Days. After that, the starship will just loiter in orbit awaiting its astronaut crew The four astronauts will perform their journey from earth to lunar orbit on NASA’s Orion Spacecraft. The plan is to use the Starship HLS as a taxi between the lunar orbit and the lunar surface. It is designed to make multiple trips transporting astronauts from the orbital station called the Lunar Gateway. Starship HLS is designed to dock in lunar orbit with either the NASA Orion spacecraft or NASA lunar Gateway space station, to take on passengers before descending to the lunar surface For its first mission, two astronauts will stay on the Lunar Gateway. While two astronauts will go down the lunar gravity well towards the surface on the Starship HLS. The first lunar surface mission is planned to last a week, performing experiments and exploring the lunar surface. They will be using Starship HLS as a living space during this mission. After two weeks, surface astronauts will rejoin the rest of the crew back on the Lunar Gateway in Orbit. The Artemis Base camp is planned to be developed near the south pole of the moon in a region called the Shackleton crater. Shackleton crater has a very unique location, as the peaks along the crater's rim are exposed to almost continual sunlight, while the interior is perpetually in shadow. NASA has also detected pockets of frozen water in that region. This is a significant finding since access to abundant water means that the base camp won’t have to depend upon an external supply of water. It also means the Artemis base camp can generate its oxygen by breaking up H2O molecules. Shackleton crater fits NASA’s criteria for the ideal Base camp position. Among the many things NASA takes into account in choosing a specific location, these are the most important two key features: the site must bask in near-continuous sunlight to power the base and moderate extreme temperature swings, and it must offer easy access to areas of complete darkness that hold water ice. Having access to ice will help the Artemis Base camp to achieve its goal of self-sustainability. Artemis Base Camp itself would be a lunar surface habitat that is planned to host four astronauts. Life support is at the top of the priority list for the base camp. The facility will require infrastructure for power, waste disposal, and communications, as well

When it comes to the space research, Russia is considered amongst its pioneers. Sending the first man and woman in space, performing the first lunar flyby using Luna 1, or launching a space flight with more than one crew member through Voskhod 1 – you name it and the Soviets achieved it! However, the long-maintained dominance of Russian space tech is being overshadowed by Space X and they are trying to catch up by launching their own reusable rockets. When Space X became the first private company to launch a crewed flight, cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev, the executive director for crewed space programs at Roscosmos, said: “The success of the mission will provide us with additional opportunities that will benefit the whole international program". The Russian space agency has earned large sums by ferrying astronauts but if SpaceX starts taking up all US astronauts, the annual losses for Roscosmos could be more than US$200 million! ROSCOSMOS, has announced plans to build ‘Amur’ which is pretty much a carbon copy of Space X’s Falcon 9 according to some critics. As of now, Musk’s Space X is the only space agency maintaining a fleet of reusable rockets with many feathers to their cap. The Falcon 9 has currently performed more than 100 successful launches and this is making the Russians uneasy. To avoid being left out, Roscosmos is planning to enter the industry with a reusable rocket before 2026 which is crucial for them especially when Blue Origin by Jeff Bezos is trying to catch up too using Shepard Boosters. It signed a contract with Progress Rocket and Space Center on October 5, 2020 for the development of “Amur”. Amur would be a launch vehicle that would serve as Russia’s very first reusable methane rocket at a cost of about 22 million $. The Amur is a two-stage medium-class carrier launch vehicle with burst designs very identical to Falcon 9’s and what the Russians want to do is to launch it close to 100 times as well, ensuring smooth vertical landings. Alexander Bloshenko, executive director for long-term projects in science at Roscosmos said that the Amur would be as reliable as the assault rifle. The Falcon 9 has Grid or Lattice fins fixed close to the top of its first stage that can be observed in the Amur’s design as well. The folding legs of the Falcon 9 can be found on the Amur as well which cannot go unnoticed. Contrary to expectations, it seems like Elon Musk is not threatened by this. He shares the same idea even with Tesla where he does not hide the blueprints and makes them available for other competitors to replicate. Elon Musk made a tweet and encouraged the development saying that it was a step in the right direction while hoping that Roscosmos aims for full reusability by 2026. Larger rockets, he said, would also make sense for lateral economies of scale... and that the goal should be to minimize the cost per useful ton to orbit. Apart from the similarities, there are notable differences between Amur and the Falcon 9. The Amur is designed to be a cheaper, smaller, and less powerful variant to the Falcon 9 at a cost of around 17 million Euros for every launch. Falcon 9 costs almost double the amount at 38 million euros per launch based on the initial estimates by the Roscosmos. The Amur has a height of about 180 feet 55 meters while the Falcon 9 stands taller at the height of about 208 feet 63 meters. Coming onto payload, the Amur can carry about 11.6 tons into low earth’s orbit and the Falcon 9 takes it again with the capacity to carry a whooping 25.1 tons! Amur's booster stage features five RD-0169A methane oxygen engines as compared to the 9 liquid Oxygen and Kerosene merlin engines on the Falcon 9. It is predicted that Amur would replace the existing Russian fleet of Soyuz 2 launch vehicles. All launches from the rocket are set to take place at the Vostochny Cosmodrome Spaceport above the 51st parallel north in the Amur Oblast which seeks to end Russia’s reliance on the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. The Amur has a central engine which is responsible for landing the stage back to earth. The engine is designed to operate three times: At the launch of the rocket, when the reentry stage is decelerated in heavier and thicker layers of atmosphere and the third, upon a return to the ground. Whether or not you believe that Amur is a copy of Falcon 9, the capabilities of Roscosmos in space technology are immense and they should not be underestimated. Some healthy competition can always contribute to the progress of society. Let us see what time brings for the space industry!

Stephen Hawking believed humans needed to vacate Earth in order to avoid annihilation. He wrote that climate change and the looming possibility of a nuclear war put humans in grave danger. Mars, or as you may call it, the Red Planet is indeed our neighbor. And when we think of it, we imagine a ferociously hot planet, full of deadly gases and – to some, aliens of various sorts. However, contrary to popular belief, it is unbearably cold – pertaining to its distance from the sun. Its average distance from the Sun is a whopping 247 million kilometers! .. which means that there is not enough sunlight to sustain human life and maintain a habitable temperature. With an average temperature of -80 degrees Fahrenheit or -60 degrees Celsius, the Red Planet is -12 degree Celsius colder than Antarctica’s average climate. And though there is zero evidence of biological life on the Red Planet, the planet used to have essential elements that contribute to Mars' suitability for life. Regardless of this obvious challenge to humankind’s ambitions to inhabit Mars, Elon Musk is ever ready to come up with new solutions that might seem utopian to many people. One of such ideas is to nuke mars, yes! You read that right. NUKE Mars with the intention of Terraforming it. Though Mars and Earth are similar in some characteristics, one notable difference between the two planets of our interest is that Mars is not capable of causing the Greenhouse Effect! Now, this may come as a shocker to a few of you that Mars is unable to do that because the planet is composed mainly of Carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas. The catch is that some theories suggest that most of the Red Planet’s Carbon dioxide has vanished while a fraction of that has been absorbed into Mars’ polar ice caps. Also, the planet has very thin air, unfamiliar to the people of Earth, which implies that the idea of roaming around the new home without a life gear would be a foolish idea. Coming onto Musk again, the space enthusiast does not find the absence of a human-friendly atmosphere and the absence of greenhouse effect as a deal-breaker. He suggests that these challenges would serve to humanity’s benefit by forcing them to innovate and think outside the box. So how exactly can one make Mars inhabitable? To terraform Mars would mean to convert the Red Planet into a livable one. Though NASA in 2018 disagreed with Musk’s idea that Mars could be altered to sustain human life, he disagreed and in 2019, reiterated the belief that the current atmospheric condition of the planet can be tampered with. As indicated by a public statement by NASA, the current Martian air itself comprises generally of carbon dioxide, it is extremely thin and cold to sustain fluid water. On Mars, the pressure of the air is less than one percent compared to the pressure of Earth's atmosphere. Any fluid water on a superficial level would rapidly vanish or freeze. Musk intends to go ahead with his eccentric plans and nuke the Red Planet’s CO2 deposits. Nuking Martian polar ice caps will thicken the planet’s atmosphere and will increase its temperature which would lead to a greenhouse effect like that on Earth. This would help keep the harmful Ultraviolet Radiation away from the atmosphere and may trigger a chain reaction that would generate water. To make this possible, Elon Musk needs around 10 to 15 thousand nukes to strike our neighboring planet. A brief example of the devastation a single nuclear device can cause can be the American bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki where more than a hundred thousand people vanished into thin air. By using this method, Elon Musk believes that humans would be able to colonize Mars by 2050. However, he is not planning to attack the planet, yet. He has made it unambiguous that he will detonate the nukes just right above the Martian poles specifically. The following non-radioactive explosions will then replicate the Sun’s heat artificially which will melt the polar ice caps that contain carbon dioxide reserves that date back to at least 4 billion years! If done correctly, the idea of humans walking around the Red Planet as shown in films like ‘Martian’ would not be that of a distant dream. Now all of it must have made you ponder whether the plan comes with zero risks and the answer is clear... NO. It is full of things that could go wrong and one of those possibilities is the occurrence of a nuclear winter that may follow suit after the successful detonation of more than about ten to fifteen thousand nuclear devices. Contrary to what Musk intends, a nuclear winter can cause an aggressive period of cooling lead by the blocking of direct

Superheavy is the massive first-stage rocket for SpaceX’s Starship and there are now bold new plans to, “Catch,” it when it returns to Earth. How Superheavy Works As the first-stage rocket for Starship, Superheavy is routinely recovered and reused. The boosters come down for soft vertical landings after assisting the upper part of Starship to achieve orbit. Starship will go to the Moon, and possibly even Mars and Superheavy then carefully returns on landing pads or drone ships with precision. However, back on December 30th of 2020 Musk revealed a wild-sounding new plan. A Plan to Capture Superheavy "We’re going to try to catch the Super Heavy booster with the launch tower arm, using the grid fins to take the load," Musk announced on Twitter on Dec. 30. What does that mean, exactly? Well, Musk wants to bring Superheavy down directly onto the launch stand, with it caught by a tower arm so that its landings aren’t really, “Landings,” at all. This method would not require landing gear as instead there will be grid fins on Superheavy that allow it to be caught and double as a way to steer during the precise touchdowns! Why do this plan, however? Benefits of Capturing Superheavy Musk himself has stated that by having the Superheavy be caught it saves mass from the legs and the cost of the legs. Therefore, Superheavy then could be immdiately respoitioned with its booster on teh launch mount and be refueld and ready to fly again in, “...under an hour.” Superheavy and Starship are already reusable, but saving money from eliminating the legs and boosting the efficiency of Superheavy makes it an even better first-stage booster. As Musk hopes for regular trips to space to become commonplace for humanity, he has hitned that his long-term vision is to increase production of the Starship to the point where they can build 100 a year for around ten years. This would make a fleet of 1,000. Such a fleet could transport 100 megatons of cargo or around 100,000 people to Mars every 26 months or so as that is when Earth and Mars are closet in their orbits. This would result in a lot of Starships with many Superheavys flying up and returning to Earth--it would be busy! Things would need to be busy for Musk to realize his dream of constructing a colony on Mars by the late 2020s. How Would Capturing Superheavy Actually Work? The launch tower would have a harness that could grab the Superheavy booster after it boosted back to Earth and lowered itself into the harness’s arms. The Superheavy would be sure to position itself very carefully so that as it returns to Earth it gently is caught by the harness. This would not be a case where it is just free-falling back to the planet after helping put a Starship in orbit. It would use its boosters to carefully reposition itself and slowly descent back to where it needs to be for the harness to grab it--this would be a very detailed process, not just a rocket plunging back down to Earth in hopes of getting caught! After capturing Superheavy, the harness would lower the booster back onto the landing pad and therefore this would eliminate the need for landing legs. Such an elmination would also increase the odds of a safe recovery as some tests of boosters returning to landing pads have had less-than-desired explosive results. In those failures everything has always gone well until the actual touchdown where issues have occurred. By eliminating the need to actually touchdown that makes everything much safer and productive. What Use Would Capturing Superheavy Be Once it is Possible? There would be many benefits to having Superheavy be captured once such a system could be in place. SpaceX could easily start deploying big batches of Starlink satellites at an even greater speed, to give one example. Starlink is the program SpaceX is doing to put thousands of sattilites in space that could provide fast and inexpensive wireless internet to the entire World. This megaconstellation of satellites could provide broadband everywhere and get situated a lot faster with a system that allows Superheavys to easily be captured, refueld, and reflying. Also, SpaceX has plans to provide intercontinental commercial flights that would give travelers the ability to fly around the globe in less than an hour with point-to-point landings. To not have to use too many Superheavys or Starships it is important to have a fast turnaround for the rocket. Plus, SpaceX has an agreement with NASA to asisst with sending cargo and crews to the Moon for Project Artemis. That calls for a fast capture and Thumbnail Credit: Tjin M

The universe is full of fascinating objects, including planets, comets, asteroids, stars more than 2,000 times the size of the Sun, and supermassive black holes that have the power to rip celestial bodies apart. It can be simpler to consider the nature of objects such as planets that are nearby. Even though our Solar System is home to a number of large planets, it makes sense to question if there are any larger planets out there. We are looking at the largest planet in the universe because of this. How large is this planet, where is it located, and how does it compare to other planets in our neighborhood? Join us as we explore the Largest Planet in the Universe discovered by scientists. We need a working definition to identify these celestial bodies even if the answer to this issue may appear extremely straightforward. The term "planet" has been given some fairly direct definitions. They'll claim that an accretion disk surrounding a star is what creates a planet. But that doesn't help us focus on the definition for a debate. Thankfully, we have a regulating authority to provide us with the simple solution. The International Astronomical Union defines a planet as having three characteristics or having to perform three tasks: It must move around a star. It must be substantial enough to be shaped spherically by gravity. Its orbit around its star must be large enough for and to pass through. This definition caused controversy when it was first proposed because Pluto was excluded from the list of planets in our Solar System. However, because it excludes some celestial bodies from consideration, this definition is quite useful. The use of the term "exoplanet" must also be taken into account. An exoplanet is, to put it simply, any planet outside of our Solar System. And that leads us to AB Aur b, a massive exoplanet that resembles Jupiter. This enormous planet, which is nine times the mass of Jupiter, was discovered by scientists at an incredibly early stage of formation; they describe it as still in the womb. This discovery casts doubt on the conventional wisdom about how planets form. The planet, a gas giant orbiting exceptionally far from its youthful host star, was discovered and studied by scientists using the Hubble Space Telescope in orbit and the Subaru Telescope near the peak of a dormant Hawaiian volcano. The largest planets in our solar system, Jupiter and Saturn, are examples of gas giants. These planets are primarily made of hydrogen and helium, with swirling gases encircling a smaller solid core. This new research may hold the key to locating extraterrestrial life. "We think it is still very early on in its 'birthing' process," said astrophysicist Thayne Currie of the Subaru Telescope and the NASA-Ames Research Center. Evidence indicates that this is the earliest stage of gas giant creation ever seen. It is contained within a vast disk of gas and dust, which contains the elements necessary to create planets, and which encircles the star AB Aurigae, which is 508 light-years (or 9.5 trillion kilometers) away from Earth. Exoplanets, or planets outside of our solar system, have been discovered in about 5,000 instances. One among the largest is this one, AB Aur b. It is getting close to the minimum size required to be categorized as a planet as opposed to a brown dwarf, a body halfway between a planet and a star. It is heated by gas and dust falling into it. Nearly all exoplanets that are now known have orbits that are closer to their stars than the distance between our solar and its furthest planet, Neptune. However, this planet orbits the sun at a distance that is 93 times greater than that of Earth and three times that of Neptune. The process of its genesis seems to depart from the typical planetary formation hypothesis. As stated by astronomer and study co-author Olivier Guyon of the Subaru Telescope and the University of Arizona, "the conventional thinking is that most, if not all, planets form by the slow accretion of solids onto a rocky core, and that gas giants go through this phase before the solid core is massive enough to start accreting gas. Disclaimer Fair Use: 1. The videos have no negative impact on the original works. 2. The videos we make are used for educational purposes. 3. The videos are transformative in nature. 4. We use only the audio component and tiny pieces of video footage, only if it's necessary. DISCLAIMER: Our channel is purely made for entertainment purposes, based on facts, rumors, and fiction. Copyright Disclaimer under section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for “fair use” for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, education, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statutes that might otherwise be infringing.

What if we told you that you exist in another universe that you are not aware of? While that may sound scary, it is not impossible to find a copy of you or your loved one living in an entirely different universe! This is because of the theory of multiple or parallel universes. However, while some scientists dismissed the theory as fiction, more proof is coming in about the existence of these alternate universes! What are parallel universes, and how do they affect you? All these and much more as we dive into how scientists finally found proof for the existence of parallel universes!