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Urban planners can either force people to abandon their cars, entice them to abandon their cars, or eliminate the need to travel itself.

A look at whether electric vehicles ease congestion.

References Hodge, D. C. (1997) ‘Accessibility-related issues.’ Journal of Transport Geography. 5 pp. 33 – 34. Murray, A. T. (2001) ‘Strategic analysis of public transport coverage.’ Socio-Economic Planning Sciences.’ 35 pp. 175 – 188.

Land use planning cannot be divorced from urban transport planning. References Mees, P. (2010) Transport for suburbia. Beyond the automobile age. London: Earthscan. Bonnel, P. (1995) ‘Urban car policy in Europe’. Transport Policy. 2(2) pp. 83 – 95. Kentworthy, J. R. and Laube, F. B. (1996) ‘Automobile dependence in cities: an International comparison of urban transport and land use patterns with implications for sustainability’. Environ Impact Assessement Rev. 16 pp. 279 - 308.

The choice of what mode to use to travel by is determined by travel time and travel time reliability, then by economical factors among others. Importance of travel time and travel time reliability Lei, T. L. and Church, R. L. (2010) ‘Mapping transit-based access: integrating GIS, routes and schedules.’ International Journal of Geographical Information Science. 24(2) pp. 283 – 304. Vandenbulcke, G., Steenberghen, T. and Thomas, I. (2009) ‘Mapping Accessibility in Belgium: a tool for land-use and transport planning?’ Journal of Transport Geography. 17 pp. 39 – 53. Practical Factors Murray, A. T., Davis, R., Stimson, R. J. and Ferreira, L. (1998) ‘Public transportation access.’ Transport Research D. 3(5) pp. 319 – 328. Psychological Factors Cullinane, S. (2002) ‘The relationship between car ownership and public transportprovision: A case study of Hong Kong.’ Transport Policy. 9 pp. 29 – 39. Cullianen, S. and Cullinane, K. (2003) ‘Car dependence in a public transport dominated city: Evidence from Hong Kong.’ Transport Research Part D. 8 pp. 129 – 138. Anable, J. (2005) ‘’Complacent Car Addicts’ or ‘Aspiring Environmentalists’? Identifying travel behaviour segments using attitude theory.’ Transport Policy.12 pp. 65 – 78. Lämmer, S., Gehlsen, B. and Helbing, B. (2006) ‘Scaling laws in the spatial structure of urban road networks.’ Physica A. 363 pp. 89 – 95. Beirão, G. and Cabral, J. A. S. (2007) ‘Understanding attitudes towards public transport and private car: A qualitative study.’ Transport Policy. 14 pp. 478 –489.

Why do people travel?

What modes require the most land?

A look at the components of congestion.

An explanation of what is induced demand in a transport network context

The aim of this 5 part series is to disseminate the concepts of urban transport planning. The need for such a series was felt after confusion reigned on social media during the great many debates that the road widening projects carried out by Infrastructure Malta ignited. References Nielsen, G., Nelson, J. D., Mulley, C., Tegnér, G., Lind, G. and Lange, T. (2005) HiTrans best practice guide no. 2. Public Transport – Planning the Networks. Unknown place of publication: Unknown publisher. [online] [Accessed on 7th November 2016]. http://www.civitas.no/assets/hitrans2publictransportplanningthe-networks.pdf Vuchic, V. R. (2005), Urban Transit: Operations, Planning and Economics. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Designing a Public Transport Network is a Very Difficult Task Stone, J. and Mees, P. (2010) ‘Planning public transport networks in the postpetroleum era.’ Australian Planner. 47(4) pp. 263 – 271. Mees, P. (2010) Transport for suburbia. Beyond the automobile age. London: Earthscan. Meng, Q. and Qu, X. (2013) ‘Bus dwell time estimation at bus bay: A probabilistic approach.’ Transport Research Part C. 36 pp. 61 – 71. Murray, A. T., Davis, R., Stimson, R. J. and Ferreira, L. (1998) ‘Public transportation access.’ Transport Research D. 3(5) pp. 319 – 328. Zhang, C. and Teng, Jin. (2013) ‘Bus dwell time estimation and prediction: a case study in Shanghai-China.’ Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies. 36 pp. 61 – 71. Absence of Practical Guides and the Field of Operations Research Dodson, J., Mees, P., Stone, J. and Burke, M. (2011) The principles of transport network planning: A review of the emerging literature with selected examples. Issues Paper 15. Brisbane: Griffith University [online] [Accessed on 15th May 2016] https://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/281552/ip15- dodson-et-al-2011.pdf Fan, W. and Macemehl, R. B. (2006) ‘Using a simulated annealing algorithm to solve the Transit Route Network Design Problem.’ Journal of Transportation Engineering. 132(2) pp. 122 –132. Desaulniers, G. and Hickman, M. D. (2007) ‘Public transit’ in Barnhart, C and Laporte, G. (eds) Handbook in Operations Research and Management Science. vol. 14. Unknown place of publisher: Unknown publisher Kepaptsoglou, K. and Karlaftis, M. (2009) ‘Transit Route Network Design Problem: Review.’ Journal of Transportation Engineering. 135(8) pp. 491 – 505. Farahani, R. Z., Miandoabchi, E., Szeto, W. Y. and Rashidi, H. (2013) ‘A review of urban transportation network design problems.’ European Journal of Operational Research. 229 pp. 281 – 302. Scheurer, J. and Curtis, C. (2008) Spatial network analysis of multimodal transport systems: Developing a strategic planning tool to assess the congruence of movement and urban structure. Perth: Curtin University. [Online] [Accessed on 25th November 2016] http://www.curtin.edu.au/research/cusp/local/docs/perth-snamuts-report.pdf Remix (no date) A planning platform for public transit. [Online] [Date Accessed 16th May 2016] https://www.remix.com/solutions/transit Public Transport Network Typologies Thomson, G. L. and Matoff, T. G. (2003) ‘Keeping up with the Joneses: Radial vs Multidestinational Transit in Decentralizing Regions.’ Journal of the American Planning Association. 69(3) pp. 296 – 312. Desiging Public Transport Foletta, N., Estrada, M., Roca-Riu, M. and Marti, P. (2010) ‘Effect of Variable Bus Speeds on Bus Network Design.’ Journal of Public Transportation. 13(2) pp. 71 – 91. Liu, C. and Yu, R. (2012) ‘Spatial Accessibility of Road Network in Wuhan Metropolitan Area Based on Spatial Syntax.’ Journal of Geographic Information System. 4 pp. 128 – 135. Kornelsen, J. (2015) Making Transit Functional. A guide to a frequent, affordable and accessible system in Winnipeg. Functional Transit Winnipeg. Unknown place of publication: unknown publisher. Supplimenting Public Transport by Soft Modes Martens, K. (2004) ‘The bicycle as a feedering mode: experiences from hree European countries.’ Transportation Research Part D. 9 pp. 281 – 294. Martens, K. (2007) ‘Promoting bike-and-ride: The Dutch experience.’ Transportation Research Part A. 41 pp. 326 – 338. Importance of Good Network Design Murray, A. T. (2001) ‘Strategic analysis of public transport coverage.’ Socio- Economic Planning Sciences.’ 35 pp. 175 – 188. Nielsen, G., Lange, T., Mulley, C. and Nelson, J. D. (2006) ‘Network planning and design for public transport success’ in Association for European Transport Conference. Strasbourg, 20th September 2006. Stone, J. (2009) Submission to the Senate Inquiry into the urban public passenger transport. Melbourne: GAMUT. [online] [Accessed on 22nd November 2016] http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/164317401?selectedversion=NBD49013724 Stone, J. and Mees, P. (2010) ‘Planning public transport networks in the postpetroleum era.’ Australian Planner. 47(4) pp. 263 – 271.

The aim of this 5 part series is to disseminate the concepts of urban transport planning. The need for such a series was felt after confusion reigned on social media during the great many debates that the road widening projects carried out by Infrastructure Malta ignited. References Mees, P. (2010) Transport for suburbia. Beyond the automobile age. London: Earthscan. Simply building a rail will not induce a modal shift away from the car Edwards, M. and Mackett, R. L. (1996) ‘Developing new urban public transport systems. An irrational decision-making process’. Transport Policy. 3(4) pp. 225 – 239. Paulley, N., Balcombe, R., Mackett, R., Titheridge, H., Preston, J., Wardman M., Shires, J. and White., P. (2006) ‘The demand for public transport: The effects of fares, quality of service, income and car ownership.’ Transport Policy. 13 pp. 295 – 306. Ontario Professional Planners Institute (OPPI) (Institut des planificateurs professionnels de l’ Ontario (2011) Plain Transit for Planners. Unknown place of publication: Ontario Professional Planners Institute (OPPI) (Institut des planificateurs professionnels de l’ Ontario. [Online] [Accessed on 24th December 2016] http://ontarioplanners.ca/PDF/Healthy-Communities/2011/Plain-Transit-For-Planners-Paper.aspx Pucher, J. and Kurth, S. (1996) ‘Verkehrsbund: the success of regional public transport in Germany, Austria and Switzerland.’ Transport Policy. 2(4) pp. 279 – 291. Frémont, A. and Franc, P. (2010) ‘Hinterland transportation in Europe: Combined transport versus road transport.’ Journal of Transport Geography. 18 pp. 548 – 556. Advantages of Public Transport Fan, W. and Macemehl, R. B. (2006) ‘Using a simulated annealing algorithm to solve the Transit Route Network Design Problem.’ Journal of Transportation Engineering. 132(2) pp. 122 –132. Benenson, I., Martens, K., Rofé, Y. and Kwartler, A (2011) ‘Public transport versus private car GIS-based estimation of accessibility applied to Tel Aviv metropolitan area’. [Special issue] The Annals of regional Science. 47 pp. 499 – 515. Vega, A. (2011) ‘A Multi-modal approach to sustainable accessibility: A case study of the city of Galway, Ireland.’ Proceedings of the ITRN2011. Cork: University College Cork. Economists’ Ideas of Reducing Congestion Hodge, D. C. (1997) ‘Accessibility-related issues.’ Journal of Transport Geography. 5 pp. 33 – 34. Murray, A. T. (2001) ‘Strategic analysis of public transport coverage.’ Socio-Economic Planning Sciences.’ 35 pp. 175 – 188. Bicycle Advocacy Group has changed its name to Rota.mt https://www.facebook.com/rotadotmt A Strategy of Public Transpor with Cycling Martens, K. (2004) ‘The bicycle as a feedering mode: experiences from hree European countries.’ Transportation Research Part D. 9 pp. 281 – 294. Martens, K. (2007) ‘Promoting bike-and-ride: The Dutch experience.’ Transportation Research Part A. 41 pp. 326 – 338. Motorcycles Pollute More Than The Car. https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/greenspace/2011/09/mythbusters-motorcycle-emissions.html

The aim of this 5 part series is to disseminate the concepts of urban transport planning. The need for such a series was felt after confusion reigned on social media during the great many debates that the road widening projects carried out by Infrastructure Malta ignited. Contents 0:00 Why do people travel? 0:34 Interdependence of land use planning and transport planning 1:04 Planning affects how people travel 2:02 Online Services References Mees, P. (2010) Transport for suburbia. Beyond the automobile age. London: Earthscan. Mixed Land Use Bonnel, P. (1995) ‘Urban car policy in Europe’. Transport Policy. 2(2) pp. 83 – 95. Kentworthy, J. R. and Laube, F. B. (1996) ‘Automobile dependence in cities: an International comparison of urban transport and land use patterns with implications for sustainability’. Environ Impact Assessement Rev. 16 pp. 279 - 308. Picture https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-20/edition-12/searching-happiness-work https://americanacompanies.com/products/amw-90-metal-wire-shopping-cart https://www.stevenaitchison.co.uk/six-secrets-to-meeting-new-friends/

The aim of this 5 part series is to disseminate the concepts of urban transport planning. The need for such a series was felt after confusion reigned on social media during the great many debates that the road widening projects carried out by Infrastructure Malta ignited. Contents 0:00 Most efficient mode in space 0:32 Most cost effective mode 1:27 Factors of mode choice 2:08 Less travel time preferable to cheaper prices References Mees, P. (2010) Transport for suburbia. Beyond the automobile age. London: Earthscan. Nielsen, G., Nelson, J. D., Mulley, C., Tegnér, G., Lind, G. and Lange, T. (2005) HiTrans best practice guide no. 2. Public Transport – Planning the Networks. Unknown place of publication: Unknown publisher. [online] [Accessed on 7th November 2016]. http://www.civitas.no/assets/hitrans2publictransportplanningthe-networks.pdf Downs / Thompson Paradox Mogridge, M. J. H. (1997) ‘The self-defeating nature of urban road capacity policy. A review of theories, disputes and available evidence.’ Transport Policy. 4(1) pp. 5 – 23. Importance of travel time and travel time reliability Lei, T. L. and Church, R. L. (2010) ‘Mapping transit-based access: integrating GIS, routes and schedules.’ International Journal of Geographical Information Science. 24(2) pp. 283 – 304. Vandenbulcke, G., Steenberghen, T. and Thomas, I. (2009) ‘Mapping Accessibility in Belgium: a tool for land-use and transport planning?’ Journal of Transport Geography. 17 pp. 39 – 53. Practical Factors Murray, A. T., Davis, R., Stimson, R. J. and Ferreira, L. (1998) ‘Public transportation access.’ Transport Research D. 3(5) pp. 319 – 328. Psychological Factors Cullinane, S. (2002) ‘The relationship between car ownership and public transportprovision: A case study of Hong Kong.’ Transport Policy. 9 pp. 29 – 39. Cullianen, S. and Cullinane, K. (2003) ‘Car dependence in a public transport dominated city: Evidence from Hong Kong.’ Transport Research Part D. 8 pp. 129 – 138. Anable, J. (2005) ‘’Complacent Car Addicts’ or ‘Aspiring Environmentalists’? Identifying travel behaviour segments using attitude theory.’ Transport Policy.12 pp. 65 – 78. Lämmer, S., Gehlsen, B. and Helbing, B. (2006) ‘Scaling laws in the spatial structure of urban road networks.’ Physica A. 363 pp. 89 – 95. Beirão, G. and Cabral, J. A. S. (2007) ‘Understanding attitudes towards public transport and private car: A qualitative study.’ Transport Policy. 14 pp. 478 –489. Pictures https://www.businessinsider.com/us-cities-with-most-traffic-2019-2019-2#5-los-angeles-ca-11 http://blog.cellbikes.com.au/2012/09/australia-re-creates-world-famoustransport-photo/ https://www.publictransport.com.mt/en/news-details/6-million-euro-investment-in-new-buses-for-malta https://auto.ndtv.com/news/bugatti-centodieci-unveiled-at-pebble-beach-car-show-2019-2086461 https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/illustration-weighing-scale_2945055.htm#page=1&query=weighing%20scale&position=0

The aim of this 5 part series is to disseminate the concepts of urban transport planning. The need for such a series was felt after confusion reigned on social media during the great many debates that the road widening projects carried out by Infrastructure Malta ignited. 0:00 Introduction 0:26 Experiences of Road Widening Projects 1:00 Induced Demand 2:32 Causes of Congestion References Mees, P. (2010) Transport for suburbia. Beyond the automobile age. London: Earthscan. Mogridge, M. J. H. (1997) ‘The self-defeating nature of urban road capacity policy. A review of theories, disputes and available evidence.’ Transport Policy. 4(1) pp. 5 – 23. Bibliography Attard, M., Von Brockdorff, P. and Bezzina, F. (2015) The External Costs of Passenger and Commercial Vehicles Use in Malta. Institute for Climate Change and Sustainable Development. European Union. [online] [Accessed on 18th of May 2016] https://ec.europa.eu/malta/sites/malta/files/docs/body/study_on_traffic_online.pdf Nielsen, G., Nelson, J. D., Mulley, C., Tegnér, G., Lind, G. and Lange, T. (2005) HiTrans best practice guide no. 2. Public Transport – Planning the Networks. Unknown place of publication: Unknown publisher. [online] [Accessed on 7th November 2016]. http://www.civitas.no/assets/hitrans2publictransportplanningthe-networks.pdf Thomson, G. L. and Matoff, T. G. (2003) ‘Keeping up with the Joneses: Radial vs Multidestinational Transit in Decentralizing Regions.’ Journal of the American Planning Association. 69(3) pp. 296 – 312. Pictures https://tenor.com/view/traffic-jam-stuck-in-traffic-office-space-ajay-naidu-angry-gif-4463791 https://imgur.com/gallery/cgvVD1h https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-11939729-empty-highway-no-cars-on-it https://www.businessinsider.com/us-cities-with-most-traffic-2019-2019-2#5-los-angeles-ca-11 https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/happy-cyclist-background_1269456.htm https://www.rawpixel.com/image/215735/premium-photo-image-pizza-beer-bake https://www.facebook.com/attardresidents/photos/a.256281555109589/520909915313417/?type=3&theater https://www.facebook.com/attardresidents/photos/a.256281555109589/369056027165474/?type=3&theater https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/traffic-jams-as-schools-welcome-students-for-a-new-year.737757 https://www.queerty.com/q-stands-questioning-things-get-tricky-20160731 https://www.pride.com/comingout/2019/7/14/7-ways-support-friend-whos-questioning-their-sexuality