The Gynocracy and How to Reckon With it
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Biz Is Goin' Off (Green Gorilla Remix)
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Don't Make - 8 Ball & MJG (Green Gorilla Remix)
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Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: Intro & Section One
Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: Intro & Section One
Synopsis of the First Two Sections of Crenshaw's Article
A. The Problem of Intersectionality in Legal Doctrine
In the first section, Kimberlé Crenshaw lays the groundwork for her argument by discussing the limitations of legal doctrine in addressing intersectional discrimination. She cites specific court cases like DeGraffenreid v. General Motors, Moore v. Hughes Helicopters, Inc., and Payne v. Travenol to illustrate how the legal system fails to recognize the unique forms of discrimination faced by black women. In these cases, black women were unable to file discrimination claims that simultaneously considered both race and gender. The courts insisted on treating these categories as mutually exclusive, thereby erasing the unique intersectional experiences of black women. This section serves as an indictment of the legal system's inability to grapple with complex, layered forms of discrimination.
B. The Significance of Doctrinal Treatment of Intersectionality
The second section delves into the broader implications of this doctrinal failure. Crenshaw argues that the marginalization of black women is not just a legal issue but also a problem in feminist and civil rights discourse. Both feminist and antiracist politics have often overlooked black women, either absorbing their experiences into broader categories of women or blacks or marginalizing them as too different for collective action. She critiques the dominant framework of discrimination, which she argues is too narrow and process-oriented, focusing only on explicit disadvantages rather than systemic issues. This narrow focus, she contends, perpetuates the marginalization of black women not just in law but also in social justice movements.
Foreshadowing of Criticisms
While Crenshaw's work has been groundbreaking, it's not without its critics. Scholars like Adolph Reed, Tommy Curry, and Jim Sidanius offer various critiques that challenge the framework of intersectionality.
1. Additive Nature and Double Jeopardy Thesis: Critics might argue that Crenshaw's intersectionality promotes an additive model of discrimination, which doesn't always hold up under empirical scrutiny. The "double jeopardy" thesis, which suggests that black women face twice the oppression, is often not supported by data that explore how oppression actually operates outside the legal sphere.
2. Subordinate Male Target Hypothesis: Jim Sidanius argues that intersectionality fails to account for phenomena like the subordinate male target hypothesis, which suggests that in hierarchical societies, it is often the males of the subordinate group who are the primary targets of violence and discrimination.
3. Anti-Black Misandry: Tommy Curry brings in the concept of anti-black misandry to challenge the notion of black male privilege. He argues that the visibility of black men is not a form of privilege but a form of targeted discrimination, often leading to lethal outcomes. Curry's critique is not aimed at expanding intersectionality but at demonstrating its limitations as an analytical framework for understanding complex social phenomena like anti-black racism and sexism.
4. Empirical Falsification: Both Curry and Sidanius push for a more empirically grounded approach to understanding discrimination, challenging the broad applicability of intersectionality beyond legal cases.
By presenting these criticisms, we can better appreciate the complexities and limitations of intersectionality as a framework for understanding systemic oppression. While Crenshaw's work laid essential foundations for the plight of black women, the discourse has evolved, and these criticisms offer avenues for more nuanced and empirically grounded discussions.
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Neoliberalism: What Is It and Is There Anything Wrong With It?
Neoliberalism: What Is It and Is There Anything Wrong With It?
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Copy of Race, Reform, & Retrenchment By Kimberle Crenshaw: Section 4 & Conclusion
Race, Reform, & Retrenchment By Kimberle Crenshaw: Section 4 & Conclusion
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Race, Reform, & Retrenchment By Kimberle Crenshaw: Section 4 & Conclusion
Race, Reform, & Retrenchment By Kimberle Crenshaw: Section 4 & Conclusion
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Race, Reform, and Retrenchment by Kimberle Crenshaw: Section 3
Race, Reform, and Retrenchment by Kimberle Crenshaw: Section 3
In this video, I dive into the third section of Kimberlé Crenshaw's seminal article, "Race, Reform, and Retrenchment: Transformation and Legitimation in Antidiscrimination Law." This section unpacks the transformative vision of Critical Legal scholars and scrutinizes its limitations, especially when it comes to addressing racial oppression.
So, what do Critical Legal scholars propose? They argue that ideology is the main barrier to social change. By exposing this ideology, they believe we can reveal the shaky foundations of our legal and social systems, allowing us to reimagine and reshape our world. Sounds promising, right?
Well, Crenshaw has some reservations. She points out that while these scholars are busy dissecting mainstream legal ideology, they often neglect racism as a foundational pillar that upholds American society. This glaring omission makes their analysis incomplete and their recommendations, especially for Black Americans, somewhat unrealistic.
But that's not all. Crenshaw also highlights that these scholars often operate in a theoretical bubble, disconnected from the lived experiences of racially oppressed communities. This detachment limits the applicability of their work, particularly when it comes to understanding the civil rights movement and the unique challenges that Black Americans face.
Now, let's talk about the tactic of "trashing" liberal legal ideology, a popular approach among Critical scholars. While this might expose the limitations of our current legal discourse, Crenshaw questions its practical utility. She argues that the very process of legitimation, which these scholars aim to challenge, both creates and restricts opportunities for meaningful change.
So, what are the key takeaways? First, Critical scholars often overlook the crucial role of racism in American society. Second, there's a disconnect between their theoretical framework and the lived experiences of racially oppressed communities. Third, while they may be good at critiquing the system, they offer little in the way of practical guidance for navigating it. And lastly, the need to maintain social legitimacy can both open and close doors for transformative change.
In conclusion, Crenshaw calls for a more nuanced approach. She argues that any effective strategy for social change must be deeply rooted in the lived experiences and specific needs of racially oppressed communities.
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Losing With Bums Teammates: SMH
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Is This Negro Serious? #jasonluv #shorts
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Barbara Fields: On The Civil War
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