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Dog training is a kind of animal training, the application of behavior analysis which uses the environmental events of antecedents (trigger for a behavior) and consequences to modify the dog behavior, either for it to assist in specific activities or undertake particular tasks, or for it to participate effectively in contemporary domestic life. While training dogs for specific roles dates back to Roman times at least, the training of dogs to be compatible household pets developed with suburbanization in the 1950s. A dog trainer with the United States Navy, which primarily trains using positive reinforcement.[1][2] A dog learns from interactions it has with its environment.[3] This can be through classical conditioning, where it forms an association between two stimuli; non-associative learning, where its behavior is modified through habituation or sensitisation; and operant conditioning, where it forms an association between an antecedent and its consequence.[4] Most working dogs are now trained using reward-based methods,[5] sometimes referred to as positive reinforcement training.[6] Other reward-based training methods include clicker training, model-rival training, and relationship-based training.[7][8] Training methods that emphasize punishment include the Koehler method, electronic (shock collar) training, dominance-based training, and balanced training;.[9] The use of punishment is controversial with both the humaneness and effectiveness questioned by many behaviorists. Furthermore, numerous scientific studies have found that reward-based training is more effective and less harmful to the dog-owner relationship than punishment-based methods