Jupiter’s Great Red Spot: Study Reveals It’s Not the Same Storm Cassini Observed in 1665

Recent research reveals that Jupiter’s Great Red Spot, distinct from an earlier observed spot and existing for over 190 years, may have formed from atmospheric wind instabilities, evolving significantly through the ages based on historical observations and model simulations.

The iconic feature likely formed at least 190 years ago, making it the longest-lived vortex known in the solar system. A new study suggests that Jupiter’s Great Red Spot, which has been visible for at least 190 years, is not the same one that astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini observed in 1665. Instead, the current Great Red Spot likely developed from an instability in the planet’s strong atmospheric winds, forming a persistent atmospheric cell.

The Great Red Spot is the largest known planetary vortex within the solar system, but its age has long been debated, and the mechanism that led to its formation has remained obscure. The new study used historical observations from the 17th century onward and numerical models to explain the longevity and nature of this spectacular phenomenon.

“From the measurements of sizes and movements, we deduced that it is highly unlikely that the current Great Red Spot was the ‘Permanent Spot’ observed by Cassini,” said Agustín Sánchez-Lavega, a planetary scientist at the University of the Basque Country in Bilbao, Spain, who led this research. “The ‘Permanent Spot’ probably disappeared sometime between the mid-18th and 19th centuries, in which case we can now say that the longevity of the Red Spot exceeds 190 years.”

The study was published in Geophysical Research Letters, which is an open-access AGU journal that publishes high-impact, short-format reports with immediate implications spanning all Earth and space sciences.

### A Spotty History

Jupiter’s Great Red Spot is a massive atmospheric vortex, with a diameter approximately that of Earth’s. At its outer periphery, winds whip by at 450 kilometers per hour (280 miles per hour). Its red hue, which is due to atmospheric chemical reactions, stands in stark contrast with the gas giant’s other pale clouds.

The spot has intrigued scientists for centuries, in part because its large size makes it visible using even small telescopes. In 1665, Cassini discovered a dark oval at the same latitude as today’s Great Red Spot and named it the “Permanent Spot,” as he and other astronomers observed it until 1713, when they lost track of it. It was not until 1831 and later years that scientists once more observed a clear, oval structure at the same latitude as the Great Red Spot. Given the intermittent historical observations of Jupiter’s spots, scientists have long debated whether today’s Great Red Spot is the same one 17th-century scientists saw.

### Historical Illustrations of Jupiter

Illustrations by the 17th-century astronomer Cassini (a-c), compared with Jupiter’s current Great Red Spot as captured by Eric Sussenbach in 2023. Credit: Sanchez-Lavega et al. (2024)

In the study, the authors used historical sources dating from the mid-1600s to analyze the evolution of the spot’s size, structure, and location over time.

“It has been very motivating and inspiring to turn to the notes and drawings of Jupiter and its Permanent Spot made by the great astronomer Jean Dominique Cassini, and to his articles of the second half of the 17th century describing the phenomenon,” Sánchez-Lavega said. “Others before us had explored these observations, and now we have quantified the results.”

### How the Spot Was Formed

The Red Spot, which in 1879 was 39,000 kilometers (about 24,200 miles) at its longest axis, has been shrinking to about the current 14,000 kilometers (8,700 miles) and simultaneously becoming more rounded, the study reported. Since the 1970s, several space missions have studied this meteorological phenomenon; most recently, observations from instruments aboard Juno have revealed that the Great Red Spot is shallow and thin — useful information for scientists looking to explore the spot’s formation.

To explore how this immense vortex could have formed, the researchers carried out numerical simulations on supercomputers using two models of the behavior of thin vortices in Jupiter’s atmosphere. The spot could have formed as a result of a gigantic superstorm, similar to those occasionally observed on Jupiter’s twin planet Saturn; from the merging of multiple smaller vortices produced by wind shear from the intense wind currents that flow parallel to each other, but alternating in direction with latitude; or from an instability in the winds that could produce an elongated atmospheric cell, similar in shape to the Spot.

The results indicate that, although an anticyclone forms in the first two cases, it differs in terms of shape and dynamic properties from those of the present Great Red Spot. The cell-producing wind instability, on the other hand, could have produced a “proto-Great Red Spot” that then shrank over time, giving rise to the compact and rapidly rotating Great Red Spot observed in the late 19th century.

The formation mechanism is supported by observations of large, elongated cells in the genesis of other major vortices on Jupiter.

### Future Research

Future research will aim to reproduce the Great Red Spot’s shrinking over time to elucidate the physical mechanisms underlying the Spot’s relative stability. Researchers also aim to predict whether the Great Red Spot will disintegrate and disappear when it reaches a size limit, as might have occurred to Cassini’s Permanent Spot, or whether it will stabilize at a size limit at which it may last for many more years.

Reference: “The Origin of Jupiter’s Great Red Spot” by Agustín Sánchez-Lavega, Enrique García-Melendo, Jon Legarreta, Arnau Miró, Manel Soria and Kevin Ahrens-Velásquez, 16 June 2024, Geophysical Research Letters.
DOI: 10.1029/2024GL108993

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