YeguzoMastawosha

In some areas of Ethiopia access to oxen is considered to be a more important production resource than land. The reasons for oxen's strong position there are related to the predominance of cereal cultivation, dry climate and heavy soils. In parts of Ethiopia there are more oxen than cows. Households with a pair of oxen are in general the richest households and those without oxen have to pay up to 50% of the harvest to have their land ploughed. Alternatives to ox ploughing, such as cow traction, hoe tillage or zero tillage, may develop in the future. Spate irrigation is found in the Middle East, North Africa, West Asia, East Africa and parts of Latin America. In some countries it has a long history - more than 5000 years in Yemen, Pakistan and Iran. In the Horn of Africa spate irrigation is more recent with Eritrea and Sudan having the longest experience and although it is officially recorded as being practised over the last 200 years, it is highly likely that it has been practised on much longer. Particularly in Ethiopia and Eritrea spate irrigation is on the increase. Farmers use ox to help them in ploughing fields. They keep plough on shoulders of oxen. Oxen pull them all over the fields. It makes the soil loose. After ploughing, soil is ready for sowing.

Dinka Irrigation Scheme (PASIDPII Financed) Location and salient features • SNNP Region of Ethiopia • Kembata tembaro zone • Kachabira woreda • Command area is 150ha • Construction started – 11/06/2013 E.C • Contractor - Debub water works construction enterprise • Consultant - Debub Design and Supervision enterprise Kacha Bira is a woreda in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Kembata Tembaro Zone, Kacha Bira is bordered on the south by an exclave of the Hadiya Zone, on the southwest by the Wolayita Zone, on the west by Hadero Tunto, on the northwest by the Hadiya Zone, on the north by Doyogena and Angacha, and on the east by Kedida Gamela. Towns in Kacha Bira include Shinshicho and Hadero. Kacha Bira has 56 kilometers of all-weather roads and 37 kilometers of dry-weather roads, for an average road density of 310 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers.

Dinka Irrigation Scheme (PASIDP Financed) • SNNP Region, Ethiopia • Kembata tembaro zone • Kachabira woreda • Command area is 150ha • Construction started – 11/06/2013 E.C • Contractor - Debub water works construction enterprise • Consultant - Debub Design and Supervision enterprise

This footage was taken during the field visit of Megecha-2 Irrigation project at SNNP Rgion, Gurage zone, Cheha Woreda of Ethiopia. The main canal was constructed with reinforced concrete material due to the soil formation (swelling black cotton soil) existence throughout the canal route.

ደቡብ ምዕራብ ኢትዮጵያ ሕዝቦች ክልል አምስቱ ዞኖች እና አንድ ልዩ ወረዳ ያለው ሲሆን እነዚህም የኮንታ ልዩ ወረዳ፣ የምዕራብ ኦሞ ዞን፣ የቤንች ሸኮ ዞን፣ የካፋ ዞን፣ የዳውሮ ዞን እና የሸካ ዞን ናቸው። የደቡብ ምዕራብ ኢትዮጵያ ሕዝቦች ክልል 39ሺህ 64ኪሎ ሜትር2 የቆዳ ስፋት እንዳለው የደቡብ ምዕራብ ኢትዮጵያ ሕዝቦች ሕዝበ ውሳኔ ማስፈፀሚያ ፕሮጀክት ጽህፈት ቤት መረጃ ያሳያል። የክልሉ ሕዝብ በዋናነት በጥምር ግብርና የሚተዳደሩ ሲሆን በአርብቶ አደርነት የሚተዳደሩም እንዳሉ ይገለጻል። ክልሉ በምሥራቅ የደቡብ ብሔር፣ ብሔረሰቦችና ሕዝቦች ክልል፣ በሰሜን የኦሮሚያ ክልል፣ በምዕራብ የጋምቤላ እንዲሁም ደቡብ ሱዳን ያዋስኑታል። በክልሉ እንደ ጨበራ ጩር ጩራ እና ኦሞ ብሔራዊ ፓርክ ያሉ የተለያዩ የቱሪስት መስህቦች ይገኛሉ። በዳውሮ ዞን እና ኮንታ ልዩ ወረዳ መካከል የሚገኘው እና ከ29 የሚበልጥ አጥቢ የዱር እንስሳትን በውስጡ የያዘዉ የጨበራ ጩርጩራ ብሔራዊ ፓርክ የአገር ጎብኚዎች መዳረሻ በመሆን እያገለገለ ይገኛል። በፓርኩ ዝርያው እየተመናመነ የመጣዉ የአፍሪካ የዝሆን፣ ጎሽ፣ ዲፋርሳ፣ ከርከሮ፣ ሳላ እና እንደ አጋዘን ያሉ የዱር እንስሳት ይገኛሉ። በዚሁ ክልል ከሚገኙ የተፈጥሮ መስህቦች መካከል አንዱ የንጉሥ ሃላላ የድንጋይ ካብ አንዱ ሲሆን መገኛውም ዳውሮ ዞን ነው። የሃላላ ካብ ከ175 ኪ.ሜትር በላይ ርዝመት ያለውና አሰራሩ አስገራሚ የሆነዉ የድንጋይ ካብ የዚሁ ክልል የቱሪስት መስህብ ነው። በገበታ ለአገር ከሚለሙ ፕሮጀክቶች መካከል አንዱ የሆነው ኮይሻ ፕሮጀክት የሚገኘው የዚሁ አዲስ ክልል አካል በሆነው በኮንታ ልዩ ወረዳ ነው። በተጨማሪም በሸካ ዞን የሚገኘው ጥብቅ ደን፣ የከፋ የጫካ ቡና እንዲሁም ሰፊ ሽፋን ያለው ደን የዚሁ ክልል አካላት ናቸው። የኦሞ ብሔራዊ ፓርክ በዚሁ ክልል የሚገኝ ሲሆን በውስጡም ልዩ ልዩ የዱር እንሰሳትና ዕፅዋት ይገኙበታል። 75 አጥቢ እንስሳትንና 325 የአዕዋፍ ዓይነቶችን እንደያዘ የሚነገረው ይህ ብሔራዊ ፓርክ፣ ውድንቢዎች፣ የመጋላ ቆርኪ መንጋ፣ ሳላዎች፣ የሜዳ ፍየሎች እና ሌሎም አጥቢዎች ይገኛሉ። ውድንቢ በኢትዮጵያ በኦሞ ብሔራዊ ፓርክ ብቻ የሚገኝ የዱር እንሰሳ ነው። በክልሉ በሰፊው እንደሚገኝ የሚነገረው የብረት እና የድንጋይ ከስል ማዕድናትን ተከትሎ በዳውሮ እና ኮንታ አካባቢዎች ፋብሪካዎች እየተገነቡ ይገኛሉ። በክልሉ በ2014 ዓ.ም 3̂.6 ሚሊዮን ሕዝብ ገደማ ይኖርበታል ተብሎ ይገመታል። በክልሉ 13 ነባር ብሔረሰቦች ያሉ ሲሆን ከተለያዩ የአገሪቱ ክፍሎች በመምጣት ተቀላቅለው የሚኖሩ ሕዝቦችም ይገኙበታል። በዚህ የክልሉ ረቂቅ ሕገ መንግሥት ላይ የክልሉ የሥራ ቋንቋ አማርኛ ይሆናል ተብሎ የተቀመጠ ሲሆን፣ በየእርከኑ ያሉ አካላት ደግሞ የየራሳቸውን የሥራ ቋንቋ እንዲወስኑ ይደነግጋል። በክልሉ ከ1.3 ሚሊዮን በላይ ሕዝብ በመያዝ የከፋ ዞን ቀዳሚ ሲሆን፣ በዞኑም ከፊኛ ይነገራል። በክልሉ በሕዝብ ብዛት ሁለተኛ የሆነው የዳውሮ ዞን ሲሆን ዳውሮኛ ደግሞ ቋንቋው ነው። በቤንች ሸኮ አራት የሚሆኑ ብሔረሰቦች የሚገኙ ሲሆን ሁሉም የየራሳቸው ቋንቋ አላቸው። ሸካም እንደዚሁ ሦስት፣ ምዕራብ ኦሞም አራት ብሔረሰቦች ይኖሩበታል። በተጨማሪም ኮንታ ልዩ ወረዳ የራሱ የሆነ ቋንቋ አለው። የደቡብ ምዕራብ ኢትዮጵያ ክልል አዲስ የከተሞች ማዕከላትን ለመስተዳደሩ ተቋማት ለማደራጀት ወስኗል። ሌሎቹ ክልሎች ማዕከላቸውን በአንድ ዋና ከተማ አድርገው ቢሮዎቻቸው በአንድ ስፍራ ላይ እንዲዋቀሩ በማድረግ ይታወቃሉ። የደቡብ ምዕራብ ኢትዮጵያ ክልል ግን ከሌሎቹ በተለየ ለየት ያለ አደረጃጀትን ለመከተል መርጧል። ሐምሌ 27/2014 ዓ.ም. የደቡብ ምዕራብ ኢትዮጵያ ሕዝቦች ክልል አራት ዋና ከተሞች እንዲኖሩት የሚያስችል ረቂቅ አዋጅ ለክልሉ ምክር ቤት አቅርቧል። በረቂቁ መሰረት ክልሉ ካሉ ስድስት ዞኖች በአራቱ የዞን ከተሞች የክልሉ መስተዳደር ዋና ዋና አካላት መቀመጫ ይሆናሉ። በረቂቁ መሠረትም ቦንጋ የፖለቲካ እና የክልሉ ርዕሰ መስተዳደሩ ጽህፈት ቤት መቀመጫ ትሆናለች። ተርጫ የክልሉን ምክር ቤት መቀመጫ፣ ሚዛን አማን የዳኝነት መዋቅሩ የሚገኝበት እንዲሁም ቴፒ የብሔረሰቦች ምክር ቤት መቀመጫን ይይዛሉ። ሥራ አስፈጻሚ ቢሮዎች ደግሞ በአራቱም ከተሞች ፍትሃዊ ሆነው ይመደባሉ ተብሏል። ይህ አዲስ የክልል አደረጃጀት የክልሎችን ሥራና ሃብት በአንድ ከተማ ላይ ብቻ በማከማቸትና በማፍሰስ ከሌሎች ከተሞች በበለጠ አንድ ከተማ ብቻ በላቀ ሁኔታ እንዲያድግና ተጠቃሚ እንዲሆን የሚያደርገውን አሰራር ይለውጣል በሚል እሳቤ የታቀደ ነው። የደቡብ ምዕራብ ኢትዮጵያ ክልል የተመሠረተው መስከረም 20 ቀን 2014 ዓ.ም. በተደረገው ሕዝበ ውሳኔ በክልልነት የመደራጀቱ ሐሳብ ከ98 በመቶ በላይ የሆኑ መራጮችን ድምፅ በማግኘት ሲሆን፣ በአንድ ላይ የተሰበሰቡ የካፋ፣ የሸካ፣ የቤንች ሸኮ፣ የዳውሮና የምዕራብ ኦሞ ዞኖች፣ እንዲሁም የኮንታ ልዩ ወረዳ በኅዳር ወር በይፋ ክልል መሥርተዋል፡፡ የደቡብ ምዕራብ ኢትዮጵያ ክልል ሲደራጅ ያለው የሕዝብ ብዛት፣ ከደቡብ ክልል አጠቃላይ ሕዝብ ብዛት 19.4 በመቶውን የሚይዝ በመሆኑ፣ ከክልሉ ሀብትና ዕዳ ይህንኑ መጠን እንዲካፈል ተወስኗል፡፡ በዚህም ደቡብ ምዕራብ እስከ ኅዳር 30 ቀን 2014 ዓ.ም. ከደቡብ ክልል ጋር አብሮ ሲያወጣው ከነበረው ወጪ ቀሪ የሆነ ሀብት 19.4 በመቶ፣ የፌዴራል ድጎማ በጀትና 122 ተሽከርካሪዎችን ተካፍሏል፡፡ የክልል ዋነኛ የኢኮኖሚ መሠረት ግብርና ሲሆን፤ዋና ዋና ምርቶችም በቆሎ፣ ስንዴ፣ ጤፍ፣ ጥራጥሬ፣ ድንች፣ እንሰት፣ ፍራፍሬዎችና የቅባት ሰብሎች ናቸው።ዋነኛው ምርት በእህል ራስን ለመቻል የሚያስችሉ ሲሆኑ ጐን ለጐን ገበያ ተኮር የሆኑ ቡና፣ ሻይ ቅጠል፣ ጐማ ተክል ወዘተ እንዲሁም ማንጐ፣ አኘል፣ አቦካዶ፣ አናናስ፣ ፓፓያና ሙዝ በስፋት ይመረታል። የቁም ከብቶች ወተትና የወተት ተዋፅኦም ይገኛል። ከግብርና በተጨማሪም በንግድና ኢንዱስትሪ ዘርፍ በግንባታ፣ እንጨትና ብረታ ብረት፣ ጨርቃ ጨርቅና አልባሳት የተደራጁ ማኀበራት ይገኛሉ። ATTRIBUTIONS SOURCE: Ethiopian instrumental Music | ከወፎች ዝማሬና ከፏፏቴ ድምፅ ጋር | Ethiopian Classical Music| Ethiopian Music - YouTube CREATED BY: Yichalal ይቻላል - YouTube SOURCES: https://www.bbc.com/amharic/articles/cxe5p05ylvlo https://www.ethiopianreporter.com/78973/ https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A1%E1%89%A5_%E1%89%A5%E1%88%94%E1%88%AE%E1%89%BD_%E1%89%A5%E1%88%94%E1%88%A8%E1%88%B0%E1%89%A6%E1%89%BD%E1%8A%93_%E1%88%95%E1%8B%9D%E1%89%A6%E1%89%BD_%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%8D%E1%88%8D

Ethiopian’s Airlines domestic flight; Wheel landings & Landing Gear of an Airplane Ethiopian’s domestic route network is spread all over the country bringing provincial and administrative cities within easy reach of the capital and the region’s commercial centers. In addition, there is a daily "Historic Route Service" for tourists to the country’s world famous ancient historic sites of Axum, Bahr Dar, Gondar and Lalibela which showcase obelisks and rock-hewn churches. Special tour programs are designed to allow visitors to choose the activities and locations that interest them most, ensuring that everyone makes the most of the time they spend there. World famous obelisks and rock hewn churches are the main attractions of the Northern travel sites of Bahr Dar, Gonder, Lalibela and Axum. And for trekking enthusiasts, the Simien escarpments which are often compared to the Grand Canyon in the United States of America and named by UNESCO as a world heritage site is ideal. To the east, Dire Dawa and Harar offer a blend of natural beauty and history. The Afro-alpine habitat of the south provides unlimited opportunities for mountain walks, horse trekking, scenic drives and bird watching. Domestic Scheduled Services (23 Cities) Addis Ababa, Arba Minch, Assosa, Axum, Bahar Dar, Bale Robe, Dembidollo, Dire Dawa, Gambella, Gonder, Gode, Hawassa, Humera, Jijiga, Jimma, Jinka,Kabri Dar, Kombolcha, Lalibela, Semera, and Shilavo Wheel landings & Landing Gear of an Airplane On final approach with the airplane configured for landing, the pilot tells himself he intends to fly the entire length of the runway, one foot off the ground. He thinks about flying, not landing, although intellectually he knows the engine is near idle and isn’t producing enough power to maintain level flight for more than a few seconds. When the main wheels touch down (despite the pilot’s half-hearted effort to keep them a foot off the ground), he applies forward stick to “pin” the main gear to the runway surface. Then he reduces engine power to idle and patiently “flies” the tailwheel to the ground. Once the tailwheel touches the runway surface, full back stick and quick rudder inputs keep the airplane tracking straight ahead as it decelerates. Why the lie? When pilots think about landing, they often touch down with an excessive rate of descent. The tail drops, the wing's angle of attack increases, and the airplane bounces back into the air. When the pilot thinks about flying, he gradually increases back pressure on the stick and reduces the rate of descent to almost nothing. There’s little, if any, bounce—and the pilot has lots of time to apply forward stick and keep the airplane firmly on the ground. Landing Gear The components of an aircraft or a spacecraft that support the weight of the craft and its load and give it mobility on ground or water. The landing gear is the principal support of the airplane when parked, taxiing, taking off, or landing. The most common type of landing gear consists of wheels, but airplanes can also be equipped with floats for water operations or skis for landing on snow. The wheeled landing gear on small aircraft consists of three wheels: two main wheels (one located on each side of the fuselage) and a third wheel positioned either at the front or rear of the airplane. Landing gear with a rear mounted wheel is called conventional landing gear. Airplanes with conventional landing gear are sometimes referred to as tailwheel airplanes. The two main wheels are attached to the airframe ahead of its center of gravity (CG) and support most of the weight of the aircraft. The tailwheel is located at the very back of the fuselage and provides a third point of support. This arrangement allows adequate ground clearance for a larger nose-mounted propeller and is more desirable for operations on unimproved fields. It is therefore popular with small, general aviation aircraft such as the PIPER L-18C and the C170. With the CG located behind the main landing gear (MLG), directional control is more difficult while on the ground. For example, if the pilot allows the aircraft to swerve while rolling on the ground at a low speed, they may not have sufficient rudder control and the CG will attempt to get ahead of the main gear, which may cause the airplane to ground loop. Touching down with the tailwheel may, depending on the speed, produce enough lift (due to the increased Angle of Attack (AOA)) and cause the aircraft to become airborne again. Diminished forward visibility when the tailwheel is on or near the ground is another disadvantage of tailwheel landing gear airplanes. Specific training is required to operate tailwheel airplanes. https://www.ethiopianairlines.com/aa/book/network/domestic Source: EUROCONTROL ATM Lexicon Landing Gear | SKYbrary Aviation Safety Technique - Wheel landings - AOPA

Lareis one of theDistricts of Ethiopia, orworedas, in theGambela RegionofEthiopia. Part of theNuer Zone, Lare is bordered on the south and east by theAnuak Zone, on the west by theBaro Riverwhich separates it fromJikawo, and on the north by theJikawo Riverwhich separates it fromSouth Sudan. Towns in Lare includeKowerneng. The terrain in Lare consists of marshes and grasslands; elevations range from 410 to 430meters above sea level.A notable landmark isGambela National Park, which occupies part of the area south of the Baro. At some point between 2001 and 2007, the easternkebelesof Jikawo were split off to create Lare. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lare_(Ethiopian_District) https://maps.app.goo.gl/p15ybvkhHYL4yw7Y7

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia source The Alwero Dam, also known as the Abobo Dam, is a reservoir and irrigation system in the Abobo district of Gambela Region, Ethiopia. It was built in 1985 with Soviet Union aid, as part of a strategy by the Derg regime led by former Ethiopian President Mengistu Haile Mariam to increase resource spending on irrigation following the 1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia.It is located at a longitude of 34.4824508 and latitude of 7.8476356 on Alwero’s river, Abobo, Gambela Region. It was constructed for irrigation, with a water capacity of 74.6 million cubic meters, and a dam height of 22 meters. This offers a conducive environment for water resources development for the population settled in the lowlands area to irrigate the farm in the local region. It drains into the Nile Basin and has the capacity to irrigate over 10,000 hectares (100,000,000 m2) of land. But on the ground, there is no irrigated land for agriculture and others, simply Travel to South Sudan without giving any benefit in Ethiopia except Some fisherman collect fish by individual. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwero_Dam

Watershed delineation is a process for creating an area from which runoff is collected and drained through common convergence point for a study area. Simmerized Watershed Delineation Steps Using ArcGIS Step 1: Fill DEM sinks Step 2: Determining flow direction Step 3: Flow Accumulation Step 4: Snapping Pour point and Step 5: Watershed Delineation Factors Considered for Watershed Delineation -Biophysical elements (Climate, Water, Drainage, Soil ,Vegetation, Slope, Status of erosion, LULC, Land capability classes etC.) -Socio-economic elements (People, Farming system, Social set up, Economic activities, Vulnerability profile, Gender etc.) -Softwares used for this tutorial are Global Mapper, ArcGIS, DEM, Google Earth

Pump test for Irrigation Development was recorded @Wabishebele river, Ethiopia. The test was successful with pumping of 100 liter/sec for 100 hectares of command area.

Suction hose installation for water pump was recorded during the field visit, Somali Region @Wabishebele river, Ethiopia

The construction were @Diredawa, Ethiopia -Headwork Construction of Weir for Irrigation Water Diversion shows the progress of works during the visit. -During the visit from the Weir & apertunent parts *Weir Part *foundation *wing wall *undersluice *divide wall *retaining wall were under construction

Cabbage produced by Irrigation scheme @Sidama Region of Ethiopia; the Irrigation scheme were Constructed by South water works construction agency. Client:- Sidama region agriculture bureau Funded by:- SHIDEP, Minstry of Agriculture, Ethiopia Consultant :- South study, design and supervision agency, Hawasa, Ethiopia

Bambasi https://maps.app.goo.gl/etWMdWVcr8gmq9iu8 #benishangulgumuz #barrage #flood #irrigation #handover Upper Sonkie Barrage Irrigation Scheme Test for handover @Benishangul Gumuz Region, Bambasi Woreda, Ethiopia -During the handover of irrigation scheme test for functionality of the structure is required, for: *Structural stability of the headworks *Slope of canals for safe flow of water to the command area to be irrigated *Handover for the users/communities *Water storage, demand & supply capacity with respect to the design of the scheme

#arcgis #usgs #watershed #googleearth #DEM -Watershed delineation is a process for creating an area from which runoff is collected and drained through common convergence point for a study area. Simmerized Watershed Delineation Steps Using ArcGIS Step 1: Fill DEM sinks Step 2: Determining flow direction Step 3: Flow Accumulation Step 4: Snapping Pour point and Step 5: Watershed Delineation Factors Considered for Watershed Delineation -Biophysical elements (Climate, Water, Drainage, Soil ,Vegetation, Slope, Status of erosion, LULC, Land capability classes etC.) -Socio-economic elements (People, Farming system, Social set up, Economic activities, Vulnerability profile, Gender etc.) -Softwares used for this tutorial are Global Mapper, ArcGIS, DEM, Google Earth #globalmapper #arcgis #DEM #irrigation #irrigationsystem #agriculture #community #landscape #landscaping #water #gardening #garden#user #association #irrigationdesign #irrigationsystems #landscapedesign #lawncare #irrigationtechnician #dripirrigation #farming #plants #sprinklersystem #trees #agtech #construction #nature #lawn #rainbird #sprinklers #automation #horticulture #irrigationlife #farm #dripirrigationsystem #turf#fertilizer #agricultural #healthysoil #soil #horticulture #seeding #mulching #soilscience #landscaping #irrigationsystem#rain#management#today#job#water#landscapedesign #agriculture #california #backyard #grass #concrete #fence #farms#water #stone #spring #photooftheday #contractor #frontyard #pavers #bermuda #designbuild #tractorporn #farmertan #beautiful #lawn#farmers #fertigation #environment #ethiopia #agro #myjobdependsonag #sustainability #landscapearchitecture #precisionirrigation #agricultura #india #irrigationcontractor #lawnservice #irrigationtech #rainbirdirrigation #gardendesign #idcdoesthat #agricultural #landscaper #idcllc #flowers #plumbing #grass #diredawa #watertreatment #hydroponics #savewater #hardscape #archydrotools #archydro #india #download #demdownload #download dem #diredawa

Site selection for Irrigation Scheme Design needs assessment of upstream & downstream features of the river to be diverted, such as -Geological formation the river bed & abutments -River bed materials -Flood mark -Community consultaion -Construction materia availability -Availabilty of water source #irrigation #community #water #flood #design #ethiopia #survey