Dan Costa Academicus

*SPOILERS FOR HBO ROME*, but honestly it's been out for so long why haven't you seen it yet? Song used: Aetas Romana by Adrian von Ziegler Chapters: (0:00) I Pompey's Sole Consulship and the events leading up to the Civil War (24:52) II Domitius' last stand at Corfinium and the Optimates push for war (57:54) You need to pause for each letter here (1:01:43) II Appendix: The crossing of the Rubicon (1:05:07) III TFoPM Primary Sources: Plutarch, Parallel lives Caesar Cicero Appian Valerius Maximus Livy Velleius Paterculus Cassius Dio Lucan, Pharsalia Seutonius Secondary Sources: Alexander, Michael C. Trials in the Late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50 BC. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1947. Broughton, T. Robert S. The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol. 1. New York: American Philological Association, 1951. Broughton, T. Robert S. The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association, 1951. Burns, Alfred. “Pompey’s Strategy and Domitius’ Stand at Corfinium.” Historia: Zeitschrift Für Alte Geschichte 15, no. 1 (1966): 74–95. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4434912. C. Julius Caesar. Commentaries on the Civil War. Edited by William Duncan. St. Louis. Edwards and Bushnell, 1856. Perseus Digital Library. http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0448.phi002.perseus-eng1:1.0 (accessed December, 2021). Caesar. The Civil Wars. Edited by T. E. Page. Translated by A. G. Peskett. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1914. Cancik, Hubert, Francis G. Gentry, Manfred. Landfester, Christine F. Salazar, and Helmuth. Schneider. Brill’s New Pauly. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2012. Cicero. Letters to Friends. Vol. 1. Translated and edited by D. R. Shackleton Bailey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001. Cicero. Letters to Friends. Vol. 2. Translated and edited by D. R. Shackleton Bailey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001. Collins, H. P. “Decline and Fall of Pompey the Great.” Greece & Rome 22, no. 66 (1953): 98–106. Cowell, F. R. Cicero and the Roman Republic. Penguin Books Ltd, 1968 D. R. Shackleton Bailey. “Expectatio Corfiniensis.” The Journal of Roman Studies 46 (1956): 57–64. https://doi.org/10.2307/297965. Drogula, Fred K. Cato the Younger: Life and Death at the End of the Roman Republic. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2019. Fritz, Kurt von. “Pompey’s Policy before and after the Outbreak of the Civil War of 49 B.C.” Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 73 (1942): 145–80. https://doi.org/10.2307/283545. 29 Fritz, Kurt von. “The Mission of L. Caesar and L. Roscius in January 49 B.C.” Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 72 (1941): 125–56. https://doi.org/10.2307/283046. Goldsworthy, Adrian. Caesar’s Civil War 49-44 BC. Taylor and Francis, 2013. ProQuest Ebook Central. Goldsworthy, Adrian. Caesar: Life of a Colossus. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central. Gruen, Erich S. The Last Generation of the Roman Republic. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974. Hawthorn, J. R. “The Senate after Sulla.” Greece & Rome 9, no. 1 (1962): 53–60. http://www.jstor.org/stable/640747. Lendering, Jona. Legion. 2020. https://www.livius.org/articles/misc/legion/. Lendering, Jona. Senate. 2020. https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/senate/. Raaflaub, Kurt. “Bellum Civile.” In A Companion to Julius Caesar, edited by Miriam Griffin. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2009. Rawson, Elizabeth. “Caesar: Civil War and Dictatorship.” In The Cambridge Ancient History, edited by J. A. Crook, Andrew Lintott, and Elizabeth Rawson, 2nd ed., 9:424–67. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Rawson, Elizabeth. Cicero A Portrait. Bristol Classical Press, 2001. Rosenstein, Nathan, and Morstein-Marx, Robert, eds. A Companion to the Roman Republic. Williston: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central. Salmon, E. T. “Caesar and the Consulship for 49 B.C.” The Classical Journal 34, no. 7 (1939): 388–95. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3291323. Seager, Robin. Pompey the Great. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2002. Smith, C. J. The Roman Clan: The Gens from Ancient Ideology to Modern Anthropology. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Kindle edition. Smith, R. E. “The Significance of Caesar’s Consulship in 59 B. C.” Phoenix 18, no. 4 (1964): 303–13. https://doi.org/10.2307/1086364. Stevenson, Tom. Julius Caesar and the Transformation of the Roman Republic. New York, NY: Routledge, 2015. Stockton, David. Cicero A Political Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. 30 Syme, Ronald. The Roman Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. ProQuest Ebook Central. Wiseman, T. P. “Caesar, Pompey and Rome, 59–50 B.c.” In The Cambridge Ancient History, edited by J. A. Crook, Andrew Lintott, and Elizabeth Rawson, 2nd ed., 9:368–423. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521256032.013 #history #romanhistory #romanrepublic

Pompey is starting to crumble under the constant and persistent pressure of being disliked. He is attacked by all sides even by his triumvir allies. When all hoped seemed lost, Pompey regains the initiative thanks to Cicero which earned him a consulship though at the cost of violence. With Julia now dead there is now a chance that Pompey might move closer with the optimates. Only time will tell... Primary Sources Plutarch, Life of Pompey https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Pompey*.html Plutarch, Life of Crassus https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html Plutarch, Life of Cato the Younger https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Cato_Minor*.html Appian The Civil Wars Liber II https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/appian/civil_wars/2*.html Cassius Dio Liber XXXVI-IX https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/36*.html Cicero, Letters to Friends Vol. I Cicero, Letters to Atticus Cicero, Quintus Fragments Cicero, On the Responses of the Haruspices Cicero, Phillippics 1-6 Suetonius, Life of Julius Caesar Asconius Secondary Sources Broughton, T. Robert S. The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association, 1951. Cowell, F. R. Cicero and the Roman Republic. Penguin Books Ltd, 1968. Gruen, Erich S. The Last Generation of the Roman Republic. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974. Livius.org Seager, Robin. Pompey the Great. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2002. The Oxford Classical Dictionary Drogula, Fred K. Cato the Younger: Life and Death at the End of the Roman Republic. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2019. Cicero. Letters to Atticus. Vol. 1. Translated and edited by D. R. Shackleton Bailey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001 Rosenstein, Nathan, and Morstein-Marx, Robert, eds. A Companion to the Roman Republic. Williston: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2006. Wiseman, T. P. “Caesar, Pompey and Rome, 59–50 B.c.” Chapter. In The Cambridge Ancient History, edited by J. A. Crook, Andrew Lintott, and Elizabeth Rawson, 2nd ed., 9:368–423. The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Gruen, Erich S. “Pompey, the Roman Aristocracy, and the Conference of Luca.” Historia: Zeitschrift Für Alte Geschichte 18, no. 1 (1969): 71–108. #history #romanhistory #romanrepublic

Pompey goes through a bit of a rough patch in the year 59 B.C. Primary Sources Plutarch, Life of Pompey https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Pompey*.html Plutarch, Life of Crassus https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html Plutarch, Life of Lucullus https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Lucullus*.html Appian The Civil Wars Liber II https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/appian/civil_wars/2*.html Cassius Dio Liber XXXVI-IX https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/36*.html Cicero, Letters to Friends Vol. I Cicero, Letters to Atticus Cicero, Quintus Fragments Suetonius, Life of Julius Caesar Asconius Secondary Sources Broughton, T. Robert S. The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association, 1951. Cowell, F. R. Cicero and the Roman Republic. Penguin Books Ltd, 1968. Gruen, Erich S. The Last Generation of the Roman Republic. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974. Livius.org Seager, Robin. Pompey the Great. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2002. The Oxford Classical Dictionary Drogula, Fred K. Cato the Younger: Life and Death at the End of the Roman Republic. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2019. Cicero. Letters to Atticus. Vol. 1. Translated and edited by D. R. Shackleton Bailey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001 #history #romanhistory #romanrepublic

War was brewing in the East. Rome was in Turmoil. L. Licinius Lucullus, who had fought against Mithridates before, knew that the Poison King was back at it again with a brand new invasion. Eager to fight against him, he managed to gain the province of Cilicia after his consulship. Raising an army of his own, he sailed East. Primary Sources: Sallust, the Histories Memnon Plutarch, the life of Lucullus Strabo, Geography Cicero: Lucullus, Pro Murena, Letters to Atticus, Academics Appian, Mithridates Livy, Periochae Dio book 36 Secondary Sources: Broughton, T. Robert S. The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association, 1951. Gruen, Erich S. The Last Generation of the Roman Republic. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974. Empire of the Black Sea: The Rise and Fall of the Mithridatic World by Duane W. Roller Drogula, Fred K. Cato the Younger: Life and Death at the End of the Roman Republic. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2019. The Date of the Outbreak of the Third Mithridatic War by B. C. MeGing Alexander, Michael C. Trials in the Late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50 BC. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1947. Erskine, Andrew, ed. A Companion to the Hellenistic World. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2005. #History #RomanHistory

Pompey chases Mithridates and reorganizes the East, making it the wealthiest province of the Roman Empire. Cato the Younger stands up to Pompey Magnus and Pompey for the first time encounters staunch resistance. Left looking like a fool, Pompey manages to recover some ground by getting his trusted lieutenant L. Afranius elected Consul. However, Afranius was sorely lacking in political skills and influence, making it impossible for Pompey to accomplish anything politically. The Life of Cato the Younger Part I: https://youtu.be/UbCCdHMujHE Primary Sources Plutarch, Life of Pompey https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Pompey*.html Plutarch, Life of Crassus https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html Plutarch, Life of Lucullus https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Lucullus*.html Appian The Civil Wars Liber II https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/appian/civil_wars/2*.html Cassius Dio Liber XXXVI https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/36*.html Cicero, Letters to Friends Vol. I Cicero, Letters to Atticus Cicero, Pro Murena https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Cic.+Mur.+34 Cicero, Against Vatinius http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Cic.+Vat.+22&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0020 Pliny, Natural History Strabo, Geography Book XI, Chapter 14 http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/11N*.html Asconius Secondary Sources Broughton, T. Robert S. The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association, 1951. Cowell, F. R. Cicero and the Roman Republic. Penguin Books Ltd, 1968. Gruen, Erich S. The Last Generation of the Roman Republic. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974. Livius.org Seager, Robin. Pompey the Great. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2002. The Oxford Classical Dictionary Alexander, Michael C. Trials in the Late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50 BC. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1947. Pompey's organization of the East by Joshua Robinson Williams, Richard S., and Burma P. Williams. “Cn. Pompeius Magnus and L. Afranius: Failure to Secure the Eastern Settlement.” The Classical Journal 83, no. 3 (1988): 198–206. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3297467. Empire of the Black Sea: The Rise and Fall of the Mithridatic World by Duane W. Roller

Pompey the Great is that guy, trust me. A quick note about Pompey's triumph. We don't actually know the date of his triumph, but we think it was in 81, so his age is around 24, 25ish. Primary Sources Plutarch, Life of Pompey https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Pompey*.html Plutarch, Life of Crassus https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html Plutarch, Life of Lucullus https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Lucullus*.html Appian The Civil Wars Liber II https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/appian/civil_wars/2*.html Cassius Dio Liber XXXVI https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/36*.html Cicero, Letters to Friends Vol. I Cicero, Letters to Atticus Cicero, Against Verres Cicero, On Pompey's Command https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.02.0019%3atext%3dMan. Sallust, Histories http://www.attalus.org/translate/sallust.html Livy, Periochae https://www.livius.org/sources/content/livy/livy-periochae-76-80/ Secondary Sources Broughton, T. Robert S. The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association, 1951. Cowell, F. R. Cicero and the Roman Republic. Penguin Books Ltd, 1968. Gruen, Erich S. The Last Generation of the Roman Republic. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974. Livius.org Seager, Robin. Pompey the Great. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2002. Smith, C. J. The Roman Clan: The Gens from Ancient Ideology to Modern Anthropology. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Kindle edition. The Oxford Classical Dictionary Ward, Allen M. “The Early Relationships between Cicero and Pompey until 80 B. C.” Phoenix 24, no. 2 (1970): 119–29. https://doi.org/10.2307/1087775. Ward, Allen M. “Cicero and Pompey in 75 and 70 B. C.” Latomus 29, no. 1 (1970): 58–71. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41526055. Brunt, P. A. “Italian Aims at the Time of the Social War.” The Journal of Roman Studies 55, no. 1/2 (1965): 90–109. https://doi.org/10.2307/297433.

After a period of rest and relaxation, Rome invades Africa. Consul Regulus pillages the countryside while Carthage has to rely on its newly recruited Greek mercenaries. One such mercenary was a Spartan Greek called Xanthippus who, ironically, will teach the Carthaginians on how to properly use elephants. Rome ends up smashing the Carthaginian Fleet, but five years later, with some catastrophic storms and a single naval victory, Carthage will shatter the Roman fleet. Hamilcar Barca will arrive on the scene and with the use of Guerilla Warfare tactics, will hold Lilybaeum and Drapana until the very end of the war. Primary Sources: Cassius Dio & Zonaras - Roman History Cicero - De Natura Deorum Cornelius Nepos: Hamilcar Diodorus Siculus: Library of History Livy Ab Urb Condita & Periochae Philinos Polybius, the Histories Secondary Sources: A Companion to the Punic Wars A History of Roman Sea-Power Before the Second Punic War by J. H. Thiel The First Punic War by J. F. Lazenby A Companion to the Roman Army Oxford Classical Dictionary

Enough is enough, Rome's had it with these Carthaginian ships raiding their Italian shores. Rome decides to build a fleet of 100 quinqueremes and 20 triremes. Consul Duilius receives the first naval triumph in Rome's history. Hamilcar the Very Able, conquers a large portion of Sicily - only to lose it again to the Romans. After 8 years and no decisive results, Rome decides to invade Africa. At Ecnomus, one of the greatest naval battles in history, certainly in antiquity, takes place with a total number of 290,000 men taking part in the battle. Primary Sources: Aristotle: Politics Cassius Dio & Zonaras - Roman History Cornelius Nepos: Hamilcar Diodorus Siculus: Library of History Livy Ab Urb Condita & Periochae Orosius Philinos Polybius, the Histories Secondary Sources: A Companion to the Punic Wars A History of Roman Sea-Power Before the Second Punic War by J. H. Thiel The First Punic War by J. F. Lazenby A Companion to the Roman Army Oxford Classical Dictionary Tipps, G. K. “The Battle of Ecnomus.” Historia: Zeitschrift Für Alte Geschichte 34, no. 4 (1985): 432–65. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4435938.

The First Punic War was the longest war Rome had ever fought. What lasted from 264-241 will subsequently change the way Rome will operate in the Mediterranean Sea. While there is no Hannibal Barca or Scipio Africanus, there is the Senate. The Roman Senate is the driving force to victory. Primary Sources: Aristotle: Politics Cassius Dio & Zonaras - Roman History Cornelius Nepos: Hamilcar Diodorus Siculus: Library of History Livy Ab Urb Condita & Periochae Orosius Plutarch's The Life of Pyrrhus Philinos Polybius, the Histories Secondary Sources: A Companion to the Punic Wars A History of Roman Sea-Power Before the Second Punic War by J. H. Thiel The First Punic War by J. F. Lazenby A Companion to the Roman Army Oxford Classical Dictionary

Caesar crosses the Rubicon and Cato's shocked. The war changes Cato the Younger and he no longer follows the ideals he held so strict and sternly. Now, he pushes for peace, he recognizes that the Republic needs men like Cicero, and that war is never the answer. Follow me on Gab: https://gab.com/Daniel_Costa_Academicus Primary Sources: Plutarch, The Life of Cato the Younger http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Cato_Minor*.html Plutarch, The Life of Cicero http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Cicero*.html Plutarch, The Life of Julius Caesar http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Caesar*.html Plutarch, The Life of Pompey http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Pompey*.html Cassius Dio Book XL Cassius Dio Book XLI Suetonius, The Life of Julius Caesar http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html Cicero Letters To Atticus Vol. II, III, IV Cicero Letters To Friends Vol. II Cicero, Phillipics 1-6 Cicero, Quintus fragments http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&getid=1&query=Cic.%20Q.%20fr.%202 Cicero, Divination http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&query=Cic.%20Div.%201.30&getid=0 C. Julius Caesar, Commentaries on the Civil War http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:latinLit:phi0448.phi002.perseus-eng1:1.4 Appian Civil War Sallust Catiline Conspiracy Secondary Sources: Cato The Younger, Life and Death at the End of the Roman Republic by Fred K. Drogula Cicero and the Roman Republic by F. R. Cowell Oxford Classical Dictionary Gruen E. S. (1974) The Last Generation of the Roman Republic. Berkeley.

Pompey shifts over to the optimates. All those years Cato spent trying to convince others of Caesar's wickedness is finally paying off, as a result Cato becomes difficult to track. The next and upcoming generation of Roman aristocrats start to see Caesar as the threat Cato thinks he is. To them, Caesar must be eliminated at any cost. Follow me on Gab: https://gab.com/Daniel_Costa_Academicus Primary Sources: Plutarch, The Life of Cato the Younger http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Cato_Minor*.html Plutarch, The Life of Cicero http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Cicero*.html Plutarch, The Life of Julius Caesar http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Caesar*.html Plutarch, The Life of Pompey http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Pompey*.html Plutarch, The Life of Antony https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Antony*.html Cassius Dio Book XL Cassius Dio Book XLI Suetonius, The Life of Julius Caesar http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html Cicero Letters To Atticus Vol. II Cicero Letters To Friends Vol. II Valerius Maximus, Liber IV https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Valerius_Maximus/4*.html Cicero, Phillipics 1-6 Diodorus, Siculus http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=GreekFeb2011&getid=1&query=Diod.%20Sic.%2017.52.6 Cicero, Quintus fragments http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&getid=1&query=Cic.%20Q.%20fr.%202 Cicero, Divination http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&query=Cic.%20Div.%201.30&getid=0 C. Julius Caesar, Commentaries on the Civil War http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:latinLit:phi0448.phi002.perseus-eng1:1.4 Secondary Sources: Cato The Younger, Life and Death at the End of the Roman Republic by Fred K. Drogula Cicero and the Roman Republic by F. R. Cowell Oxford Classical Dictionary Gruen E. S. (1974) The Last Generation of the Roman Republic. Berkeley. Tatum, W. J. (2010) "The Final Crisis (69-44)," in N. Rosenstein and R. Morstein-Marx (eds.), A Companion to the Roman Republic. Malden, MA: 190-211.

Cato wins the praetorship and tries to convict as many triumvirate supporters as possible. Julius Caesar's daughter, Pompey's beloved wife, Julia dies. Some say her death marks the end of the triumvirate, but does it really? Cato runs for the consulship and says that he's doing it for the people, but is that the case? Follow me on Gab: https://gab.com/Daniel_Costa_Academicus Primary Sources: Plutarch, The Life of Cato the Younger http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Cato_Minor*.html Plutarch, The Life of Cicero http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Cicero*.html Plutarch, The Life of Julius Caesar http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Caesar*.html Plutarch, The Life of Pompey http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Pompey*.html Plutarch, The Life of Crassus http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html Cassius Dio Book XL Suetonius, The Life of Julius Caesar http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html Cicero Letters To Atticus Vol. II Valerius Maximus, Liber IV https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Valerius_Maximus/4*.html Cicero, Phillipics 1-6 Diodorus, Siculus http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=GreekFeb2011&getid=1&query=Diod.%20Sic.%2017.52.6 Cicero, Quintus fragments http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&getid=1&query=Cic.%20Q.%20fr.%202 Cicero, Divination http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&query=Cic.%20Div.%201.30&getid=0 Cicero, Pro Milone http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi031.perseus-eng1:28 Asconius, on Cicero's Pro Milone http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/asconius.htm C. Julius Caesar, Commentaries on the Civil War http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:latinLit:phi0448.phi002.perseus-eng1:1.4 C. Julius Caesar, The Conquest of Gaul Secondary Sources: Cato The Younger, Life and Death at the End of the Roman Republic by Fred K. Drogula Cicero and the Roman Republic by F. R. Cowell Oxford Classical Dictionary Ruebel, James S. "The Trial of Milo in 52 B.C.: A Chronological Study." Transactions of the American Philological Association (1974-) 109 (1979): 231-49. doi:10.2307/284060. Trials in the Late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50 BC by Michael C. Alexander

*SPOILERS FOR HBO ROME* song used: https://youtu.be/isk32wVT4zU

Sex, murder, fake witnesses, and forgeries. All of these things ran rapid through Rome in 186 B.C. In fact scholars think that there may have been a crime wave happening in Italy during this time. The Senate upon hearing the words of Consul Postumius, with their left hand, dished out justice by declaring a Senatus Consultum. Consul Postumius acts swiftly and Italy is restored, the conspiracy destroyed, and the worship of Bacchus regulated. This was just a fun little video. I did not put as much effort into this, research wise, than I did my other historical videos. Mainly because finding scholarly works on the subject proved to be difficult. However, the secondary sources I used were good enough for the approach I had in mind. I hope you enjoy it! Also the word coniuratio was very difficult to pronounce and I feel I may have butchered the word. Stay updated on the process by following me on Gab: https://gab.com/Daniel_Costa_Academicus Pimary Source: Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, 39 Secondary Sources: Tierney, J. J. "The "Senatus Consultum De Bacchanalibus"." Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section C: Archaeology, Celtic Studies, History, Linguistics, Literature 51 (1945): 89-117. Accessed March 11, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25505991. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senatus_consultum_de_Bacchanalibus https://www.academia.edu/3676241/Livy_and_the_Bacchanalia

Cato is voted to oversee the liquidation of the Kingdom of Cyprus and the restoration of exiles to Byzantium. The amount of wealth Cato brings to Rome is quite a hefty sum, but is it the true amount? If only we had those account books. Caesar's five year command is coming to an end and he faces troubles from within and from Cato. Cato throws in his candidacy for the Praetorship in 55, when Caesar's command is over, and Domitius Ahenobarbus, a man destined for the Consulship due to just how powerful and well connected his family is, and Cato's ally, throws in his candicacy for the Consulship as well. Can Caesar strengthen the wavering Triumvirate and extend his term another five years or will Cato finally get to see his personal enemy destroyed? Follow me on Gab: https://gab.com/Daniel_Costa_Academicus Primary Sources: Plutarch, The Life of Cato the Younger http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Cato_Minor*.html Plutarch, The Life of Cicero http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Cicero*.html Plutarch, The Life of Julius Caesar http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Caesar*.html Plutarch, The Life of Pompey http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Pompey*.html Plutarch, The Life of Crassus http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html Cassius Dio Book XXXIX https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/39*.html Suetonius, The Life of Julius Caesar http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html Cicero Letters To Atticus Vol. I Plutarch, Comparison of Nicias and Crassus https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Nicias+Crassus*.html Valerius Maximus, Liber IV https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Valerius_Maximus/4*.html Cicero, Phillipics 1-6 Diodorus, Siculus http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=GreekFeb2011&getid=1&query=Diod.%20Sic.%2017.52.6 Cicero, Quintus fragments http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&getid=1&query=Cic.%20Q.%20fr.%202 Cicero, Divination http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&query=Cic.%20Div.%201.30&getid=0 Secondary Sources: Cato The Younger, Life and Death at the End of the Roman Republic by Fred K. Drogula Cicero and the Roman Republic by F. R. Cowell

The First Triumvirate is publicly revealed and Cato is shocked. Cato continues his obstructionism but to no avail, but he hopes to subvert Caesar through legal means. Will Cato be able to stop the triumvirs? Primary Sources: Plutarch, The Life of Cato the Younger http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Cato_Minor*.html Plutarch, The Life of Cicero http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Cicero*.html Plutarch, The Life of Julius Caesar http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Caesar*.html Plutarch, The Life of Pompey http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Pompey*.html Plutarch, The Life of Crassus http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html Cassius Dio Book XXXVIII https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/38*.html Suetonius, The Life of Julius Caesar http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html Cicero Letters To Atticus Vol. I Cicero Against Vatinius Secondary Sources: Cato The Younger, Life and Death at the End of the Roman Republic by Fred K. Drogula Cicero and the Roman Republic by F. R. Cowell Latin Dictionary: Obnuntiatio, Obnuntiationis https://latin-dictionary.net/definition/28278/obnuntiatio-obnuntiationis Oxford Classical Dictionary: Senatus Consultum Oxford Classical Dictionary: Senatus Consultum Ultimum

2500 years ago, in 480 B.C., 8000 hoplites gave their lives in the famous Battle of Thermopylae. This video, in celebration of their courage, compares the historical texts to the film 300. Enjoy!

Cato The Younger takes on Caesar, Pompey Magnus, and Crassus backing them into a corner. The result, the first triumvirate. Thank you to Sapientisat for a generous donation to the channel! Song used: Aetas Romana by Adrian von Ziegler Primary Sources: Plutarch, The Life of Cato the Younger http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Cato_Minor*.html Plutarch, The Life of Cicero http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Cicero*.html Plutarch, The Life of Julius Caesar http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Caesar*.html Plutarch, The Life of Pompey http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Pompey*.html Plutarch, The Life of Lucullus http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Lucullus*.html Plutarch, The Life of Crassus http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html Cassius Dio Book XXXVIII https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/38*.html Cassius Dio, Roman History, 38.3 trans. by Earnest Cary https://lexundria.com/dio/38.3/cy Suetonius, The Life of Julius Caesar http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html Cicero Letters To Atticus Vol. I Secondary Sources: Oxford Classical Dictionary: Tribuni Aerarii https://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-6551 Cato The Younger, Life and Death at the End of the Roman Republic by Fred K. Drogula Cicero and the Roman Republic by F. R. Cowell

Salve Omnes! In this part I take a look at Cato during the Catiline Conspiracy and his Tribunate! The Catiline Conspiracy: https://youtu.be/2fQDSYFLZyQ Primary Sources: Plutarch Life of Cato the Younger http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Cato_Minor*.html Sallust The Conspiracy of Catiline Cicero Orations In Catilinam 1-4, Pro Murena, Pro Sulla, Pro Flacco Plutarch Life of Cicero http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Cicero*.html Seutonius Life of Julius Caesar http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html Cicero Letters to Friends Vol. I, Letter 2 Cassius Dio Book XXXVII https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/37*.html Secondary Sources: Hawthorn, J. R. "The Senate after Sulla." Greece & Rome 9, no. 1 (1962): 53-60. Accessed September 20, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/640747. Cicero and the Roman Republic by F. R. Cowell Cato the Younger Life and Death at the End of the Roman Republic by Fred K. Drogula

Umbra does not mess around.

When it comes to what brings maximum benefit and potential to the Mojave, the choice is clearly Yes Man. The Songs used and where I got them: Big Iron but Marty Robbins Inhaled Sulfur hexafluoride by TheForgery https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vt28frVwlxk&t=8s Fallout New Vegas Soundtrack - Jingle Jangle Jingle in G Major.wmv by Hillic3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6TCyaQBsTgA Louis Armstrong - Give me a kiss to build a dream on [EARRAPE] by hotdog https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zq8sjBqEWkc&t=43s Blue Moon in G Major, Johnny Guitar in G Major, by Алексей Доронин https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9u8YTl26b78 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MtswVae6pc4

Salvete Omnes! Here is part one of the life of Cato the Younger. Hope you enjoy! Primary Sources: Plutarch Life of Cato the Younger http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Cato_Minor*.html Sallust The Conspiracy of Catiline Cicero Orations In Catilinam 1-4, Pro Murena, Pro Sulla, Pro Flacco Secondary Sources: Cicero and the Roman Republic by F. R. Cowell Cato the Younger Life and Death at the End of the Roman Republic by Fred K. Drogula Copyright Purposes: Wikimedia Commons contributors, "File:Italia, m.p. catone, de agri cultura, e varrone, de rustica, XV sec., pluteo 51.2.JPG," Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Italia,_m.p._catone,_de_agri_cultura,_e_varrone,_de_rustica,_XV_sec.,_pluteo_51.2.JPG&oldid=312809693 (accessed August 7, 2020). Wikimedia Commons contributors, "File:Patrizio Torlonia.jpg," Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Patrizio_Torlonia.jpg&oldid=380431704 (accessed August 7, 2020). Wikimedia Commons contributors, "File:Mediterranean at 218 BC-en.svg," Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mediterranean_at_218_BC-en.svg&oldid=417082353 (accessed August 7, 2020). Wikimedia Commons contributors, "File:Map of the Ancient Rome at Caesar time (with conquests)-fr.svg," Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Map_of_the_Ancient_Rome_at_Caesar_time_(with_conquests)-fr.svg&oldid=375801226 (accessed August 7, 2020).

Imperator?