Cryptostreets

What Is Plasma? Plasma is one of the four fundamental states of matter, alongside gases, liquids, and solids. While most people don’t think about plasma in their daily lives the way they think about other states of matter, plasma constitutes 99% of the visible matter in the universe. This includes astrophysical plasma found in outer space, such as within nebulae and stars like the Sun. In plasma, some of the electrons separate and become free from neutral atoms (atoms that have an equal number of protons and electrons and thus a neutral charge). The resulting free electrons make plasma different from the other states of matter, where the electrons remain closely held to nuclei. When the atoms in plasma separate from their negatively charged electrons, they no longer have a neutral electrical charge. Instead, the atoms become ions—positively charged particles. Therefore, plasma is an ionized state made up of positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons.

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Jofra Archer has not played for England since March 2023 due to a stress fracture in his back, but will make his long-awaited return to international cricket against Pakistan at Headingley; watch first T20I of four-match series, live on Sky Sports Cricket, 6pm Wednesday

Charles Leclerc will race on home soil as an F1 driver for a sixth time and he will be hoping his Monaco luck can turn with Ferrari expected to be very competitive; watch every session of the Monaco GP live on Sky Sports F1 and Main Event, Practice One this Friday at 12pm

Head coach Steve Clarke will name provisional 28-man squad on Wednesday - live on Sky Sports News at 11am; Aaron Hickey and Nathan Patterson are out of Euro 2024; Scotland are in Group A with Germany, Hungary and Switzerland; Germany vs Scotland opens the tournament in Munich on June 14

Gareth Southgate named his provisional 33-player squad for Euro 2024 on Tuesday; Marcus Rashford and Jordan Henderson did not make the list; Adam Wharton, Curtis Jones, Jarell Quansah and Jarrad Branthwaite have been included; England submit their final 26-player squad on June 7

Marcus Rashford has been left out of England's provisional squad for Euro 2024; Man Utd forward shone at the World Cup in 2022 but has endured a poor season for Erik ten Hag's side; 26-year-old has 17 goals in 60 games for England

Sky Sports' Paul Merson questioned how Chelsea are going to replace Mauricio Pochettino, who left Stamford Bridge after less than a year on Tuesday; Sky Sports News' chief reporter Kaveh Solhekol examines a number of candidates mentioned as potential replacements

For the second year in a row, California’s largest reservoir filled to nearly 100 percent capacity. Following consecutive wet winters, Shasta Lake in Northern California reached full capacity for the second year in a row, in time for summer 2024. As the state’s largest reservoir, crucial for irrigation, municipal water supplies, flood control, and more, it also neared 100 percent capacity in the spring 2023. The healthy cache of water in back-to-back years marked a significant recovery from the drought and low water levels experienced from 2019 to 2022.

Calculations explore how twelve metals, including titanium, form bonds with nitrogen or carbon. Decarbonizing automobiles involves transitioning from gasoline engines to electric motors and incorporating high-quality steel components that reduce vehicle weight while ensuring efficient motor operation. High-performance steel materials can enhance the quietness of rides and withstand the wear from high-speed motor rotations. Optimizing the steel modification process, which involves enriching the surface with carbon, nitrogen, and alloy elements, is crucial for producing these advanced materials.

Researchers using new imaging technology found that repetitive practice stabilizes and solidifies working memory circuits in mice, significantly enhancing task mastery and automaticity. “Practice makes perfect” is no mere cliché, according to a new study from researchers at Rockefeller University and UCLA. Instead, it’s the recipe for mastering a task, because repeating an activity over and over solidifies neural pathways in your brain. As they describe in Nature, the scientists used a cutting-edge technology developed by Rockefeller’s Alipasha Vaziri to simultaneously observe 73,000 cortical neurons in mice as the animals learned and repeated a given task over two weeks. The study revealed that memory representations transform from unstable to solid in working memory circuits, giving insights into why performance becomes more accurate and automatic following repetitive practice.

Tohoku University researchers have devised a method to predict the performance of new catalysts for fuel cells, potentially hastening the development of more efficient clean energy solutions. Tohoku University researchers have created a reliable means of predicting the performance of a new and promising type of catalyst. Their breakthrough will speed up the development of efficient catalysts for both alkaline and acidic environments, thereby saving time and effort in future endeavors to create better fuel cells. Details of their research were recently published in the journal Chemical Science.

Subgroup analyses suggest a potential advantage for older adults and individuals with diabetes. Whether you like your eggs sunny-side up, hard boiled or scrambled, many hesitate to eat them amid concerns that eggs may raise cholesterol levels and be bad for heart health. However, results from a prospective, controlled trial presented at the American College of Cardiology’s Annual Scientific Session show that over a four-month period cholesterol levels were similar among people who ate fortified eggs most days of the week compared with those who didn’t eat eggs. A total of 140 patients with or at high risk for cardiovascular disease were enrolled in the PROSPERITY trial, which aimed to assess the effects of eating 12 or more fortified eggs a week versus a non-egg diet (consuming less than two eggs a week) on HDL- and LDL-cholesterol, as well as other key markers of cardiovascular health over a four-month study period.

Researchers reconstructed the face of Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou using DNA from his remains, revealing his typical East Asian features and suggesting his premature death at 36 may have been due to a stroke. The study offers insights into the migration and integration of the Xianbei people in ancient China. What did an ancient Chinese emperor from 1,500 years ago look like? A team of researchers reconstructed the face of Chinese Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou using DNA extracted from his remains. The study, recently published in the journal Current Biology, suggests the emperor’s death at the age of 36 might be linked to a stroke. It also sheds light on the origin and migration patterns of a nomadic empire that once ruled parts of northeastern Asia.

The third branch of magnetism has been experimentally demonstrated in manganese telluride, opening up opportunities for new research directions. A recent study published in Nature reveals that an international team of scientists has challenged the conventional division of magnetism into two types: ferromagnetism, known for thousands of years, and antiferromagnetism, identified roughly a century ago. The researchers have now successfully demonstrated, through direct experiments, a third type of magnetism—altermagnetism—which had been theoretically predicted by scientists from Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz and the Czech Academy of Sciences in Prague several years earlier.

Large tidal swings expose a plateau-shaped reef around Australia’s Yawajaba island at low tide. The Kimberley coast of Western Australia has one of the largest tidal ranges in Australia and the world. At Montgomery Reef, in Collier Bay, water levels drop sharply at low tide, allowing the plateau-shaped reef to emerge several meters above the water level. Tidal shifts are particularly noticeable in this area because of the flat, shelf-like terrain along the Kimberley coast. This pair of images shows the reef when the tide was high (left) and low (right) in 2024. The high tide image was captured by the OLI-2 (Operational Land Imager-2) on Landsat 9 on April 21; the OLI (Operational Land Imager) on Landsat 8 acquired the low tide image on April 29.

Satellite radar data shows substantial seawater intrusion beneath Antarctica’s Thwaites Glacier, causing ice to rise and fall. Using high-resolution satellite radar data, a team of glaciologists led by researchers at the University of California, Irvine uncovered evidence of the intrusion of warm, high-pressure seawater many kilometers beneath the grounded ice of West Antarctica’s Thwaites Glacier. This glacier is often referred to as the “Doomsday Glacier” because of its critical role in potential global sea level rise and the catastrophic implications such a rise would have worldwide. This nickname reflects the glacier’s vast size and its significant melting rate, which scientists believe could substantially contribute to sea level rise if it were to collapse or melt entirely.

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