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Imran Ahmed Khan Niazi (Urdu: عمران خان , pronounced [ɪmɾaːn ɛɦməd xaːn nɪjaːziː]; born 5 October 1952) is a Pakistani politician and former cricketer who served as the 22nd prime minister of Pakistan from August 2018 until April 2022. He is the founder and former chairman of the political party Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) from 1996 to 2023. He was the captain of the Pakistan national cricket team throughout the 1980s and early 90s.

In the previous elections, the two major parties were the Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N), led by former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), led by former Foreign Minister Bilawal Bhutto Zardari. The Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), founded by Imran Khan, being the largest party. However, it was forced to field its candidates as Independents after a controversial Supreme Court ruling stripped them of their electoral symbol in the run-up to the elections; Khan was also barred from politics for five years following convictions.[7][8] PTI claimed widespread military interference in the election.[9][10] Multiple foreign media outlets accused the military of rigging the elections in favor of PML-N. Many international observers, including the United States, European Union and the United Kingdom have voiced their concerns about the fairness of the elections.

By Ana Sandoiu on May 14, 2018 — Fact checked by Tim Newman Glioblastoma, one of the deadliest forms of brain cancer, may have found its nemesis. New research shows that the tumor, which is notoriously difficult to treat, can be halted by an experimental compound. New research shows that an experimental compound can stop aggressive brain tumors from growing. Glioblastoma is a particularly aggressive form of brain tumor, with a median survival rate of 10–12Trusted Source months. Part of the reason why glioblastomas are so deadly is that they arise from a type of brain cell called astrocytes. These cells are shaped like a star, so when the tumors form they develop tentacles, which makes them difficult to remove surgically. Additionally, the tumors advance rapidly. This is because astrocytes provide support to neurons and control the amount of blood that reaches them; so, when tumors form, they have access to a large number of blood vessels, helping cancerous cells to grow and spread very quickly. Another reason that glioblastomas are so difficult to treat is their high rate of recurrence. This is partly due to a subpopulation of cells contained in the tumor called glioma stem cells (GSC) — a type of self-regenerating cancer stem cell that controls the growth of tumors. Subhas Mukherjee, Ph.D., a research assistant professor of pathology at the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in Chicago, IL, and his colleagues have been studying the behavior of these cells for a few years. Building on this previous research, Mukherjee and team have now found that these cells contain high levels of an enzyme called CDK5. Blocking this enzyme, the researchers show in their new study, stops glioblastomas from growing and inhibits the self-regenerating capabilities of GSCs. The findings were publishedTrusted Source in the journal Cell Reports. CDK5 inhibitor stops tumor growth Previous research using a Drosophila fly model of brain tumors conducted by Mukherjee and team revealed that silencing the gene that encodes CDK5 decreased tumor size and the number of GSCs. Further genetic screening in humans with glioblastoma revealed that these people also had high levels of the CDK5 enzyme. Mukherjee further details the research process, saying, “We started running tests in our lab and found CDK5 promotes a high level of stem-ness in cells, so they proliferate and grow more.” “We isolated the cells that were most stem-like, and found that they have a high level of CDK5 compared to ones that are less stem-like.” Next, the researchers applied a CDK5 inhibitor to human glioblastoma cells. This stopped the tumors from growing and caused GSCs to lose some of their stem-ness, making it harder for them to regenerate. The researchers also tested the efficacy of this enzyme-blocker on the three main subtypes of glioblastoma: the neural, classic, and mesenchymal subtypes. Of these, the latter subtype was shown to have lower levels of CDK5, so in the future, this new approach may not benefit patients with mesenchymal glioblastoma as significantly. New compound may halt tumor recurrence Mukherjee comments on how his and his team’s findings may change therapeutic practices for the treatment of glioblastoma: “The mortality rate for glioblastoma has only moderately changed in last 30 years,” he says. “The current drug, temozolomide, is somewhat effective when the tumor recurs — and one of the major problems with glioblastomas is they tend to come back.” But, using the CDK5 inhibitor in combination with this chemotherapy drug might hinder tumor growth and stop them from returning. “The idea is to kill the remnants and glioma stem cells after chemotherapy,” Mukherjee says. “Those are the cells that persist and cause recurrence.” The CDK5 inhibitor — called CP681301 — can cross the blood-brain barrier, he explains, and the results of this study suggest that the compound is ideal for creating new drugs. Mukherjee is already working on designing such a drug and is hopeful that the process will be quite speedy. “We will hopefully generate some models and start testing within a few months,” says the researcher. GeneticsBiology / BiochemistryCancer / OncologyNeurology / Neuroscience Share this article RELATED COVERAGE What causes a lump under the chin? Medically reviewed by Christina Chun, MPH A lump under the chin may be hard or soft, and tender or painless. This is not always a cause for concern. Learn about causes and when to see a doctor. READ MORE What causes lumps behind the ear? Medically reviewed by Alana Biggers, M.D., MPH Lumps behind the ear might be bumps in the skin, such as those caused by acne or cysts. Lumps can also indicate mastoiditis or enlarged lymph nodes… READ MORE Types, symptoms, and treatment of a brain tumor Medically reviewed by Seunggu Han, MD A brain tumor is a growth that develops in the brain or spinal cord. They may be malignant, developing aggressively, or benign. Symptoms include… READ MORE What to know about optic nerve glioma Optic nerve gliomas are a type of benign tumor that develop in the glial cells of the optic nerve. Learn more here. READ MORE What side effects can radiation therapy on the brain cause? Medically reviewed by Seunggu Han, MD Radiation for brain cancer can cause a variety of side effects. Some are mild and short term. Others are more severe and may last for longer. READ MORE Get our newsletter Keep up with the ever-changing world of medical science with new and emerging developments in health. Enter your email Your privacy is important to us About Us Contact Us Terms of Use Privacy Policy Privacy Settings Advertising Policy Health Topics Health Hubs Medical Affairs Content Integrity Newsletters © 2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK. All rights reserved. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. 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Types, symptoms, and treatment of a brain tumor Medically reviewed by Seunggu Han, M.D. — By Adam Rowden on September 19, 2019 Types Symptoms Diagnosis Risk factors Treatment Outlook A brain tumor is a mass or growth of abnormal cells in the brain or spinal cord. Many brain tumors are able to disrupt the function of the brain. Others, however, are less harmful. Brain tumors are either malignant (harmful) or benign (nonharmful). By definition, malignant tumors are more aggressive than benign tumors. In benign tumors, the mass of abnormal cells does not contain cancer cells. Benign brain tumors grow slowly and tend not spread from the original growth site. They are also more common than malignant tumors. In fact, according to the American Brain Tumor Association (ABTA), around two-thirds of all new brain tumors are benign. Malignant brain tumors contain cancer cells and tend not to have clear borders. These can grow rapidly and spread to other parts of the brain, which makes them more dangerous. The American Cancer Society (ACS) group the statistics for brain tumors with those for tumors of the spinal cord. They estimate that healthcare professionals will diagnose up to 23,820Trusted Source malignant primary brain and spinal cord tumors in 2019. In this article, we look at both main categories of brain tumor, their symptoms, and how to treat them.

Open-heart surgery is a general term for surgical procedures performed to treat heart problems by directly accessing the heart through an opening the chest. During open-heart surgery, the surgeon will cut through the breastbone (sternotomy) and spread the ribs to access the heart.

A sniper is a military/paramilitary marksman who engages targets from positions of concealment or at distances exceeding the target's detection capabilities.[1] Snipers generally have specialized training and are equipped with high-precision rifles and high-magnification optics, and often also serve as scouts/observers feeding tactical information back to their units or command headquarters.

Modern war

Simo Häyhä was born on 17 December 1905 to Juho and Katriina (née Vilkko) Häyhä in the hamlet of Kiiskinen in Rautjärvi municipality. This area was in the old Finnish region of Karelia, which is now Russian territory. He was a farmer by profession and enjoyed several different hobbies, including snow-skiing, hunting and shooting.

During the months of June, July, and August, the days are long and the nights are short, even non-existent north of the Arctic Circle, due to the midnight sun. It's the perfect season to experience a wide range of activities and explore Norway's great outdoors (or great indoors, if it's raining!). Local weather and climate Eastern Norway and Southern Norway: The warmest and most stable weather usually occurs here, especially on the south coast between Mandal and Oslo. Temperatures can reach as high as 25 degrees Celsius or more. The highest temperatures are often inland. Setesdal, Hallingdal, and Telemark are famous for record high temperatures. Along the coast, a cool sea breeze will often refresh you. Fjord Norway: A coastal climate, with lots of rain and wind close to the coast. A lovely sunny day can be followed by a day of rain and fog, and vice versa. You can experience both in one day! Inner fjords often have a much drier and sunnier climate. Trøndelag: The coastal climate varies quite a bit, with more stable and warmer weather further inland. Northern Norway: Here, you can often experience four seasons in one day! You can also enjoy the midnight sun from the middle of May to the end of July. Bear in mind that it's usually colder in the far north than in the rest of the country. It's the Arctic, after all! As soon as summer gets a firm grip on Norway, usually in late May or early June, you’ll see the locals out and about, enjoying the sun after a long and cold winter. As the weather gets warmer and warmer, so do the people. Summer temperatures can reach up to 25 to 30 degrees Celsius, especially in the south and in the inland valleys. Even the nights are often warm, and water temperatures in the sea and in the many inland and forest lakes in the southern parts of the country usually reach 18 degrees Celsius or higher, making swimming a popular pastime. From late June to early August, the nights never get really dark anywhere in the country. But if you want to experience the true midnight sun, you need to travel to Northern Norway. The further north you go, the more nights of midnight sun you get. There are plenty of cool things to do with the extra hours – go kayaking, hiking, or fishing in the middle of the night, or visit one of the top places to experience the phenomenon in all its glory.

Bats are mammals of the order Chiroptera (/kˈaɪrəptɛrə/).[a] With their forelimbs adapted as wings, they are the only mammals capable of true and sustained flight. Bats are more agile in flight than most birds, flying with their very long spread-out digits covered with a thin membrane or patagium. The smallest bat, and arguably the smallest extant mammal, is Kitti's hog-nosed bat, which is 29–34 millimetres (1+1⁄8–1+3⁄8 inches) in length, 150 mm (6 in) across the wings and 2–2.6 g (1⁄16–3⁄32 oz) in mass. The largest bats are the flying foxes, with the giant golden-crowned flying fox (Acerodon jubatus) reaching a weight of 1.6 kg (3+1⁄2 lb) and having a wingspan of 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in).

To achieve success in life, it is necessary to struggle, only through struggle we can get something in our life because the other name of life is struggle. Whether it is a human being in this world or whether it is the smallest to the biggest creature of this world, there is a struggle in everyone's life.

NASA_Science_Live__Ask_Your_Questions_About_OSIRIS-REx_Aster

Although forest life cannot be described as easy, these peoples have built their lives around the surrounding forest and its systems. Consequently, they are a great storehouse of the knowledge about the forest. They know the medicinal properties of plants and understand the value of the forest as an intact ecosystem

You are reading The Science of Fire in Ways of Catching a Spark: A History of Fire-Making Methods Show storyContents INTRODUCTION The light of a burning torch leading the way through the dark, a hearty meal stewing on a hearth, stories told around glowing embers and flying sparks – fire is one of the bases of human life. Used by almost every human on Earth, it has throughout time provided a source of warmth, the means to cook food, protection from predators, a way of making new tools and weapons, played a role in various religions, rituals, and ceremonies, and been a crucial component of energy production. Without fire, human evolution would not have been possible in the way we know it. The first evidence of fire being used in a controlled way dates back at least one million years and is linked to our distant Homo Erectus ancestors in Africa. It is assumed that they were inspired by naturally occurring flames from forest fires and lightning strikes. Realising that the heat they produced could be utilised, they began to look for ways to start their own. The Science Museum Group houses one of the world’s largest collections of fire-making tools, which illustrates a great variety of techniques and ingenuity. Most objects used to be part of a private museum within the Bryant and May match-making factory’s offices and were acquired by the ornithologist and fire-making enthusiast Edward Bidwell. Bidwell collected between the late 19th- and early 20th century - the height of Britain's colonial power. Tracing the legitimacy of purchases or provenance is therefore difficult and part of a long and problematic tradition of colonial exploitation. FIRE-MAKING PHOTOGRAPH Photograph of two Maori people making fire with a fire-plough, the woman holding the hearth, the man using the plough, Aotearoa (New Zealand) Science Museum Group More informationabout Photograph of two Maori people making fire with a fire-plough, the woman holding the hearth, the man using the plough, Aotearoa (New Zealand) THE SCIENCE OF FIRE Fire is created by increasing the temperature of tinder, which combusts, creates an ember, and then heats up other material, called kindling, until it starts to burn as a flame. Tinder is a fine material with the ability to combust quickly. How quickly, depends on its autoignition temperature, meaning the lowest temperature something needs to combust only through heat rather than an external source like a spark or a flame. This is influenced by how moist or dense a material is. Depending on region and the fire-making tool that is used, easily combustible tinder includes natural materials like amadou made from fungus, wood or bark shavings, dried leaves, grass, pine needles, and other plant fibres, as well as artificial materials like paper strips, steel wool, char cloth, or petroleum. Humans have throughout history used different fire-making techniques and tools. These generally fall into one off the following categories: percussion, friction, compression of air, chemical, solar, and electrical. When exactly each method originated is unclear - most have ancient roots and have simultaneously been used all over the world in different regions, cultures, and times. While some of them lost common popularity with the invention of the friction match, they have not disappeared and are often still used in the same or similar ways. SCIENCE OF FIRE IMAGES Two sheets of amadou or 'German tinder', made from the fomes fomentarius fungus, which is also known as tinder fungus Science Museum Group Touchwood tinder, here shown with other types of tinder, including cedar wood, charred silk tinder, and charred rag tinder. Science Museum Group Metal tinder box with engraved stork Science Museum Group Metal tinder box with human figures Science Museum Group PERCUSSION One of the oldest and most widespread methods of fire-making is by using tinder, flint, and steel. Even ‘Ötzi’, the natural mummy of a man who lived 5300 years ago in the Ötztal Alps in Austria, was found with flint, iron pyrites, and a collection of different plants for tinder. Striking a sharp-edged flint or hard stone, such as quartzite, chert, or chalcedony, against a fire striker of mineral or fire-steel, causes hot, oxidising metal particles to split off the fire striker and ignite tinder. Fire-steels were invented with the ability to forge iron in the Iron Age. Found all over the world, they come in different shapes and forms, ranging from simple to elaborate designs. All have one feature in common – they are curved and shaped to fit the human hand. This also applies to the large variety of different boxes, bags, and pouches that are used to store the kits and keep the tinder dry. While some are designed as pocket versions to start fires on the go, others are made for domestic use to light hearths, fireplaces, and candles in the home. An example of a pocket kit is this box from the West Indies, made from the shells of two half-gourds and containing tinder of the flower stem of an Agave plant. Another is this ‘mechag’ pouch from Tibet. The leather pouches, beautifully decorated and featuring a striking plate, are mostly known under their colonial British term ‘chuckmuck’, worn on a belt, and found across North Asia, China, and Japan from the 17th century onwards. This intricately carved object from Norway on the other hand is a domestic tinder box. It is designed to be hung on the wall of a hearth and was a common feature of households until the mid-19th century. While most of them were made of wood or tin, wealthier homes tended to own boxes made of brass or silver. A more expensive alternative to the tinderbox, which was mostly found in European upper- and middle-class homes, is the tinder pistol. It has a flintlock mechanism, which was commonly used in rifles and pistols, and works by pulling a trigger that strikes a steel frizzen and creates a spark igniting tinder. There are even very convenient models that combine one with an alarm clock . When the alarm goes off, the trigger is released and a candle is lit! The most popular fire-making tools today are lighters. Lighters consist of a canister filled with a flammable liquid or compressed gas acting as tinder, as well as a mechanism to light it. In 1903, this mode of ignition was revolutionised when the Austrian scientist Carl Auer von Welsbach discovered ferrocerium – an alloy creating a huge spark when being scratched. Based on this, several companies began to develop different types of lighters, ranging from Ronson’s ‘Pist-O-Liter’ to wind-proof Zippo’s and contemporary disposable models. While at first using the hydrocarbon mixture Naphtha as fuel, most lighters produced from the 1950s onwards run on the more controllable and odourless butane.

Since that time, over 2,500 satellites have been launched into space. Would you have ever guessed there are that many satellites up there in the sky, traveling around the Earth over and over again? What in the world do they do up there? Why do we need so many of them? Artificial satellites are used for all sorts of purposes. Satellites like the Hubble Space Telescope, the International Space Station, and the Russian Mir space station help scientists explore space in new and exciting ways. Communications satellites help us communicate with people all over the world. Weather satellites help us observe the Earth from space to help predict weather patterns. Radio and television satellites beam our favorite songs, movies, and television shows to Earth for us to enjoy.

The view of Earth from space is one that few of us will ever get to experience. To see the planet as a single orb in the expanse of space can change the way you feel about your life, our species, and our place in the universe. It’s an experience currently reserved for the fortunate few who carry the torch of humanity into space.