ChipLukas

The word subconscious represents an anglicized version of the French subconscient as coined by John Norris, in "An Essay Towards the Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible World. Design'd for Two Parts. The First Considering it Absolutely in It Self, and the Second in Relation to Human Understanding” (1708): "The immediate objects of Sense, are not the objects of Intellection, they being of a Subconscient [subconscious] nature." A more recent use was in 1889 by the psychologist Pierre Janet (1859–1947), in his doctorate of letters thesis, De l'Automatisme Psychologique.[1] Janet argued that underneath the layers of critical-thought functions of the conscious mind lay a powerful awareness that he called the subconscious mind.[2] In the strict psychological sense, the adjective is defined as "operating or existing outside of consciousness".[2] Locke and Kristof write that there is a limit to what can be held in conscious focal awareness, an alternative storehouse of one's knowledge and prior experience is needed, which they label the subconscious. Special Thanks Aurora Kane & Arnold Schwarzenegger & Sylvester Stallone & Nicolas Cage & Mif & Britney Spears & Rita Ora & Donald Trump & Jeremy Shada & Carlos Alazraqui & The Weeknd & Magdalena Abakanowicz & Sean Astin & Porfiry Iwanow & Jack Palance & Bjork & Sam Harris & Jessica Alba & Amy Adams & Ben Affleck & Wes Anderson Another Special Thanks: Martin Scorsese & Tim Burton & Christopher Nolan & Andrzej Wajda & Hayao Miyazaki Consciousness, at its simplest, is awareness of internal and external existence.[1] However, its nature has led to millennia of analyses, explanations and debate by philosophers, theologians, and all of science. Opinions differ about what exactly needs to be studied or even considered consciousness. In some explanations, it is synonymous with the mind, and at other times, an aspect of mind. In the past, it was one's "inner life", the world of introspection, of private thought, imagination and volition.[2] Today, it often includes any kind of cognition, experience, feeling or perception. It may be awareness, awareness of awareness, or self-awareness either continuously changing or not.[3][4] The disparate range of research, notions and speculations raises a curiosity about whether the right questions are being asked.[5] Examples of the range of descriptions, definitions or explanations are: ordered disctinction between self and environment, simple wakefulness, one's sense of selfhood or soul explored by "looking within"; being a metaphorical "stream" of contents, or being a mental state, mental event or mental process of the brain.

The word subconscious represents an anglicized version of the French subconscient as coined by John Norris, in "An Essay Towards the Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible World. Design'd for Two Parts. The First Considering it Absolutely in It Self, and the Second in Relation to Human Understanding” (1708): "The immediate objects of Sense, are not the objects of Intellection, they being of a Subconscient [subconscious] nature." A more recent use was in 1889 by the psychologist Pierre Janet (1859–1947), in his doctorate of letters thesis, De l'Automatisme Psychologique.[1] Janet argued that underneath the layers of critical-thought functions of the conscious mind lay a powerful awareness that he called the subconscious mind.[2] In the strict psychological sense, the adjective is defined as "operating or existing outside of consciousness".[2] Locke and Kristof write that there is a limit to what can be held in conscious focal awareness, an alternative storehouse of one's knowledge and prior experience is needed, which they label the subconscious. Special Thanks Aurora Kane & Arnold Schwarzenegger & Sylvester Stallone & Nicolas Cage & Mif & Britney Spears & Rita Ora & Donald Trump & Jeremy Shada & Carlos Alazraqui & The Weeknd & Magdalena Abakanowicz & Sean Astin & Porfiry Iwanow & Jack Palance & Bjork & Sam Harris & Jessica Alba & Amy Adams & Ben Affleck & Wes Anderson Another Special Thanks: Martin Scorsese & Tim Burton & Christopher Nolan & Andrzej Wajda & Hayao Miyazaki Consciousness, at its simplest, is awareness of internal and external existence.[1] However, its nature has led to millennia of analyses, explanations and debate by philosophers, theologians, and all of science. Opinions differ about what exactly needs to be studied or even considered consciousness. In some explanations, it is synonymous with the mind, and at other times, an aspect of mind. In the past, it was one's "inner life", the world of introspection, of private thought, imagination and volition.[2] Today, it often includes any kind of cognition, experience, feeling or perception. It may be awareness, awareness of awareness, or self-awareness either continuously changing or not.[3][4] The disparate range of research, notions and speculations raises a curiosity about whether the right questions are being asked.[5] Examples of the range of descriptions, definitions or explanations are: ordered disctinction between self and environment, simple wakefulness, one's sense of selfhood or soul explored by "looking within"; being a metaphorical "stream" of contents, or being a mental state, mental event or mental process of the brain.

The word subconscious represents an anglicized version of the French subconscient as coined by John Norris, in "An Essay Towards the Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible World. Design'd for Two Parts. The First Considering it Absolutely in It Self, and the Second in Relation to Human Understanding” (1708): "The immediate objects of Sense, are not the objects of Intellection, they being of a Subconscient [subconscious] nature." A more recent use was in 1889 by the psychologist Pierre Janet (1859–1947), in his doctorate of letters thesis, De l'Automatisme Psychologique.[1] Janet argued that underneath the layers of critical-thought functions of the conscious mind lay a powerful awareness that he called the subconscious mind.[2] In the strict psychological sense, the adjective is defined as "operating or existing outside of consciousness".[2] Locke and Kristof write that there is a limit to what can be held in conscious focal awareness, an alternative storehouse of one's knowledge and prior experience is needed, which they label the subconscious. Special Thanks: Aurora Kane & Kmyle & Jean Reno & Dee Bradley Baker & Sonia Choquette & Will Smith & Kevin Rankin & Jessica Hecht & Bill Burr & Salma Hayek & Jennifer Lopez & Carlos Castaneda & Antonio Banderas & Caetano Veloso & Kmyle & Jeff Bezos Consciousness, at its simplest, is awareness of internal and external existence.[1] However, its nature has led to millennia of analyses, explanations and debate by philosophers, theologians, and all of science. Opinions differ about what exactly needs to be studied or even considered consciousness. In some explanations, it is synonymous with the mind, and at other times, an aspect of mind. In the past, it was one's "inner life", the world of introspection, of private thought, imagination and volition.[2] Today, it often includes any kind of cognition, experience, feeling or perception. It may be awareness, awareness of awareness, or self-awareness either continuously changing or not.[3][4] The disparate range of research, notions and speculations raises a curiosity about whether the right questions are being asked.[5] Examples of the range of descriptions, definitions or explanations are: ordered disctinction between self and environment, simple wakefulness, one's sense of selfhood or soul explored by "looking within"; being a metaphorical "stream" of contents, or being a mental state, mental event or mental process of the brain.

Las finanzas son una rama de la economía y de la administración de empresas que estudia el intercambio intertemporal de capital entre individuos, empresas, o Estados, con la incertidumbre y el riesgo que estas actividades conllevan. Se dedica al estudio de la obtención de capital para la inversión en bienes productivos y de las decisiones de inversión de los ahorradores. Así mismo, su estudio se basa en la obtención y la administración del dinero para lograr sus respectivos objetivos, tomando en cuenta todos los riesgos que ella implica, basándose en todos y cada uno de sus componentes que la integra para mantener un buen control. Managerial finance [34] is the branch of management that concerns itself with the managerial application of finance techniques and theory, emphasizing the financial aspects of managerial decisions; [35] the assessment is per the managerial perspectives of planning, directing, and controlling. The techniques addressed and developed relate in the main to managerial accounting and corporate finance: the former allow management to better understand, and hence act on, financial information relating to profitability and performance; the latter, as above, are about optimizing the overall financial structure, including its impact on working capital. The implementation of these techniques – i.e. financial management – is outlined above. Academics working in this area are typically based in business school finance departments, in accounting, or in management science. Special Thanks Arnold Schwarzenegger & Sylvester Stallone & Nicolas Cage & Mif & Britney Spears & Rita Ora & Donald Trump & Jeremy Shada & Carlos Alazraqui & The Weeknd & Magdalena Abakanowicz & Sean Astin & Porfiry Iwanow & Jack Palance & Bjork & Sam Harris & Jessica Alba & Amy Adams & Ben Affleck & Wes Anderson Another Special Thanks: Natalie Portman & John Powell & Parker Posey & Franka Potente & Kelly Preston & Chris Pratt & Prince & Robert Preston & Vincent Price & David Proval & Richard Pryor & Bill Pullman & Dennis Quaid & Randy Quaid & Aidan Quinn & Anthony Quinn & Lee Remick & Jean Reno & Ryan Reynolds & Eric Roberts & Denise Richards & Mickey Rooney & Theresa Russell & Rene Russo & Diane Salinger & Adam Sandler & Arnold Schwarzenegger & Will Sasso & Andrzej Seweryn & Michael Shannon & Omar Sharif & Gary Sinise & Christian Slater & Maggie Smith & Kevin Spacey & Barbara Stanwyck & Mary Steenburgen & Daniel Stern & Kristen Stewart & Patrick Stewart & Julia Stiles & Ben Stiller & Charlize Theron & Justin Theroux & Liv Tyler & Jeanne Tripplehorn & Karl Urban & Lee Van Cleef & Jean-Claude Van Damme & Vince Vaughn & Sofia Vergara & Jon Voight & Zendaya & Max Von Sydow & Christopher Walken & M. Emmet Walsh & Jack Warden & John Wayne & Dianne Wiest & Henry Winkler & Kristen Wiig & Gene Wilder & Owen Wilson & Debra Winger & Kate Winslet & Ray Winstone & Zbigniew Zamachowski & Elijah Wood & Billy Zane & Renee Zellweger with Treat Williams and Arnold Vosloo Special Thanks To Directors, Producers & Writers Of Movies: The Godfather & The Shawshank Redemption & Forrest Gump & Pulp Fiction & Toy Story & Gone With The Wind & The Matrix & Ponyo & Duplex & The Silence Of The Lambs & Reservoir Dogs & Cat's Eye & Of Mice And Men & The Dark Knight & Batman & Superman & Apocalypse Now & Titanic & Origin & A Not So Royal Christmas & The Good Ship Murder & Christmas With A Kiss & Femme & Welcome to Samdal-ri & Waitress: The Musical & Trolltider - legenden om Bergatrollet & Christmas on Cherry Lane & Christmas on Windmill Way & Magic in Mistletoe & Les trois mousquetaires: Milady & Shehar Lakhot & Finestkind & Kusuriya no hitorigoto & Znam kako dises & Frybread Face and Me & Trolltider & The Jingle Bell Jubilee & Christmas at the Chalet & Dodger Special Thanks To Authors Of: 888Hz Abundance Gate, Remove All Negative Blockages, 888 Hz Infinite Abundance, Love & Wealth MAYOR SLOGO Put Me To WORK... (Minecraft Squid Island) Financial theory is studied and developed within the disciplines of management, (financial) economics, accountancy and applied mathematics. Abstractly,[14][30] finance is concerned with the investment and deployment of assets and liabilities over "space and time"; i.e., it is about performing valuation and asset allocation today, based on the risk and uncertainty of future outcomes while appropriately incorporating the time value of money. Determining the present value of these future values, "discounting", must be at the risk-appropriate discount rate, in turn, a major focus of finance-theory.[31] As financial theory has roots in many disciplines, including mathematics, statistics, economics, physics, and psychology, it can be considered a mix of an art and science,[32] and there are ongoing related efforts to organize a list of unsolved problems in finance. Фина́нсы (фр. finances — де́нежные сре́дства, де́ньги) в российской научной и учебной литературе определяются, как совокупность экономических отношений, возникающих в процессе формирования, распределения и использования централизованных и децентрализованных фондов денежных средств[1][2].

大衆化および産業化の歴史 ヨーロッパでは古くは王侯貴族や教会などが音楽家を保護し、そのなかで数々の名曲が生み出されていたが、18世紀頃よりヨーロッパにおいては市民の経済力が向上し、不特定多数の聴衆に向けての演奏会が盛んに行われるようになった[19]。この傾向はフランス革命（1789年）以後、上記の特権階級の消滅や市民階級の経済力向上（貴族に代わるブルジョワ市民の台頭）に従ってさらに加速していった[20]。 また、16世紀には活版印刷の発明によって楽譜も出版されるようになった。印刷楽譜はそれまでの書写によるものより量産性・正確性・価格のすべてにおいて優れたものであり、音楽、とくに同一の曲の普及に大きな役割を果たした[21]。楽譜出版は、19世紀には商業モデルとして確立し、音楽産業の走りとなった[22]。 Special Thanks: Jack Palance & Bjork & Joseph Murphy & Derren Brown & Jess Harnell & Chazz Palminteri & Nolan North & Tom Holland & Wes Craven & Charles Aznavour & Phil LaMarr & Jeff Bezos & David Icke & Donald Trump & Robert De Niro & Brad Pitt & Roddy Frame & Mariah Carey & Mabi Thobejane & Basia Pasek & Judy Garland & Michael Shannon & Gary Oldman & Zendaya & Ron Perlman & Mark Wahlberg & KC & Grotek & Berni & Raptus & Steven & Corson & Lars & Toonyo & Morton & Szafirek & Katarzynka & Corman & Ebeneger & Colman Domingo & Havoc & Azza 19世紀末までは自分で演奏を行う場合以外は音楽を楽しむには基本的に音楽家が必要であったが、1877年にトーマス・エジソンが蓄音機を発明し、次いで1887年にエミール・ベルリナーがこれを円盤形に改良し、ここからレコードが登場すると、音楽そのものの個人所有が可能となり、これにより各個人が家庭で音楽を楽しむことも可能となった[23]。 次いで、1920年代にラジオ放送が開始されマスメディアが音声を伝えることも可能になるとすぐに音楽番組が開始され、不特定多数の人々に一律の音楽を届けることが可能となり、音楽の大衆文化化が進んだ。そしてその基盤の上に、音楽の制作や流通、広告を生業とするレコード会社が出現し、大規模な音楽産業が成立することとなった。その後、テレビなどの新しいメディアの登場と普及、カセットテープや1980年代のコンパクトディスクの登場など新しい媒体の出現、1979年に発売されたウォークマンのような携帯音楽プレーヤーの登場などで音楽愛好者はさらに増加し、音楽産業は隆盛の一途をたどった。 音楽産業隆盛の流れは、1990年代後半にインターネットが普及し初めてから変化しはじめた。インターネットを介した音楽供給はそれまでのように音楽を保存した物理的な媒体をもはや必要とせず、物として音楽を所有する需要は減少の一途をたどった。一方で、音楽祭や演奏会はこの時期を通じて開催され続けており、ライブなどはむしろ隆盛を迎えているなど、音楽産業を巡る環境は変化し続けている[23]。

Taoist music is the ceremonial music of Taoism. The importance of music in Taoist ceremony is demonstrated by revealing how central beliefs are reflected through elements of music such as instrumentation and rhythm. The principal belief of the Yin Yang is reflected in the categorization of musical tones. The two main tones of Taoist chanting are the Yin Tone and the Yang Tone.[48] Taoist music can be found in every ceremonial occasion, including "Five Offerings" and the "Ode of Wishing for Longevity."[49] Special Thanks Arnold Schwarzenegger & Sylvester Stallone & Nicolas Cage & Mif & Britney Spears & Rita Ora & Donald Trump & Jeremy Shada & Carlos Alazraqui & Tim Abell & Charles Aznavour & Azza & Ayya & Fred Astaire & Magdalena Abakanowicz & Sean Astin & Porfiry Iwanow & Jack Palance & Bjork & Sam Harris & Jessica Alba & Amy Adams & Ben Affleck & Wes Anderson Another Special Thanks: Holly Hunter & Helen Hunt & Rutger Hauer & John Hurt & Dennis Hopper & Anjelica Huston & James Horner & Jennifer Hale & Gene Hackman & Charlton Heston & Tom Hanks & Jeremy Irons & Mark Isham & Michael Ironside & James Ivory & Samuel L. Jackson & Thomas Jane & Milla Jovovich & James Earl Jones & Hugh Jackman & Angelina Jolie & Glenda Jackson & Janet Jackson & Michael Jackson & Tommy Lee Jones & Peter Jackson & Harvey Keitel & Udo Kier & Kevin Kline & Michael Keaton & Diane Keaton & Nicole Kidman & Josh Keaton & Ashton Kutcher & Wojciech Kilar & Ben Kingsley & Burt Lancaster & Martin Landau & Jack Lemmon & Juliette Lewis & Jennifer Lopez & Ray Liotta & Bill Murray & Elon Musk & Dean Martin & Cheech Marin & Shirley MacLaine & Kyle MacLachlan & Walter Matthau & Joe Morton & Mako & Marilyn Monroe & Eddie Murphy & Eric Mabius & Rick Moranis & Demi Moore & Julianne Moore & Robert Mitchum & Roger Moore & Joe Mantegna & Tress MacNeille & Jack Nicholson & Liam Neeson & Edward Norton & Craig T. Nelson & David Niven & Christopher Nolan & Sam Neill & Blake Neely & Tom Noonan & Leon Niemczyk & Chuck Norris & Gary Oldman & Laurence Olivier & Miranda Otto & Jerry Orbach & Julia Ormond & Lena Olin & Michael Ontkean & Al Pacino & Matthew Perry & Brad Pitt & Sean Penn & Michelle Pfeiffer & Natalie Portman & Gregory Peck & Rob Paulsen & Will Patton & Bill Paxton & Bill Pullman & Jonathan Pryce & Joe Pesci & Jack Palance & Chazz Palminteri & Dennis Quaid & Randy Quaid & Aidan Quinn & Anthony Quinn & Vanessa Redgrave & Eric Roberts & Kurt Russell & Keanu Reeves & Tim Roth & Stephen Rea & Julia Roberts & Cliff Robertson & Kevin Michael Richardson & Robert Redford & Robert Richardson & Keri Russell & Paul Rudd & Cristiano Ronaldo & Gwen Stefani & Arnold Schwarzenegger & Meryl Streep & Sylvester Stallone & Martin Sheen & Susan Sarandon & Donald Sutherland & Wesley Snipes & Adam Sandler & Kiefer Sutherland & John Stockton & Jason Statham & Gary Sinise & James Stewart & Barbara Stanwyck & Mike Tyson & Uma Thurman & John Travolta & John Turturro & Quentin Tarantino & Kirk Thornton & Billy Bob Thornton & Emma Thompson & Danny Trejo & Lauren Tom & Peter Ustinov & Karl Urban & Unmani & Jon Voight & Max Von Sydow & Vince Vaughn & Vangelis & Jean-Claude Van Damme & Ben Watkins & James Woods & Robin Williams & Bruce Willis & Mark Wahlberg & Kate Winslet & John Williams & Elijah Wood & Westbam & Denzel Washington & Sam Worthington & John Wayne & Peter Weir & Frank Welker & Travis Willingham & Peter Weller & Gene Wilder & Billy Wilder & Michael York & Sean Young & Burt Young & Gig Young & Hans Zimmer & Catherine Zeta-Jones & Renee Zellweger & Billy Zane & Ziyi Zhang & Steve Zahn & Robert Zemeckis & Zendaya Special Thanks To Directors, Producers & Writers Of Movies: The Godfather & The Shawshank Redemption & Forrest Gump & Pulp Fiction & Toy Story & Gone With The Wind & The Matrix & Ponyo & Duplex & The Silence Of The Lambs & Reservoir Dogs & Cat's Eye & Of Mice And Men & The Dark Knight & Batman & Superman & Apocalypse Now & Titanic & Origin & A Not So Royal Christmas & The Good Ship Murder & Christmas With A Kiss & Femme & Welcome to Samdal-ri & Waitress: The Musical & Trolltider - legenden om Bergatrollet & Christmas on Cherry Lane & Christmas on Windmill Way & Magic in Mistletoe & Les trois mousquetaires: Milady & Shehar Lakhot & Finestkind & Kusuriya no hitorigoto & Znam kako dises & Frybread Face and Me & Trolltider & The Jingle Bell Jubilee & Christmas at the Chalet & Dodger Special Thanks To Authors Of: 888Hz Abundance Gate, Remove All Negative Blockages, 888 Hz Infinite Abundance, Love & Wealth MAYOR SLOGO Put Me To WORK... (Minecraft Squid Island) Als Geistliche Musik oder Religiöse Musik bezeichnet man im Gegensatz zur weltlichen Musik solche, die für religiöse Anlässe oder mit einem religiösen Einfluss komponiert bzw. musiziert wird. Im Christentum umfasst dies insbesondere die Kirchenmusik.[1] Bei den ethnischen Religionen ist die sakrale Musik ein Mittel, um mit den Göttern in Verbindung zu treten. Durch Gesang und rituelle Tänze soll eine magische Beschwörung bewirkt werden. In den meisten Religionen soll das gemeinsame Singen Gemeinschaftsgefühl vermitteln und religiöse Inhalte vermitteln, insbesondere bei der Feier von religiösen Zeremonien.

A ritual is a sequence of activities involving gestures, words, actions, or revered objects.[1][2] Rituals may be prescribed by the traditions of a community, including a religious community. Rituals are characterized, but not defined, by formalism, traditionalism, invariance, rule-governance, sacral symbolism, and performance.[3] Rituals are a feature of all known human societies.[4] They include not only the worship rites and sacraments of organized religions and cults, but also rites of passage, atonement and purification rites, oaths of allegiance, dedication ceremonies, coronations and presidential inaugurations, marriages, funerals and more. Even common actions like hand-shaking and saying "hello" may be termed as rituals. The field of ritual studies has seen a number of conflicting definitions of the term. One given by Kyriakidis is that a ritual is an outsider's or "etic" category for a set activity (or set of actions) that, to the outsider, seems irrational, non-contiguous, or illogical. The term can be used also by the insider or "emic" performer as an acknowledgement that this activity can be seen as such by the uninitiated onlooker.[5] In psychology, the term ritual is sometimes used in a technical sense for a repetitive behavior systematically used by a person to neutralize or prevent anxiety; it can be a symptom of obsessive–compulsive disorder but obsessive-compulsive ritualistic behaviors are generally isolated activities. Special Thanks Arnold Schwarzenegger & Sylvester Stallone & Nicolas Cage & Mif & Britney Spears & Rita Ora & Donald Trump & Jeremy Shada & Carlos Alazraqui & The Weeknd & Magdalena Abakanowicz & Sean Astin & Porfiry Iwanow & Jack Palance & Bjork & Sam Harris & Jessica Alba & Amy Adams & Ben Affleck & Wes Anderson Another Special Thanks: Holly Hunter & Helen Hunt & Rutger Hauer & John Hurt & Dennis Hopper & Anjelica Huston & James Horner & Jennifer Hale & Gene Hackman & Charlton Heston & Tom Hanks & Jeremy Irons & Mark Isham & Michael Ironside & James Ivory & Samuel L. Jackson & Thomas Jane & Milla Jovovich & James Earl Jones & Hugh Jackman & Angelina Jolie & Glenda Jackson & Janet Jackson & Michael Jackson & Tommy Lee Jones & Peter Jackson & Harvey Keitel & Udo Kier & Kevin Kline & Michael Keaton & Diane Keaton & Nicole Kidman & Josh Keaton & Ashton Kutcher & Wojciech Kilar & Ben Kingsley & Burt Lancaster & Martin Landau & Jack Lemmon & Juliette Lewis & Jennifer Lopez & Ray Liotta & Bill Murray & Elon Musk & Dean Martin & Cheech Marin & Shirley MacLaine & Kyle MacLachlan & Walter Matthau & Joe Morton & Mako & Marilyn Monroe & Eddie Murphy & Eric Mabius & Rick Moranis & Demi Moore & Julianne Moore & Robert Mitchum & Roger Moore & Joe Mantegna & Tress MacNeille & Jack Nicholson & Liam Neeson & Edward Norton & Craig T. Nelson & David Niven & Christopher Nolan & Sam Neill & Blake Neely & Tom Noonan & Leon Niemczyk & Chuck Norris & Gary Oldman & Laurence Olivier & Miranda Otto & Jerry Orbach & Julia Ormond & Lena Olin & Michael Ontkean & Al Pacino & Matthew Perry & Brad Pitt & Sean Penn & Michelle Pfeiffer & Natalie Portman & Gregory Peck & Rob Paulsen & Will Patton & Bill Paxton & Bill Pullman & Jonathan Pryce & Joe Pesci & Jack Palance & Chazz Palminteri & Dennis Quaid & Randy Quaid & Aidan Quinn & Anthony Quinn & Vanessa Redgrave & Eric Roberts & Kurt Russell & Keanu Reeves & Tim Roth & Stephen Rea & Julia Roberts & Cliff Robertson & Kevin Michael Richardson & Robert Redford & Robert Richardson & Keri Russell & Paul Rudd & Cristiano Ronaldo & Gwen Stefani & Arnold Schwarzenegger & Meryl Streep & Sylvester Stallone & Martin Sheen & Susan Sarandon & Donald Sutherland & Wesley Snipes & Adam Sandler & Kiefer Sutherland & John Stockton & Jason Statham & Gary Sinise & James Stewart & Barbara Stanwyck & Mike Tyson & Uma Thurman & John Travolta & John Turturro & Quentin Tarantino & Kirk Thornton & Steven Seagal & Danny Trejo & Lauren Tom & Peter Ustinov & Karl Urban & Unmani & Jon Voight & Max Von Sydow & Vince Vaughn & Vangelis & Jean-Claude Van Damme & Ben Watkins & James Woods & Robin Williams & Bruce Willis & Mark Wahlberg & Kate Winslet & John Williams & Elijah Wood & Westbam & Denzel Washington & Sam Worthington & John Wayne & Peter Weir & Frank Welker & Travis Willingham & Peter Weller & Gene Wilder & Billy Wilder & Michael York & Sean Young & Burt Young & Gig Young & Hans Zimmer & Catherine Zeta-Jones & Renee Zellweger & Billy Zane & Ziyi Zhang & Steve Zahn & Robert Zemeckis & Zendaya Special Thanks To Directors, Producers & Writers Of Movies: The Godfather & The Shawshank Redemption & Forrest Gump & Pulp Fiction & Toy Story & Gone With The Wind & The Matrix & Ponyo & Duplex & The Silence Of The Lambs & Reservoir Dogs & Cat's Eye & Of Mice And Men & The Dark Knight & Batman & Superman & Apocalypse Now & Titanic & Origin & A Not So Royal Christmas & The Good Ship Murder & Christmas With A Kiss & Femme & Welcome to Samdal-ri & Waitress: The Musical & Trolltider - legenden om Bergatrollet & Christmas on Cherry Lane & Christmas on Windmill Way & Magic in Mistletoe & Les trois mousquetaires: Milady & Shehar Lakhot & Finestkind & Kusuriya no hitorigoto & Znam kako dises & Frybread Face and Me & Trolltider & The Jingle Bell Jubilee & Christmas at the Chalet & Dodger Special Thanks To Authors Of: 888Hz Abundance Gate, Remove All Negative Blockages, 888 Hz Infinite Abundance, Love & Wealth MAYOR SLOGO Put Me To WORK... (Minecraft Squid Island) Music plays a significant role in many religions. In some religions, such as Buddhism, music helps people calm their minds and focus before meditation. In Sikh music, known as Kirtan, the music helps people connect with the teachings of the religion and with God.[7] Some other religions, such as Islam, use music to recite the word of their holy book.[8] Some religions relate their music to non-religious musicians. For example, Rastafarian music heavily relates to reggae music.[citation needed] Religious music helps those of all religions connect with their faith and remember their religious values.

Las finanzas estudian cómo los agentes económicos (empresas, familias o Estado) deben tomar decisiones de inversión, ahorro y gasto en condiciones de incertidumbre. Al momento de tomar estas decisiones los agentes pueden optar por diversos tipos de recursos financieros tales como: dinero, bonos, acciones o derivados, incluyendo la compra de bienes de capital como maquinarias, edificios y otras infraestructuras. Ver diferencia entre ahorro e inversión. Las finanzas va ligada con la administración. Por ejemplo, al considerar un nuevo producto, el administrador financiero requiere que el personal de finanzas le proporcione los cálculos de presupuesto. Y la función de las finanzas administrativas puede describirse ampliamente al considerar su papel dentro de la organización, su relación con la economía y la contabilidad y las principales actividades del administrador financiero. Special Thanks Arnold Schwarzenegger & Sylvester Stallone & Nicolas Cage & Mif & Britney Spears & Rita Ora & Donald Trump & Jeremy Shada & Carlos Alazraqui & The Weeknd & Magdalena Abakanowicz & Sean Astin & Porfiry Iwanow & Jack Palance & Bjork & Sam Harris & Jessica Alba & Amy Adams & Ben Affleck & Wes Anderson Another Special Thanks: Ben Kingsley & Nastassja Kinski & Kevin Kline & Marek Kondrat & Olga Kurylenko & Russell Brand & Mif & Christopher Lambert & Burt Lancaster & Frank Langella & Angela Lansbury & Martin Lawrence & Abigail Lawrie & James Le Gros & Cloris Leachman & Heath Ledger & Jet Li & Bogusław Linda & Ray Liotta & Jennifer Lopez & Sophia Loren & Tobey Maguire & Costas Mandylor & Steve Martin & Matthew McConaughey & Adolphe Menjou & Matthew Modine & Demi Moore & Julianne Moore & Roger Moore & Cathy Moriarty & David Morse & Carrie-Anne Moss & Patrick Muldoon & Eddie Murphy & Mike Myers & Sam Neill & Edward Norton & Bob Odenkirk & Chris O'Donnell & Peter O'Toole & Joanna Pacula & Geraldine Page & Joe Pantoliano & Anna Paquin & Anne Parillaud & Jim Parrack & Pedro Pascal & Mandy Patinkin & Dev Patel & Jason Patric & Robert Pattinson & Will Patton & Bill Paxton & Khary Payton & Cezary Pazura & Guy Pearce & Amanda Peet & Simon Pegg & Sean Penn & Barry Pepper & Piper Perabo & Ron Perlman & Rhea Perlman & Harold Perrineau & Matthew Perry & Tyler Perry & Michelle Pfeiffer & Joe Pesci & Joaquin Phoenix & Małgorzata Pieczyńska & Chris Pine & Jeremy Piven & Joan Plowright & Christopher Plummer & Kevin Pollak & Serban Pavlu & Christina Ricci & Tim Roth & Stephen Rea Special Thanks To Directors, Producers & Writers Of Movies: The Godfather & The Shawshank Redemption & Forrest Gump & Pulp Fiction & Toy Story & Gone With The Wind & The Matrix & Ponyo & Duplex & The Silence Of The Lambs & Reservoir Dogs & Cat's Eye & Of Mice And Men & The Dark Knight & Batman & Superman & Apocalypse Now & Titanic & Origin & A Not So Royal Christmas & The Good Ship Murder & Christmas With A Kiss & Femme & Welcome to Samdal-ri & Waitress: The Musical & Trolltider - legenden om Bergatrollet & Christmas on Cherry Lane & Christmas on Windmill Way & Magic in Mistletoe & Les trois mousquetaires: Milady & Shehar Lakhot & Finestkind & Kusuriya no hitorigoto & Znam kako dises & Frybread Face and Me & Trolltider & The Jingle Bell Jubilee & Christmas at the Chalet & Dodger Special Thanks To Authors Of: 888Hz Abundance Gate, Remove All Negative Blockages, 888 Hz Infinite Abundance, Love & Wealth MAYOR SLOGO Put Me To WORK... (Minecraft Squid Island) Inter-institutional trade and investment, and fund-management at this scale, is referred to as "wholesale finance". Institutions here extend the products offered, with related trading, to include bespoke options, swaps, and structured products, as well as specialized financing; this "financial engineering" is inherently mathematical, and these institutions are then the major employers of "quants" (see below). In these institutions, risk management, regulatory capital, and compliance play major roles.

A quantitative fund is managed using computer-based mathematical techniques (increasingly, machine learning) instead of human judgment. The actual trading also, is typically automated via sophisticated algorithms. La tasa de interés afecta directamente el consumo, el comercio y la inversión, pues parte del consumo se paga mediante tarjetas de crédito, parte de la mercancía comprada y vendida por los comercios es comprada a crédito, y las inversiones siempre se apoyan con préstamos bancarios o emisión de deuda mediante bonos: Al subir la tasa de interés el consumo y la inversión disminuyen, pues individuos y empresas encuentran más difícil pagar sus deudas; al bajar la tasa de interés el consumo y la inversión aumentan por el estímulo que representa pagar menos intereses. Esta relación entre tasa de interés, consumo e inversión es utilizada por los diseñadores de políticas macroeconómicas para manipularlos para afectar crecimiento económico, empleo e inflación: Para disminuir la inflación inducen un aumento en las tasas de interés; cuando quieren aumentar el empleo, inducen su disminución. Tales acciones usualmente son llevadas a cabo mediante el Banco Central de cada país al establecer la llamada tasa de descuento - la tasa de interés a la cual presta dinero a los bancos. Este cambio en la tasa de descuento impacta los costos del dinero en los bancos y, por tanto, impacta la tasa de interés que tales bancos cobran por sus préstamos. Special Thanks Arnold Schwarzenegger & Sylvester Stallone & Nicolas Cage & Mif & Britney Spears & Rita Ora & Donald Trump & Jeremy Shada & Carlos Alazraqui & The Weeknd & Magdalena Abakanowicz & Sean Astin & Porfiry Iwanow & Jack Palance & Bjork & Sam Harris & Jessica Alba & Amy Adams & Ben Affleck & Wes Anderson Another Special Thanks: Natalie Portman & John Powell & Parker Posey & Franka Potente & Kelly Preston & Chris Pratt & Prince & Robert Preston & Vincent Price & David Proval & Richard Pryor & Bill Pullman & Dennis Quaid & Randy Quaid & Aidan Quinn & Anthony Quinn & Lee Remick & Jean Reno & Ryan Reynolds & Eric Roberts & Denise Richards & Mickey Rooney & Theresa Russell & Rene Russo & Diane Salinger & Adam Sandler & Arnold Schwarzenegger & Will Sasso & Andrzej Seweryn & Michael Shannon & Omar Sharif & Gary Sinise & Christian Slater & Maggie Smith & Kevin Spacey & Barbara Stanwyck & Mary Steenburgen & Daniel Stern & Kristen Stewart & Patrick Stewart & Julia Stiles & Ben Stiller & Charlize Theron & Justin Theroux & Liv Tyler & Jeanne Tripplehorn & Karl Urban & Lee Van Cleef & Jean-Claude Van Damme & Vince Vaughn & Sofia Vergara & Jon Voight & Zendaya & Max Von Sydow & Christopher Walken & M. Emmet Walsh & Jack Warden & John Wayne & Dianne Wiest & Henry Winkler & Kristen Wiig & Gene Wilder & Owen Wilson & Debra Winger & Kate Winslet & Ray Winstone & Zbigniew Zamachowski & Elijah Wood & Billy Zane & Renee Zellweger with Treat Williams and Arnold Vosloo Special Thanks To Directors, Producers & Writers Of Movies: The Godfather & The Shawshank Redemption & Forrest Gump & Pulp Fiction & Toy Story & Gone With The Wind & The Matrix & Ponyo & Duplex & The Silence Of The Lambs & Reservoir Dogs & Cat's Eye & Of Mice And Men & The Dark Knight & Batman & Superman & Apocalypse Now & Titanic & Origin & A Not So Royal Christmas & The Good Ship Murder & Christmas With A Kiss & Femme & Welcome to Samdal-ri & Waitress: The Musical & Trolltider - legenden om Bergatrollet & Christmas on Cherry Lane & Christmas on Windmill Way & Magic in Mistletoe & Les trois mousquetaires: Milady & Shehar Lakhot & Finestkind & Kusuriya no hitorigoto & Znam kako dises & Frybread Face and Me & Trolltider & The Jingle Bell Jubilee & Christmas at the Chalet & Dodger Special Thanks To Authors Of: 888Hz Abundance Gate, Remove All Negative Blockages, 888 Hz Infinite Abundance, Love & Wealth MAYOR SLOGO Put Me To WORK... (Minecraft Squid Island) Las finanzas son una rama de la economía y de la administración de empresas que estudia el intercambio intertemporal de capital entre individuos, empresas, o Estados, con la incertidumbre y el riesgo que estas actividades conllevan. Se dedica al estudio de la obtención de capital para la inversión en bienes productivos y de las decisiones de inversión de los ahorradores. Así mismo, su estudio se basa en la obtención y la administración del dinero para lograr sus respectivos objetivos, tomando en cuenta todos los riesgos que ella implica, basándose en todos y cada uno de sus componentes que la integra para mantener un buen control. Las finanzas estudian cómo los agentes económicos (empresas, familias o Estado) deben tomar decisiones de inversión, ahorro y gasto en condiciones de incertidumbre. Al momento de tomar estas decisiones los agentes pueden optar por diversos tipos de recursos financieros tales como: dinero, bonos, acciones o derivados, incluyendo la compra de bienes de capital como maquinarias, edificios y otras infraestructuras. Ver diferencia entre ahorro e inversión. Las finanzas va ligada con la administración. Por ejemplo, al considerar un nuevo producto, el administrador financiero requiere que el personal de finanzas le proporcione los cálculos de presupuesto. Y la función de las finanzas administrativas puede describirse ampliamente al considerar su papel dentro de la organización, su relación con la economía y la contabilidad y las principales actividades del administrador financiero. Está relacionado con las transacciones y con la administración del dinero.1​ En ese marco se estudia la obtención y gestión, por parte de una compañía, un individuo, o del propio Estado, de los fondos que necesita para cumplir sus objetivos, y de los criterios con que dispone de sus activos; en otras palabras, lo relativo a la obtención y gestión del dinero, así como de otros valores o sucedáneos del dinero, como lo son los títulos, los bonos, etc. Según Bodie y Merton, las finanzas «estudian la manera en que los recursos escasos se asignan a través del tiempo». Las finanzas tratan, por lo tanto, de las condiciones y la oportunidad con que se consigue el capital, de los usos de este, y los retornos que un inversionista obtiene de sus inversiones.2​ El estudio académico de las finanzas se divide principalmente en dos ramas,3​ que reflejan las posiciones respectivas de aquel que necesita fondos o dinero para realizar una inversión, llamada finanzas corporativas, y de aquel que quiere invertir su dinero dándoselo a alguien que lo quiera usar para invertir, llamada valuación de activos.4​ El área de finanzas corporativas estudia cómo le conviene más a un inversionista conseguir dinero, por ejemplo, si vendiendo acciones, pidiendo prestado a un banco o vendiendo deuda en el mercado. El área de valuación de activos estudia cómo le conviene más a un inversionista invertir su dinero, por ejemplo, si comprando acciones, prestando/comprando deuda, o acumulando dinero en efectivo. Estas dos ramas de las finanzas se dividen en otras más. Algunas de las áreas más populares dentro del estudio de las finanzas son: Intermediación Financiera, Finanzas Conductistas, Microestructura de los Mercados Financieros, Desarrollo Financiero, Finanzas Internacionales, y Finanzas de Consumidor.5​ Una disciplina recientemente creada son las neurofinanzas, rama de la neuroeconomía, encargada del estudio de los sesgos relacionados con el manejo de la economía.6​ Las finanzas personales son la aplicación de las finanzas y sus principios a una persona o familia en su deseo de realizar sus actividades con la mejor distribución de dinero para ello. Así, deben reconocer cómo ocupar sus ingresos en educación, salud, alimentación, vestimenta, seguros, lujos, transporte, etc. Se deben tener en cuenta los ingresos, los gastos, los ahorros y siempre estableciendo los riesgos y los eventos futuros. Parte de las finanzas personales son los cheques, las cuentas de ahorro, las tarjetas de crédito, los préstamos, las inversiones en el mercado de valores, los planes de jubilación, los impuestos, etc. At the heart of investment management[14] is asset allocation – diversifying the exposure among these asset classes, and among individual securities within each asset class – as appropriate to the client's investment policy, in turn, a function of risk profile, investment goals, and investment horizon (see Investor profile).

Financial theory is studied and developed within the disciplines of management, (financial) economics, accountancy and applied mathematics. Abstractly,[14][30] finance is concerned with the investment and deployment of assets and liabilities over "space and time"; i.e., it is about performing valuation and asset allocation today, based on the risk and uncertainty of future outcomes while appropriately incorporating the time value of money. Determining the present value of these future values, "discounting", must be at the risk-appropriate discount rate, in turn, a major focus of finance-theory.[31] As financial theory has roots in many disciplines, including mathematics, statistics, economics, physics, and psychology, it can be considered a mix of an art and science,[32] and there are ongoing related efforts to organize a list of unsolved problems in finance. Experimental finance[42] aims to establish different market settings and environments to experimentally observe and provide a lens through which science can analyze agents' behavior and the resulting characteristics of trading flows, information diffusion, and aggregation, price setting mechanisms, and returns processes. Researchers in experimental finance can study to what extent existing financial economics theory makes valid predictions and therefore prove them, as well as attempt to discover new principles on which such theory can be extended and be applied to future financial decisions. Research may proceed by conducting trading simulations or by establishing and studying the behavior of people in artificial, competitive, market-like settings. Special Thanks Arnold Schwarzenegger & Sylvester Stallone & Nicolas Cage & Mif & Britney Spears & Rita Ora & Donald Trump & Jeremy Shada & Carlos Alazraqui & The Weeknd & Magdalena Abakanowicz & Sean Astin & Porfiry Iwanow & Jack Palance & Bjork & Sam Harris & Jessica Alba & Amy Adams & Ben Affleck & Wes Anderson Another Special Thanks: Ben Kingsley & Nastassja Kinski & Kevin Kline & Marek Kondrat & Olga Kurylenko & Russell Brand & Mif & Christopher Lambert & Burt Lancaster & Frank Langella & Angela Lansbury & Martin Lawrence & Abigail Lawrie & James Le Gros & Cloris Leachman & Heath Ledger & Jet Li & Bogusław Linda & Ray Liotta & Jennifer Lopez & Sophia Loren & Tobey Maguire & Costas Mandylor & Steve Martin & Matthew McConaughey & Adolphe Menjou & Matthew Modine & Demi Moore & Julianne Moore & Roger Moore & Cathy Moriarty & David Morse & Carrie-Anne Moss & Patrick Muldoon & Eddie Murphy & Mike Myers & Sam Neill & Edward Norton & Bob Odenkirk & Chris O'Donnell & Peter O'Toole & Joanna Pacula & Geraldine Page & Joe Pantoliano & Anna Paquin & Anne Parillaud & Jim Parrack & Pedro Pascal & Mandy Patinkin & Dev Patel & Jason Patric & Robert Pattinson & Will Patton & Bill Paxton & Khary Payton & Cezary Pazura & Guy Pearce & Amanda Peet & Simon Pegg & Sean Penn & Barry Pepper & Piper Perabo & Ron Perlman & Rhea Perlman & Harold Perrineau & Matthew Perry & Tyler Perry & Michelle Pfeiffer & Joe Pesci & Joaquin Phoenix & Małgorzata Pieczyńska & Chris Pine & Jeremy Piven & Joan Plowright & Christopher Plummer & Kevin Pollak & Serban Pavlu Special Thanks To Directors, Producers & Writers Of Movies: The Godfather & The Shawshank Redemption & Forrest Gump & Pulp Fiction & Toy Story & Gone With The Wind & The Matrix & Ponyo & Duplex & The Silence Of The Lambs & Reservoir Dogs & Cat's Eye & Of Mice And Men & The Dark Knight & Batman & Superman & Apocalypse Now & Titanic & Origin & A Not So Royal Christmas & The Good Ship Murder & Christmas With A Kiss & Femme & Welcome to Samdal-ri & Waitress: The Musical & Trolltider - legenden om Bergatrollet & Christmas on Cherry Lane & Christmas on Windmill Way & Magic in Mistletoe & Les trois mousquetaires: Milady & Shehar Lakhot & Finestkind & Kusuriya no hitorigoto & Znam kako dises & Frybread Face and Me & Trolltider & The Jingle Bell Jubilee & Christmas at the Chalet & Dodger Special Thanks To Authors Of: 888Hz Abundance Gate, Remove All Negative Blockages, 888 Hz Infinite Abundance, Love & Wealth MAYOR SLOGO Put Me To WORK... (Minecraft Squid Island) Quantum finance is an interdisciplinary research field, applying theories and methods developed by quantum physicists and economists in order to solve problems in finance. It is a branch of econophysics. Finance theory is heavily based on financial instrument pricing such as stock option pricing. Many of the problems facing the finance community have no known analytical solution. As a result, numerical methods and computer simulations for solving these problems have proliferated. This research area is known as computational finance. Many computational finance problems have a high degree of computational complexity and are slow to converge to a solution on classical computers. In particular, when it comes to option pricing, there is additional complexity resulting from the need to respond to quickly changing markets. For example, in order to take advantage of inaccurately priced stock options, the computation must complete before the next change in the almost continuously changing stock market. As a result, the finance community is always looking for ways to overcome the resulting performance issues that arise when pricing options. This has led to research that applies alternative computing techniques to finance. Most commonly used quantum financial models are quantum continuous model, quantum binomial model, multi-step quantum binomial model etc. The origin of finance can be traced to the start of civilization. The earliest historical evidence of finance is dated to around 3000 BC. Banking originated in the Babylonian empire, where temples and palaces were used as safe places for the storage of valuables. Initially, the only valuable that could be deposited was grain, but cattle and precious materials were eventually included. During the same period, the Sumerian city of Uruk in Mesopotamia supported trade by lending as well as the use of interest. In Sumerian, "interest" was mas, which translates to "calf". In Greece and Egypt, the words used for interest, tokos and ms respectively, meant "to give birth". In these cultures, interest indicated a valuable increase, and seemed to consider it from the lender's point of view.[50] The Code of Hammurabi (1792–1750 BC) included laws governing banking operations. The Babylonians were accustomed to charging interest at the rate of 20 percent per annum. Jews were not allowed to take interest from other Jews, but they were allowed to take interest from Gentiles, who had at that time no law forbidding them from practicing usury. As Gentiles took interest from Jews, the Torah considered it equitable that Jews should take interest from Gentiles. In Hebrew, interest is neshek. By 1200 BC, cowrie shells were used as a form of money in China. By 640 BC, the Lydians had started to use coin money. Lydia was the first place where permanent retail shops opened. (Herodotus mentions the use of crude coins in Lydia in an earlier date, around 687 BC.)[51][52] The use of coins as a means of representing money began in the years between 600 and 570 BCE. Cities under the Greek empire, such as Aegina (595 BCE), Athens (575 BCE), and Corinth (570 BCE), started to mint their own coins. In the Roman Republic, interest was outlawed altogether by the Lex Genucia reforms. Under Julius Caesar, a ceiling on interest rates of 12% was set, and later under Justinian it was lowered even further to between 4% and 8%.[53] The first exchange happened in Belgium in 1531 AD.[54] Since, popular exchanges such as the London Stock Exchange (founded in 1773) and the New York Stock Exchange (founded in 1793) were created. Finance – addresses the ways in which individuals and organizations raise and allocate monetary resources over time, taking into account the risks entailed in their projects.

Experimental music is a general label for any music or music genre that pushes existing boundaries and genre definitions.[1] Experimental compositional practice is defined broadly by exploratory sensibilities radically opposed to, and questioning of, institutionalized compositional, performing, and aesthetic conventions in music.[2] Elements of experimental music include indeterminacy, in which the composer introduces the elements of chance or unpredictability with regard to either the composition or its performance. Artists may approach a hybrid of disparate styles or incorporate unorthodox and unique elements.[1] The practice became prominent in the mid-20th century, particularly in Europe and North America. John Cage was one of the earliest composers to use the term and one of experimental music's primary innovators, utilizing indeterminacy techniques and seeking unknown outcomes. In France, as early as 1953, Pierre Schaeffer had begun using the term musique expérimentale to describe compositional activities that incorporated tape music, musique concrète, and elektronische Musik. In America, a quite distinct sense of the term was used in the late 1950s to describe computer-controlled composition associated with composers such as Lejaren Hiller. Harry Partch and Ivor Darreg worked with other tuning scales based on the physical laws for harmonic music. For this music they both developed a group of experimental musical instruments. Musique concrète is a form of electroacoustic music that utilises acousmatic sound as a compositional resource. Free improvisation or free music is improvised music without any rules beyond the taste or inclination of the musician(s) involved; in many cases, the musicians make an active effort to avoid clichés; i.e., overt references to recognizable musical conventions or genres. Special Thanks Arnold Schwarzenegger & Sylvester Stallone & Nicolas Cage & Mif & Britney Spears & Rita Ora & Donald Trump & Jeremy Shada & Carlos Alazraqui & The Weeknd & Magdalena Abakanowicz & Sean Astin & Porfiry Iwanow & Jack Palance & Bjork & Sam Harris & Jessica Alba & Amy Adams & Ben Affleck & Wes Anderson Another Special Thanks: Bette Davis & Ted Danson & Geena Davis & Benicio Del Toro & Patrick Dempsey & Gerard Depardieu & Danny DeVito & Cameron Diaz & Vin Diesel & Matt Dillon & Vincent D'Onofrio & Kirk Douglas & Richard Dreyfuss & Adam Driver & Faye Dunaway & Kirsten Dunst & Barbara Eden & Colin Farrell & Fabio & Will Ferrell & Veronica Ferres & Ralph Fiennes & Laurence Fishburne & Louise Fletcher & Jane Fonda & Henry Fonda & Glenn Ford & Peter Fonda & Ben Foster & Harrison Ford & Jamie Foxx & James Franco & Michael J. Fox & Clark Gable & Janusz Gajos & Janeane Garofalo & Vincent Gallo & Kylee Nash & Sean Bean & Shyla Stylez & Nikki Fritz & Paul Giamatti & Martin Scorsese & Henry Winkler & Rita Ora & Richard Gere & John Goodman & Andrzej Grabowski & Frank Grillo & Jake Gyllenhaal & Mark Hamill & Thomas Haden Church & Tom Hardy & Richard Harris & Josh Hartnett & Rutger Hauer & Amber Heard & Salma Hayek & Val Kilmer & Chris Hemsworth & Audrey Hepburn & Katharine Hepburn & Tom Holland & Alfred Hitchcock & Havoc & Dennis Hopper & Bob Hoskins & Helen Hunt & Holly Hunter & John Hurt & William Hurt & Michael Ironside & Hugh Jackman & Glenda Jackson & Kevin James & Thomas Jane & Scarlett Johansson & Dwayne Johnson & James Earl Jones & Michael B. Jordan & Milla Jovovich & Diane Keaton & Harvey Keitel & Riley Keough & Nicole Kidman & Danny Glover Special Thanks To Directors, Producers & Writers Of Movies: The Godfather & The Shawshank Redemption & Forrest Gump & Pulp Fiction & Toy Story & Gone With The Wind & The Matrix & Ponyo & Duplex & The Silence Of The Lambs & Reservoir Dogs & Cat's Eye & Of Mice And Men & The Dark Knight & Batman & Superman & Apocalypse Now & Titanic & Origin & A Not So Royal Christmas & The Good Ship Murder & Christmas With A Kiss & Femme & Welcome to Samdal-ri & Waitress: The Musical & Trolltider - legenden om Bergatrollet & Christmas on Cherry Lane & Christmas on Windmill Way & Magic in Mistletoe & Les trois mousquetaires: Milady & Shehar Lakhot & Finestkind & Kusuriya no hitorigoto & Znam kako dises & Frybread Face and Me & Trolltider & The Jingle Bell Jubilee & Christmas at the Chalet & Dodger Special Thanks To Authors Of: 888Hz Abundance Gate, Remove All Negative Blockages, 888 Hz Infinite Abundance, Love & Wealth MAYOR SLOGO Put Me To WORK... (Minecraft Squid Island) The incorporation of music into general education from preschool to post secondary education, is common in North America and Europe. Involvement in playing and singing music is thought to teach basic skills such as concentration, counting, listening, and cooperation while also promoting understanding of language, improving the ability to recall information, and creating an environment more conducive to learning in other areas.[150] In elementary schools, children often learn to play instruments such as the recorder, sing in small choirs, and learn about the history of Western art music and traditional music. Some elementary school children also learn about popular music styles. In religious schools, children sing hymns and other religious music. In secondary schools (and less commonly in elementary schools), students may have the opportunity to perform in some types of musical ensembles, such as choirs (a group of singers), marching bands, concert bands, jazz bands, or orchestras. In some school systems, music lessons on how to play instruments may be provided. Some students also take private music lessons after school with a singing teacher or instrument teacher. Amateur musicians typically learn basic musical rudiments (e.g., learning about musical notation for musical scales and rhythms) and beginner- to intermediate-level singing or instrument-playing techniques. At the university level, students in most arts and humanities programs can receive credit for taking a few music courses, which typically take the form of an overview course on the history of music, or a music appreciation course that focuses on listening to music and learning about different musical styles. In addition, most North American and European universities have some types of musical ensembles that students in arts and humanities are able to participate in, such as choirs, marching bands, concert bands, or orchestras. The study of Western art music is increasingly common outside of North America and Europe, such as the Indonesian Institute of the Arts in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, or the classical music programs that are available in Asian countries such as South Korea, Japan, and China. At the same time, Western universities and colleges are widening their curriculum to include music of non-Western cultures, such as the music of Africa or Bali (e.g. Gamelan music).

There are different reasons individuals are motivated in an occupation. These may include a passion for the occupation, for a firm, or for an activity. When Canadian managers or professionals score as passionate about their occupation they tend to be less obsessive about their behavior while on their job, resulting in more work being done and more work satisfaction. These same individuals have higher levels of psychological well-being.[22] When people genuinely enjoy their profession and are motivated by their passion, they tend to be more satisfied with their work and more psychologically healthy.[citation needed] When managers or professionals are unsatisfied with their profession they tend to also be dissatisfied with their family relationships and to experience psychological distress.[23] Other reasons people are more satisfied when they are motivated by their passion for their occupation include the effects of intrinsic and external motivations. When Canadian managers or professionals do a job to satisfy others, they tend to have lower levels of satisfaction and psychological health. Also, these same individuals have shown they are motivated by several beliefs and fears concerning other people.[23] Thirdly, though some individuals believe one should not work extreme hours, many prefer it because of how passionate they are about the occupation. On the other hand, this may also put a strain on family relationships and friendships.[citation needed] The balance of the two is something that is hard to achieve and it is always hard to satisfy both parties. Special Thanks Arnold Schwarzenegger & Sylvester Stallone & Nicolas Cage & Mif & Britney Spears & Rita Ora & Donald Trump & Jeremy Shada & Carlos Alazraqui & The Weeknd & Magdalena Abakanowicz & Sean Astin & Porfiry Iwanow & Jack Palance & Bjork & Sam Harris & Jessica Alba & Amy Adams & Ben Affleck & Wes Anderson Another Special Thanks: Ben Kingsley & Nastassja Kinski & Kevin Kline & Marek Kondrat & Olga Kurylenko & Russell Brand & Mif & Christopher Lambert & Burt Lancaster & Frank Langella & Angela Lansbury & Martin Lawrence & Abigail Lawrie & James Le Gros & Cloris Leachman & Heath Ledger & Jet Li & Bogusław Linda & Ray Liotta & Jennifer Lopez & Sophia Loren & Tobey Maguire & Costas Mandylor & Steve Martin & Matthew McConaughey & Adolphe Menjou & Matthew Modine & Demi Moore & Julianne Moore & Roger Moore & Cathy Moriarty & David Morse & Carrie-Anne Moss & Patrick Muldoon & Eddie Murphy & Mike Myers & Sam Neill & Edward Norton & Bob Odenkirk & Chris O'Donnell & Peter O'Toole & Joanna Pacula & Geraldine Page & Joe Pantoliano & Anna Paquin & Anne Parillaud & Jim Parrack & Pedro Pascal & Mandy Patinkin & Dev Patel & Jason Patric & Robert Pattinson & Will Patton & Bill Paxton & Khary Payton & Cezary Pazura & Guy Pearce & Amanda Peet & Simon Pegg & Sean Penn & Barry Pepper & Piper Perabo & Ron Perlman & Rhea Perlman & Harold Perrineau & Matthew Perry & Tyler Perry & Michelle Pfeiffer & Joe Pesci & Joaquin Phoenix & Małgorzata Pieczyńska & Chris Pine & Jeremy Piven & Joan Plowright & Christopher Plummer & Kevin Pollak & Serban Pavlu Special Thanks To Directors, Producers & Writers Of Movies: The Godfather & The Shawshank Redemption & Forrest Gump & Pulp Fiction & Toy Story & Gone With The Wind & The Matrix & Ponyo & Duplex & The Silence Of The Lambs & Reservoir Dogs & Cat's Eye & Of Mice And Men & The Dark Knight & Batman & Superman & Apocalypse Now & Titanic & Origin & A Not So Royal Christmas & The Good Ship Murder & Christmas With A Kiss & Femme & Welcome to Samdal-ri & Waitress: The Musical & Trolltider - legenden om Bergatrollet & Christmas on Cherry Lane & Christmas on Windmill Way & Magic in Mistletoe & Les trois mousquetaires: Milady & Shehar Lakhot & Finestkind & Kusuriya no hitorigoto & Znam kako dises & Frybread Face and Me & Trolltider & The Jingle Bell Jubilee & Christmas at the Chalet & Dodger Special Thanks To Authors Of: 888Hz Abundance Gate, Remove All Negative Blockages, 888 Hz Infinite Abundance, Love & Wealth MAYOR SLOGO Put Me To WORK... (Minecraft Squid Island) According to researchers who have tested this model, "A dualistic model in which passion is defined as a strong inclination or desire toward a self-defining activity that one likes (or even loves), that one finds important (high valuation), and in which one invests time and energy."[25] It is proposed that there exist two types of passion. The first type of passion is harmonious passion. "A harmonious passion refers to a strong desire to engage in the activity that remains under the person's control."[25] This is mostly obtained when the person views their activity as part of their identity. Furthermore, once an activity is part of the person's identity then the motivation to continue the specific hobby is even stronger. The harmony obtained with this passion is conceived when the person is able both to freely engage in or to stop the hobby. It's not so much that the person is forced to continue this hobby, but on his or her own free will is able to engage in it. For example, if a girl loves to play volleyball, but she has a project due the next day and her friends invite her to play, she should be able to say "no" on the basis of her own free will. The second kind of passion in the dualistic model is obsessive passion. Being the opposite of harmonious passion. This type has a strong desire to engage in the activity, but it's not under the person's own control and he or she is forced to engage in the hobby. This type of passion has a negative effect on a person where they could feel they need to engage in their hobby to continue, for example, interpersonal relationships, or "fit in" with the crowd. To change the above example, if the girl has an obsessive passion towards volleyball and she is asked to play with her friends, she will likely say "yes" even though she needs to finish her project for the next day.

The incorporation of music into general education from preschool to post secondary education, is common in North America and Europe. Involvement in playing and singing music is thought to teach basic skills such as concentration, counting, listening, and cooperation while also promoting understanding of language, improving the ability to recall information, and creating an environment more conducive to learning in other areas.[150] In elementary schools, children often learn to play instruments such as the recorder, sing in small choirs, and learn about the history of Western art music and traditional music. Some elementary school children also learn about popular music styles. In religious schools, children sing hymns and other religious music. In secondary schools (and less commonly in elementary schools), students may have the opportunity to perform in some types of musical ensembles, such as choirs (a group of singers), marching bands, concert bands, jazz bands, or orchestras. In some school systems, music lessons on how to play instruments may be provided. Some students also take private music lessons after school with a singing teacher or instrument teacher. Amateur musicians typically learn basic musical rudiments (e.g., learning about musical notation for musical scales and rhythms) and beginner- to intermediate-level singing or instrument-playing techniques. At the university level, students in most arts and humanities programs can receive credit for taking a few music courses, which typically take the form of an overview course on the history of music, or a music appreciation course that focuses on listening to music and learning about different musical styles. In addition, most North American and European universities have some types of musical ensembles that students in arts and humanities are able to participate in, such as choirs, marching bands, concert bands, or orchestras. The study of Western art music is increasingly common outside of North America and Europe, such as the Indonesian Institute of the Arts in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, or the classical music programs that are available in Asian countries such as South Korea, Japan, and China. At the same time, Western universities and colleges are widening their curriculum to include music of non-Western cultures, such as the music of Africa or Bali (e.g. Gamelan music). Special Thanks Arnold Schwarzenegger & Sylvester Stallone & Nicolas Cage & Mif & Britney Spears & Rita Ora & Donald Trump & Jeremy Shada & Carlos Alazraqui & The Weeknd & Magdalena Abakanowicz & Sean Astin & Porfiry Iwanow & Jack Palance & Bjork & Sam Harris & Jessica Alba & Amy Adams & Ben Affleck & Wes Anderson Another Special Thanks: Bette Davis & Ted Danson & Geena Davis & Benicio Del Toro & Patrick Dempsey & Gerard Depardieu & Danny DeVito & Cameron Diaz & Vin Diesel & Matt Dillon & Vincent D'Onofrio & Kirk Douglas & Richard Dreyfuss & Adam Driver & Faye Dunaway & Kirsten Dunst & Barbara Eden & Colin Farrell & Fabio & Will Ferrell & Veronica Ferres & Ralph Fiennes & Laurence Fishburne & Louise Fletcher & Jane Fonda & Henry Fonda & Glenn Ford & Peter Fonda & Ben Foster & Harrison Ford & Jamie Foxx & James Franco & Michael J. Fox & Clark Gable & Janusz Gajos & Janeane Garofalo & Vincent Gallo & Richard Gere & John Goodman & Andrzej Grabowski & Frank Grillo & Jake Gyllenhaal & Mark Hamill & Thomas Haden Church & Tom Hardy & Richard Harris & Josh Hartnett & Rutger Hauer & Amber Heard & Salma Hayek & Val Kilmer & Chris Hemsworth & Audrey Hepburn & Katharine Hepburn & Tom Holland & Alfred Hitchcock & Havoc & Dennis Hopper & Bob Hoskins & Helen Hunt & Holly Hunter & John Hurt & William Hurt & Michael Ironside & Hugh Jackman & Glenda Jackson & Kevin James & Thomas Jane & Scarlett Johansson & Dwayne Johnson & James Earl Jones & Michael B. Jordan & Milla Jovovich & Diane Keaton & Harvey Keitel & Riley Keough & Nicole Kidman & Danny Glover Special Thanks To Directors, Producers & Writers Of Movies: The Godfather & The Shawshank Redemption & Forrest Gump & Pulp Fiction & Toy Story & Gone With The Wind & The Matrix & Ponyo & Duplex & The Silence Of The Lambs & Reservoir Dogs & Cat's Eye & Of Mice And Men & The Dark Knight & Batman & Superman & Apocalypse Now & Titanic & Origin & A Not So Royal Christmas & The Good Ship Murder & Christmas With A Kiss & Femme & Welcome to Samdal-ri & Waitress: The Musical & Trolltider - legenden om Bergatrollet & Christmas on Cherry Lane & Christmas on Windmill Way & Magic in Mistletoe & Les trois mousquetaires: Milady & Shehar Lakhot & Finestkind & Kusuriya no hitorigoto & Znam kako dises & Frybread Face and Me & Trolltider & The Jingle Bell Jubilee & Christmas at the Chalet & Dodger Special Thanks To Authors Of: 888Hz Abundance Gate, Remove All Negative Blockages, 888 Hz Infinite Abundance, Love & Wealth MAYOR SLOGO Put Me To WORK... (Minecraft Squid Island) People aiming to become professional musicians, singers, composers, songwriters, music teachers and practitioners of other music-related professions such as music history professors, sound engineers, and so on study in specialized post-secondary programs offered by colleges, universities and music conservatories. Some institutions that train individuals for careers in music offer training in a wide range of professions, as is the case with many of the top U.S. universities, which offer degrees in music performance (including singing and playing instruments), music history, music theory, music composition, music education (for individuals aiming to become elementary or high school music teachers) and, in some cases, conducting. On the other hand, some small colleges may only offer training in a single profession (e.g., sound recording). While most university and conservatory music programs focus on training students in classical music, there are universities and colleges that train musicians for careers as jazz or popular music musicians and composers, with notable U.S. examples including the Manhattan School of Music and the Berklee College of Music. Two schools in Canada which offer professional jazz training are McGill University and Humber College. Individuals aiming at careers in some types of music, such as heavy metal music, country music or blues are unlikely to become professionals by completing degrees or diplomas. Instead, they typically learn about their style of music by singing or playing in bands (often beginning in amateur bands, cover bands and tribute bands), studying recordings on DVD and the Internet, and working with already-established professionals in their style of music, either through informal mentoring or regular music lessons. Since the 2000s, the increasing popularity and availability of Internet forums and YouTube "how-to" videos have enabled singers and musicians from metal, blues and similar genres to improve their skills. Many pop, rock and country singers train informally with vocal coaches and voice teachers.

People have been trying to measure happiness for centuries. In 1780, the English utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham proposed that as happiness was the primary goal of humans it should be measured as a way of determining how well the government was performing.[33] Today, happiness is typically measured using self-report surveys. Self-reporting is prone to cognitive biases and other sources of errors, such as peak–end rule. Studies show that memories of felt emotions can be inaccurate.[34] Affective forecasting research shows that people are poor predictors of their future emotions, including how happy they will be.[35] Happiness economists are not overly concerned with philosophical and methodological issues and continue to use questionaries to measure average happiness of populations. Several scales have been developed to measure happiness: The Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) is a four-item scale, measuring global subjective happiness from 1999. The scale requires participants to use absolute ratings to characterize themselves as happy or unhappy individuals, as well as it asks to what extent they identify themselves with descriptions of happy and unhappy individuals.[36][37] The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) from 1988 is a 20-item questionnaire, using a five-point Likert scale (1 = very slightly or not at all, 5 = extremely) to assess the relation between personality traits and positive or negative affects at "this moment, today, the past few days, the past week, the past few weeks, the past year, and in general".[38] A longer version with additional affect scales was published 1994.[39] The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is a global cognitive assessment of life satisfaction developed by Ed Diener. A seven-point Likert scale is used to agree or disagree with five statements about one's life.[40][41] The Cantril ladder method[42] has been used in the World Happiness Report. Respondents are asked to think of a ladder, with the best possible life for them being a 10, and the worst possible life being a 0. They are then asked to rate their own current lives on that 0 to 10 scale.[43][42] Positive Experience; the survey by Gallup asks if, the day before, people experienced enjoyment, laughing or smiling a lot, feeling well-rested, being treated with respect, learning or doing something interesting. 9 of the top 10 countries in 2018 were South American, led by Paraguay and Panama. Country scores range from 85 to 43.[44] Since 2012, a World Happiness Report has been published. Happiness is evaluated, as in "How happy are you with your life as a whole?", and in emotional reports, as in "How happy are you now?," and people seem able to use happiness as appropriate in these verbal contexts. Using these measures, the report identifies the countries with the highest levels of happiness. In subjective well-being measures, the primary distinction is between cognitive life evaluations and emotional reports.[45] The UK began to measure national well-being in 2012,[46] following Bhutan, which had already been measuring gross national happiness.[47][48] Academic economists and international economic organizations are arguing for and developing multi-dimensional dashboards which combine subjective and objective indicators to provide a more direct and explicit assessment of human wellbeing. There are many different contributors to adult wellbeing, such as the point that happiness judgements partly reflect the presence of salient constraints, and that fairness, autonomy, community and engagement are key aspects of happiness and wellbeing throughout the life course.[49] Although these factors play a role in happiness, they do not all need to improve simultaneously to help one achieve an increase in happiness. Happiness has been found to be quite stable over time. Special Thanks Arnold Schwarzenegger & Sylvester Stallone & Nicolas Cage & Mif & Britney Spears & Rita Ora & Donald Trump & Jeremy Shada & Carlos Alazraqui & The Weeknd & Magdalena Abakanowicz & Sean Astin & Porfiry Iwanow & Jack Palance & Bjork & Sam Harris & Jessica Alba & Amy Adams & Ben Affleck & Wes Anderson Another Special Thanks: Ben Affleck & Tim Allen & Woody Allen & Jennifer Aniston & David Arquette & Patricia Arquette & Rosanna Arquette & Edward Asner & Armand Assante & Rowan Atkinson & Dan Aykroyd & Hank Azaria & Kevin Bacon & Alec Baldwin & Stephen Baldwin & William Baldwin & Christian Bale & Anne Bancroft & Adrienne Barbeau & Drew Barrymore & Adam Beach & Warren Beatty & Ed Begley Jr. & Tobin Bell & Xander Berkeley & Juliette Binoche & Akon & Aaliyah & Karen Black & Humphrey Bogart & Russell Brand & Helena Bonham Carter & Barry Bostwick & Benjamin Bratt & Matthew Broderick & Pierce Brosnan & Sandra Bullock & Steve Blum & Jeff Bennett & Mel Blanc & Gary Busey & Gabriel Byrne & Don Cheadle & Sarah Clarke & John Cleese & Glenn Close & Bradley Cooper & Daniel Craig & Madalina Craiu & Bryan Cranston & Billy Crystal & Willem Dafoe & Matt Damon & Renata Dancewicz & Claire Danes Special Thanks To Directors, Producers & Writers Of Movies: The Godfather & The Shawshank Redemption & Forrest Gump & Pulp Fiction & Toy Story & Gone With The Wind & The Matrix & Ponyo & Duplex & The Silence Of The Lambs & Reservoir Dogs & Cat's Eye & Of Mice And Men & The Dark Knight & Batman & Superman & Apocalypse Now & Titanic & Origin & A Not So Royal Christmas & The Good Ship Murder & Christmas With A Kiss & Femme & Welcome to Samdal-ri & Waitress: The Musical & Trolltider - legenden om Bergatrollet & Christmas on Cherry Lane & Christmas on Windmill Way & Magic in Mistletoe & Les trois mousquetaires: Milady & Shehar Lakhot & Finestkind & Kusuriya no hitorigoto & Znam kako dises & Frybread Face and Me & Trolltider & The Jingle Bell Jubilee & Christmas at the Chalet & Dodger Special Thanks To Authors Of: 888Hz Abundance Gate, Remove All Negative Blockages, 888 Hz Infinite Abundance, Love & Wealth MAYOR SLOGO Put Me To WORK... (Minecraft Squid Island) La felicidad es una emoción o estado de ánimo que experimenta un ser consciente cuando llega a un momento de conformación, bienestar o se han conseguido ciertos objetivos deseables para el individuo consciente. Se considera que este estado de ánimo y los factores que lo condicionan son subjetivos, por lo que cada persona puede tener su propio concepto de felicidad, con ello las razones de porqué este estaría con dicho estado de ánimo puede llevarse a cabo por experimentación general (Hobbies y amistades quienes suelen ayudar a esto; las acciones de mis amigos me brindan felicidad; Johnny brinda felicidad a Emilio. (esto diferencia a la felicidad de otras sensaciones como el dolor, el frío o el hambre, para las que existe cierta evidencia de ser más parecidas entre individuos). Algunos psicólogos han tratado de caracterizar el grado de felicidad mediante diversos textos y han llegado a definir la felicidad como una medida de bienestar subjetivo (autopercibido) que influye en las actitudes y el comportamiento de los individuos. Las personas que tienen un alto grado de felicidad muestran generalmente un enfoque del medio positivo, al mismo tiempo que se sienten motivadas a conquistar nuevas metas . Al contrario que las personas que no sienten ningún grado de felicidad que muestran un enfoque del medio negativo, sintiéndose frustradas con el desarrollo de su vida.

When gold and silver were used as money, the money supply could grow only if the supply of these metals was increased by mining. This rate of increase would accelerate during periods of gold rushes and discoveries, such as when Columbus traveled to the New World and brought back gold and silver to Spain, or when gold was discovered in California in 1848. This caused inflation, as the value of gold went down. However, if the rate of gold mining could not keep up with the growth of the economy, gold became relatively more valuable, and prices (denominated in gold) would drop, causing deflation. Deflation was the more typical situation for over a century when gold and paper money backed by gold were used as money in the 18th and 19th centuries. Modern-day monetary systems are based on fiat money and are no longer tied to the value of gold. The amount of money in the economy is influenced by monetary policy, which is the process by which a central bank influences the economy to achieve specific goals. Often, the goal of monetary policy is to maintain low and stable inflation, directly via an inflation targeting strategy,[49] or indirectly via a fixed exchange rate system against a major currency with a stable inflation rate.[50] In some cases, the central bank may pursue various supplementary goals. For example, it is clearly stated in the Federal Reserve Act that the Board of Governors and the Federal Open Market Committee should seek "to promote effectively the goals of maximum employment, stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates."[51] A failed monetary policy can have significant detrimental effects on an economy and the society that depends on it. These include hyperinflation, stagflation, recession, high unemployment, shortages of imported goods, inability to export goods, and even total monetary collapse and the adoption of a much less efficient barter economy. This happened in Russia, for instance, after the fall of the Soviet Union. Monetary policy strategies have changed over time.[52] Some of the tools used to conduct contemporary monetary policy include:[53] changing the interest rate at which the central bank loans money to (or borrows money from) the commercial banks open market operations including currency purchases or sales forward guidance, i.e. publishing forecasts to communicate the likely future course of monetary policy raising or lowering bank reserve requirements In the U.S., the Federal Reserve is responsible for conducting monetary policy, while in the eurozone the respective institution is the European Central Bank. Other central banks with a significant impact on global finances are the Bank of Japan, People's Bank of China and the Bank of England. During the 1970s and 1980s monetary policy in several countries was influenced by an economic theory known as monetarism. Monetarism argued that management of the money supply should be the primary means of regulating economic activity. The stability of the demand for money prior to the 1980s was a key finding of Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz[54] supported by the work of David Laidler,[55] and many others. It turned out, however, that maintaining a monetary policy strategy of targeting the money supply did not work very well: The relation between money growth and inflation was not as tight as expected by monetarist theory, and the short-run relation between the money supply and the interest rate, which is the chief instrument through which the cental bank can influence output and inflation, was unreliable. Both problems were due to unpredictable shifts in the demand for money. Consequently, starting in the early 1990s a fundamental reorientation took place in most major central banks, starting to target inflation directly instead of the money supply and using the interest rate as their main instrument. Special Thanks Arnold Schwarzenegger & Sylvester Stallone & Nicolas Cage & Mif & Britney Spears & Rita Ora & Donald Trump & Jeremy Shada & Carlos Alazraqui & The Weeknd & Magdalena Abakanowicz & Sean Astin & Porfiry Iwanow & Jack Palance & Bjork & Sam Harris & Jessica Alba & Amy Adams & Ben Affleck & Wes Anderson Another Special Thanks: Holly Hunter & Helen Hunt & Rutger Hauer & John Hurt & Dennis Hopper & Anjelica Huston & James Horner & Jennifer Hale & Gene Hackman & Charlton Heston & Tom Hanks & Jeremy Irons & Mark Isham & Michael Ironside & James Ivory & Samuel L. Jackson & Thomas Jane & Milla Jovovich & James Earl Jones & Hugh Jackman & Angelina Jolie & Glenda Jackson & Janet Jackson & Michael Jackson & Tommy Lee Jones & Peter Jackson & Kyle Seraphin & Harvey Keitel & Udo Kier & Kevin Kline & Michael Keaton & Diane Keaton & Nicole Kidman & Josh Keaton & Ashton Kutcher & Wojciech Kilar & Ben Kingsley & Burt Lancaster & Martin Landau & Jack Lemmon & Juliette Lewis & Jennifer Lopez & Ray Liotta & Bill Murray & Elon Musk & Dean Martin & Cheech Marin & Shirley MacLaine & Kyle MacLachlan & Walter Matthau & Joe Morton & Mako & Marilyn Monroe & Eddie Murphy & Eric Mabius & Rick Moranis & Demi Moore & Julianne Moore & Robert Mitchum & Roger Moore & Joe Mantegna & Tress MacNeille & Jack Nicholson & Liam Neeson & Edward Norton & Craig T. Nelson & David Niven & Christopher Nolan & Sam Neill & Blake Neely & Tom Noonan & Leon Niemczyk & Chuck Norris & Gary Oldman & Laurence Olivier & Miranda Otto & Jerry Orbach & Julia Ormond & Lena Olin & Michael Ontkean & Al Pacino & Matthew Perry & Brad Pitt & Sean Penn & Michelle Pfeiffer & Natalie Portman & Gregory Peck & Rob Paulsen & Will Patton & Bill Paxton & Bill Pullman & Jonathan Pryce & Joe Pesci & Jack Palance & Chazz Palminteri & Dennis Quaid & Randy Quaid & Aidan Quinn & Anthony Quinn & Vanessa Redgrave & Eric Roberts & Kurt Russell & Keanu Reeves & Tim Roth & Stephen Rea & Julia Roberts & Cliff Robertson & Kevin Michael Richardson & Robert Redford & Robert Richardson & Keri Russell & Paul Rudd & Cristiano Ronaldo & Gwen Stefani & Arnold Schwarzenegger & Meryl Streep & Sylvester Stallone & Martin Sheen & Susan Sarandon & Donald Sutherland & Wesley Snipes & Adam Sandler & Kiefer Sutherland & John Stockton & Jason Statham & Gary Sinise & James Stewart & Barbara Stanwyck & Mike Tyson & Uma Thurman & John Travolta & John Turturro & Quentin Tarantino & Kirk Thornton & Steven Seagal & Danny Trejo & Lauren Tom & Peter Ustinov & Karl Urban & Unmani & Jon Voight & Max Von Sydow & Vince Vaughn & Vangelis & Jean-Claude Van Damme & Ben Watkins & James Woods & Robin Williams & Bruce Willis & Mark Wahlberg & Kate Winslet & John Williams & Elijah Wood & Westbam & Denzel Washington & Sam Worthington & John Wayne & Peter Weir & Frank Welker & Travis Willingham & Peter Weller & Gene Wilder & Billy Wilder & Michael York & Sean Young & Burt Young & Gig Young & Hans Zimmer & Catherine Zeta-Jones & Renee Zellweger & Billy Zane & Ziyi Zhang & Steve Zahn & Robert Zemeckis & Zendaya Special Thanks To Directors, Producers & Writers Of Movies: The Godfather & The Shawshank Redemption & Forrest Gump & Pulp Fiction & Toy Story & Gone With The Wind & The Matrix & Ponyo & Duplex & The Silence Of The Lambs & Reservoir Dogs & Cat's Eye & Of Mice And Men & The Dark Knight & Batman & Superman & Apocalypse Now & Titanic & Origin & A Not So Royal Christmas & The Good Ship Murder & Christmas With A Kiss & Femme & Welcome to Samdal-ri & Waitress: The Musical & Trolltider - legenden om Bergatrollet & Christmas on Cherry Lane & Christmas on Windmill Way & Magic in Mistletoe & Les trois mousquetaires: Milady & Shehar Lakhot & Finestkind & Kusuriya no hitorigoto & Znam kako dises & Frybread Face and Me & Trolltider & The Jingle Bell Jubilee & Christmas at the Chalet & Dodger Special Thanks To Authors Of: 888Hz Abundance Gate, Remove All Negative Blockages, 888 Hz Infinite Abundance, Love & Wealth MAYOR SLOGO Put Me To WORK... (Minecraft Squid Island) Dinero es todo activo o bien generalmente aceptado como medio de pago por los agentes económicos para sus intercambios y que además cumple las funciones de ser unidad de cuenta y depósito de valor.1​ Algunos ejemplos de dinero son: las monedas, las divisas y los billetes, las tarjetas de débito y crédito, y las transferencias electrónicas, entre otros.2​ El dinero tal como lo conocemos hoy (billetes y monedas sin valor propio), debe estar avalado o certificado por la entidad emisora. Para su aceptación necesita de la construcción de mecanismos de legitimidad y de confianza3​. Actualmente son los gobiernos,4​ a través de las leyes, quienes determinan cuál es el tipo de dinero de curso legal. Pero son otras entidades, como los bancos centrales y las casas de la moneda (ceca), los que se encargan, primero, de regular y controlar la política monetaria de una economía, y segundo, de crear las monedas y billetes según la demanda y la necesidad de tener en circulación dinero físico.5​ Desde un punto de vista de las Ciencias Sociales entra en juego el factor social ya que la moneda al ser «un bien público», en tanto que presta servicios de tal naturaleza, debe ser regulada por las autoridades públicas (mediante los bancos centrales) en cuanto representantes del interés público, y no solamente a través de los mecanismos de mercado.

Shamanism or samanism is a religious practice that involves a practitioner (shaman or saman) interacting with the spirit world through altered states of consciousness, such as trance.[1][2] The goal of this is usually to direct spirits or spiritual energies into the physical world for the purpose of healing, divination, or to aid human beings in some other way.[1] Beliefs and practices categorized as "shamanic" have attracted the interest of scholars from a variety of disciplines, including anthropologists, archeologists, historians, religious studies scholars, philosophers and psychologists. Hundreds of books and academic papers on the subject have been produced, with a peer-reviewed academic journal being devoted to the study of shamanism. In the 20th century, non-Indigenous Westerners involved in countercultural movements, such as hippies and the New Age created modern magico-religious practices influenced by their ideas of various Indigenous religions, creating what has been termed neoshamanism or the neoshamanic movement.[3] It has affected the development of many neopagan practices, as well as faced a backlash and accusations of cultural appropriation,[4] exploitation and misrepresentation when outside observers have tried to practice the ceremonies of, or represent, centuries-old cultures to which they do not belong. Special Thanks Arnold Schwarzenegger & Sylvester Stallone & Nicolas Cage & Mif & Britney Spears & Rita Ora & Donald Trump & Jeremy Shada & Carlos Alazraqui & Tim Abell & Charles Aznavour & Azza & Ayya & Fred Astaire & Magdalena Abakanowicz & Sean Astin & Porfiry Iwanow & Jack Palance & Bjork & Sam Harris & Jessica Alba & Amy Adams & Ben Affleck & Wes Anderson Another Special Thanks: Holly Hunter & Helen Hunt & Rutger Hauer & John Hurt & Dennis Hopper & Anjelica Huston & James Horner & Jennifer Hale & Gene Hackman & Charlton Heston & Tom Hanks & Jeremy Irons & Mark Isham & Michael Ironside & James Ivory & Samuel L. Jackson & Thomas Jane & Milla Jovovich & James Earl Jones & Hugh Jackman & Angelina Jolie & Glenda Jackson & Janet Jackson & Michael Jackson & Tommy Lee Jones & Peter Jackson & Harvey Keitel & Udo Kier & Kevin Kline & Michael Keaton & Diane Keaton & Nicole Kidman & Josh Keaton & Ashton Kutcher & Wojciech Kilar & Ben Kingsley & Burt Lancaster & Martin Landau & Jack Lemmon & Juliette Lewis & Jennifer Lopez & Ray Liotta & Bill Murray & Elon Musk & Dean Martin & Cheech Marin & Shirley MacLaine & Kyle MacLachlan & Walter Matthau & Joe Morton & Mako & Marilyn Monroe & Eddie Murphy & Eric Mabius & Rick Moranis & Demi Moore & Julianne Moore & Robert Mitchum & Roger Moore & Joe Mantegna & Tress MacNeille & Jack Nicholson & Liam Neeson & Edward Norton & Craig T. Nelson & Tony Jeffries & David Niven & Christopher Nolan & Sam Neill & Blake Neely & Tom Noonan & Leon Niemczyk & Chuck Norris & Gary Oldman & Laurence Olivier & Miranda Otto & Jerry Orbach & Julia Ormond & Lena Olin & Michael Ontkean & Al Pacino & Matthew Perry & Brad Pitt & Sean Penn & Michelle Pfeiffer & Natalie Portman & Gregory Peck & Rob Paulsen & Will Patton & Bill Paxton & Bill Pullman & Jonathan Pryce & Joe Pesci & Jack Palance & Chazz Palminteri & Dennis Quaid & Randy Quaid & Aidan Quinn & Anthony Quinn & Vanessa Redgrave & Eric Roberts & Kurt Russell & Keanu Reeves & Tim Roth & Stephen Rea & Julia Roberts & Cliff Robertson & Kevin Michael Richardson & Robert Redford & Robert Richardson & Keri Russell & Paul Rudd & Cristiano Ronaldo & Gwen Stefani & Arnold Schwarzenegger & Meryl Streep & Sylvester Stallone & Martin Sheen & Susan Sarandon & Donald Sutherland & Wesley Snipes & Adam Sandler & Kiefer Sutherland & John Stockton & Jason Statham & Gary Sinise & James Stewart & Barbara Stanwyck & Mike Tyson & Uma Thurman & John Travolta & John Turturro & Quentin Tarantino & Kirk Thornton & Billy Bob Thornton & Emma Thompson & Danny Trejo & Lauren Tom & Peter Ustinov & Karl Urban & Unmani & Jon Voight & Max Von Sydow & Vince Vaughn & Vangelis & Jean-Claude Van Damme & Ben Watkins & James Woods & Robin Williams & Bruce Willis & Mark Wahlberg & Kate Winslet & John Williams & Elijah Wood & Westbam & Denzel Washington & Sam Worthington & John Wayne & Peter Weir & Frank Welker & Travis Willingham & Peter Weller & Gene Wilder & Billy Wilder & Michael York & Sean Young & Burt Young & Gig Young & Hans Zimmer & Catherine Zeta-Jones & Renee Zellweger & Billy Zane & Ziyi Zhang & Steve Zahn & Robert Zemeckis & Zendaya Special Thanks To Directors, Producers & Writers Of Movies: The Godfather & The Shawshank Redemption & Forrest Gump & Pulp Fiction & Toy Story & Gone With The Wind & The Matrix & Ponyo & Duplex & The Silence Of The Lambs & Reservoir Dogs & Cat's Eye & Of Mice And Men & The Dark Knight & Batman & Superman & Apocalypse Now & Titanic & Origin & A Not So Royal Christmas & The Good Ship Murder & Christmas With A Kiss & Femme & Welcome to Samdal-ri & Waitress: The Musical & Trolltider - legenden om Bergatrollet & Christmas on Cherry Lane & Christmas on Windmill Way & Magic in Mistletoe & Les trois mousquetaires: Milady & Shehar Lakhot & Finestkind & Kusuriya no hitorigoto & Znam kako dises & Frybread Face and Me & Trolltider & The Jingle Bell Jubilee & Christmas at the Chalet & Dodger Special Thanks To Authors Of: 888Hz Abundance Gate, Remove All Negative Blockages, 888 Hz Infinite Abundance, Love & Wealth MAYOR SLOGO Put Me To WORK... (Minecraft Squid Island) Shamanism is a system of religious practice.[36] Historically, it is often associated with Indigenous and tribal societies, and involves belief that shamans, with a connection to the otherworld, have the power to heal the sick, communicate with spirits, and escort souls of the dead to the afterlife. The origins of Shamanism stem from indigenous peoples of far northern Europe and Siberia.[37] Despite structural implications of colonialism and imperialism that have limited the ability of Indigenous peoples to practice traditional spiritualities, many communities are undergoing resurgence through self-determination[38] and the reclamation of dynamic traditions.[39] Other groups have been able to avoid some of these structural impediments by virtue of their isolation, such as the nomadic Tuvan (with an estimated population of 3000 people surviving from this tribe).[40] Tuva is one of the most isolated Asiatic tribes in Russia where the art of shamanism has been preserved until today due to its isolated existence, allowing it to be free from the influences of other major religions.

The word subconscious represents an anglicized version of the French subconscient as coined by John Norris, in "An Essay Towards the Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible World. Design'd for Two Parts. The First Considering it Absolutely in It Self, and the Second in Relation to Human Understanding” (1708): "The immediate objects of Sense, are not the objects of Intellection, they being of a Subconscient [subconscious] nature." A more recent use was in 1889 by the psychologist Pierre Janet (1859–1947), in his doctorate of letters thesis, De l'Automatisme Psychologique.[1] Janet argued that underneath the layers of critical-thought functions of the conscious mind lay a powerful awareness that he called the subconscious mind.[2] In the strict psychological sense, the adjective is defined as "operating or existing outside of consciousness".[2] Locke and Kristof write that there is a limit to what can be held in conscious focal awareness, an alternative storehouse of one's knowledge and prior experience is needed, which they label the subconscious. Special Thanks Chazz Palminteri & Nolan North & Michael Chapman & Paul Walker & Arnold Schwarzenegger & Sylvester Stallone & Nicolas Cage & Mif & Britney Spears & Rita Ora & Donald Trump & Jeremy Shada & Olga Kurylenko & Gary Oldman & Michael Cena & Phil LaMarr & Alan Alda & Jennifer Aniston & Woody Allen & Colleen Atwood & Aaliyah & Aalizah & Edward Asner & David Attenborough & Jane Alexander & Victoria Abril & Scott Adkins & Rowan Atkinson & Carlos Alazraqui & Tim Abell & Charles Aznavour & Azza & Ayya & Fred Astaire & Magdalena Abakanowicz & Sean Astin & Porfiry Iwanow & Jack Palance & Bjork & Sam Harris & Jessica Alba & Amy Adams & Ben Affleck & Wes Anderson Another Special Thanks: Alan Alda & Edward Asner & Richard Attenborough & Jennifer Aniston & Danny Aiello & Rowan Atkinson & Jessica Alba & Pamela Anderson & Alan Arkin & Azza & Aaliyah & Jane Alexander & Anne Bancroft & Marlon Brando & Jeff Bridges & Alec Baldwin & Tim Burton & Adrien Brody & Halle Berry & Pierce Brosnan & Tobin Bell & Russell Brand & Kevin Costner & Jim Cummings & Sonia Choquette & Michael Caine & Glenn Close & Jim Carrey & Mariah Carey & Sean Connery & Jennifer Connelly & Jackie Chan & James Coburn & Common & John Cleese & Robert De Niro & Leonardo DiCaprio & Johnny Depp & Olympia Dukakis & Danny DeVito & Charlie Day & Robert Duvall & Bette Davis & Daniel Day-Lewis & Richard Donner & Willem Dafoe & Matt Damon & Robert Downey Jr. & Claire Danes & Clint Eastwood & Cary Elwes & Danny Elfman & Eminem & Giancarlo Esposito & Emilio Estevez & Peter Falk & Dakota Fanning & Morgan Freeman & Henry Fonda & Albert Finney & Ralph Fiennes & Pat Fraley & James Garner & John Gielgud & Mel Gibson & Ryan Gosling & Hugh Grant & Cary Grant & Whoopi Goldberg & Mark Hamill & Dustin Hoffman & Anthony Hopkins & Holly Hunter & Helen Hunt & Rutger Hauer & John Hurt & Dennis Hopper & Anjelica Huston & James Horner & Jennifer Hale & Gene Hackman & Charlton Heston & Tom Hanks & Jeremy Irons & Mark Isham & Michael Ironside & James Ivory & Samuel L. Jackson & Thomas Jane & Milla Jovovich & James Earl Jones & Hugh Jackman & Angelina Jolie & Glenda Jackson & Janet Jackson & Michael Jackson & Tommy Lee Jones & Peter Jackson & Harvey Keitel & Udo Kier & Kevin Kline & Michael Keaton & Diane Keaton & Nicole Kidman & Josh Keaton & Ashton Kutcher & Wojciech Kilar & Ben Kingsley & Burt Lancaster & Martin Landau & Jack Lemmon & Juliette Lewis & Jennifer Lopez & Ray Liotta & Bill Murray & Elon Musk & Dean Martin & Cheech Marin & Shirley MacLaine & Kyle MacLachlan & Walter Matthau & Joe Morton & Mako & Marilyn Monroe & Eddie Murphy & Eric Mabius & Rick Moranis & Demi Moore & Julianne Moore & Robert Mitchum & Roger Moore & Joe Mantegna & Tress MacNeille & Jack Nicholson & Liam Neeson & Edward Norton & Craig T. Nelson & David Niven & Christopher Nolan & Sam Neill & Blake Neely & Tom Noonan & Leon Niemczyk & Chuck Norris & Gary Oldman & Laurence Olivier & Miranda Otto & Jerry Orbach & Julia Ormond & Lena Olin & Michael Ontkean & Al Pacino & Matthew Perry & Brad Pitt & Sean Penn & Michelle Pfeiffer & Natalie Portman & Gregory Peck & Rob Paulsen & Will Patton & Bill Paxton & Bill Pullman & Jonathan Pryce & Joe Pesci & Jack Palance & Chazz Palminteri & Dennis Quaid & Randy Quaid & Aidan Quinn & Anthony Quinn & Vanessa Redgrave & Eric Roberts & Kurt Russell & Keanu Reeves & Tim Roth & Stephen Rea & Julia Roberts & Cliff Robertson & Kevin Michael Richardson & Robert Redford & Robert Richardson & Keri Russell & Paul Rudd & Cristiano Ronaldo & Gwen Stefani & Arnold Schwarzenegger & Meryl Streep & Sylvester Stallone & Martin Sheen & Susan Sarandon & Donald Sutherland & Wesley Snipes & Adam Sandler & Kiefer Sutherland & John Stockton & Jason Statham & Gary Sinise & James Stewart & Barbara Stanwyck & Mike Tyson & Uma Thurman & John Travolta & John Turturro & Quentin Tarantino & Kirk Thornton & Billy Bob Thornton & Emma Thompson & Danny Trejo & Lauren Tom & Peter Ustinov & Karl Urban & Unmani & Jon Voight & Max Von Sydow & Vince Vaughn & Vangelis & Jean-Claude Van Damme & Ben Watkins & James Woods & Robin Williams & Bruce Willis & Mark Wahlberg & Kate Winslet & John Williams & Elijah Wood & Westbam & Denzel Washington & Sam Worthington & John Wayne & Peter Weir & Frank Welker & Travis Willingham & Peter Weller & Gene Wilder & Billy Wilder & Michael York & Sean Young & Burt Young & Gig Young & Hans Zimmer & Catherine Zeta-Jones & Renee Zellweger & Billy Zane & Ziyi Zhang & Steve Zahn & Robert Zemeckis & Zendaya Special Thanks To Directors, Producers & Writers Of Movies: The Godfather & The Shawshank Redemption & Forrest Gump & Pulp Fiction & Toy Story & Gone With The Wind & The Matrix & Ponyo & Duplex & The Silence Of The Lambs & Reservoir Dogs & Cat's Eye & Of Mice And Men & The Dark Knight & Batman & Superman & Apocalypse Now & Titanic & Origin & A Not So Royal Christmas & The Good Ship Murder & Christmas With A Kiss & Femme & Welcome to Samdal-ri & Waitress: The Musical & Trolltider - legenden om Bergatrollet & Christmas on Cherry Lane & Christmas on Windmill Way & Magic in Mistletoe & Les trois mousquetaires: Milady & Shehar Lakhot & Finestkind & Kusuriya no hitorigoto & Znam kako dises & Frybread Face and Me & Trolltider & The Jingle Bell Jubilee & Christmas at the Chalet & Dodger Special Thanks To Authors Of: 888Hz Abundance Gate, Remove All Negative Blockages, 888 Hz Infinite Abundance, Love & Wealth MAYOR SLOGO Put Me To WORK... (Minecraft Squid Island) The idea of the subconscious as a powerful or potent agency has allowed the term to become prominent in New Age and self-help literature, in which investigating or controlling its supposed knowledge or power is seen as advantageous. In the New Age community, techniques such as autosuggestion and affirmations are believed to harness the power of the subconscious to influence a person's life and real-world outcomes, even curing sickness. Skeptical Inquirer magazine criticized the lack of falsifiability and testability of these claims.[13] Physicist Ali Alousi, for instance, criticized it as unmeasurable and questioned the likelihood that thoughts can affect anything outside the head.[14] In addition, critics have asserted that the evidence provided is usually anecdotal and that, because of the self-selecting nature of the positive reports, as well as the subjective nature of any results, these reports are susceptible to confirmation bias and selection bias.[15] Psychologists and psychiatrists use the term "unconscious" in traditional practices, where metaphysical and New Age literature, often use the term subconscious.[16] It should not, however, be inferred that the concept of the unconscious and the New Age concept of the subconscious are precisely equivalent, even though they both warrant consideration of mental processes of the brain. Psychologists and psychiatrists take a much more limited view of the capabilities of the unconscious than are represented by New Age depiction of the subconscious. There are a number of methods in use in the contemporary New Age and paranormal communities that affect the latter: Affirmations, Autosuggestion, Binaural beats, Hypnosis, Subliminal message.

大衆化および産業化の歴史 ヨーロッパでは古くは王侯貴族や教会などが音楽家を保護し、そのなかで数々の名曲が生み出されていたが、18世紀頃よりヨーロッパにおいては市民の経済力が向上し、不特定多数の聴衆に向けての演奏会が盛んに行われるようになった[19]。この傾向はフランス革命（1789年）以後、上記の特権階級の消滅や市民階級の経済力向上（貴族に代わるブルジョワ市民の台頭）に従ってさらに加速していった[20]。 また、16世紀には活版印刷の発明によって楽譜も出版されるようになった。印刷楽譜はそれまでの書写によるものより量産性・正確性・価格のすべてにおいて優れたものであり、音楽、とくに同一の曲の普及に大きな役割を果たした[21]。楽譜出版は、19世紀には商業モデルとして確立し、音楽産業の走りとなった[22]。 Special Thanks: Jack Palance & Bjork & Joseph Murphy & Derren Brown & Jess Harnell & Chazz Palminteri & Nolan North & Tom Holland & Wes Craven & Charles Aznavour & Phil LaMarr & Jeff Bezos & David Icke & Donald Trump & Robert De Niro & Brad Pitt & Roddy Frame & Mariah Carey & Mabi Thobejane & Basia Pasek & Judy Garland & Michael Shannon & Gary Oldman & Zendaya & Ron Perlman & Mark Wahlberg & KC & Grotek & Berni & Raptus & Steven & Corson & Lars & Toonyo & Morton & Szafirek & Katarzynka & Corman & Ebeneger & Colman Domingo & Havoc & Azza 19世紀末までは自分で演奏を行う場合以外は音楽を楽しむには基本的に音楽家が必要であったが、1877年にトーマス・エジソンが蓄音機を発明し、次いで1887年にエミール・ベルリナーがこれを円盤形に改良し、ここからレコードが登場すると、音楽そのものの個人所有が可能となり、これにより各個人が家庭で音楽を楽しむことも可能となった[23]。 次いで、1920年代にラジオ放送が開始されマスメディアが音声を伝えることも可能になるとすぐに音楽番組が開始され、不特定多数の人々に一律の音楽を届けることが可能となり、音楽の大衆文化化が進んだ。そしてその基盤の上に、音楽の制作や流通、広告を生業とするレコード会社が出現し、大規模な音楽産業が成立することとなった。その後、テレビなどの新しいメディアの登場と普及、カセットテープや1980年代のコンパクトディスクの登場など新しい媒体の出現、1979年に発売されたウォークマンのような携帯音楽プレーヤーの登場などで音楽愛好者はさらに増加し、音楽産業は隆盛の一途をたどった。 音楽産業隆盛の流れは、1990年代後半にインターネットが普及し初めてから変化しはじめた。インターネットを介した音楽供給はそれまでのように音楽を保存した物理的な媒体をもはや必要とせず、物として音楽を所有する需要は減少の一途をたどった。一方で、音楽祭や演奏会はこの時期を通じて開催され続けており、ライブなどはむしろ隆盛を迎えているなど、音楽産業を巡る環境は変化し続けている[23]。

Cognitive musicology is a branch of cognitive science concerned with computationally modeling musical knowledge with the goal of understanding both music and cognition.[115] The use of computer models provides an exacting, interactive medium in which to formulate and test theories and has roots in artificial intelligence and cognitive science.[116] Psychoacoustics is the scientific study of sound perception. More specifically, it is the branch of science studying the psychological and physiological responses associated with sound (including speech and music). It can be further categorized as a branch of psychophysics. As of 2023, Poland's economy and gross domestic product (GDP) is the sixth largest in the European Union by nominal standards and the fifth largest by purchasing power parity. It is also one of the fastest growing within the Union and reached a developed market status in 2018.[249] The unemployment rate published by Eurostat in 2023 amounted to 2.8%, which was the second-lowest in the EU.[247] As of 2023, around 62% of the employed population works in the service sector, 29% in manufacturing, and 8% in the agricultural sector.[250] Although Poland is a member of the European single market, the country has not adopted the Euro as legal tender and maintains its own currency – the Polish złoty (zł, PLN). Poland is the regional economic leader in Central Europe, with nearly 40 per cent of the 500 biggest companies in the region (by revenues) as well as a high globalisation rate.[251] The country's largest firms compose the WIG20 and WIG30 indexes, which is traded on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. According to reports made by the National Bank of Poland, the value of Polish foreign direct investments reached almost 300 billion PLN at the end of 2014. The Central Statistical Office estimated that in 2014 there were 1,437 Polish corporations with interests in 3,194 foreign entities.[252] Poland has the largest banking sector in Central Europe,[253] with 32.3 branches per 100,000 adults.[254] It was the only European economy to have avoided the recession of 2008.[255] The country is the 20th largest exporter of goods and services in the world.[256] Exports of goods and services are valued at approximately 56% of GDP, as of 2020.[257] In 2019, Poland passed a law that would exempt workers under the age of 26 from income tax.[258] Special Thanks: Ben Affleck & Rowan Atkinson & Jennifer Aniston & Aaliyah & Amy Adams & Woody Allen & Edward Asner & Richard Attenborough & Charlie Adler & Wes Anderson & Jeff Bridges & Bjork & Alec Baldwin & Marlon Brando & Anne Bancroft & Christian Bale & Xander Berkeley & Kenneth Branagh & Jessica Biel & Adrien Brody & Scott Bakula & Barry Bostwick & Cate Blanchett & Jeff Bennett & Jim Cummings & Kevin Costner & Sean Connery & Glenn Close & John Cusack & Jim Carrey & Michael Caine & Cher & Jackie Chan & Joan Chen & James Caan & George Clooney & Vin Diesel & Robert De Niro & Leonardo DiCaprio & Robert Duvall & Brian Dennehy & Claire Danes & Olympia Dukakis & Peter Dinklage & Faye Dunaway & Danny DeVito & Matt Damon & Michael Douglas & Clint Eastwood & Cary Elwes & Eminem & Emilio Estevez & Enya & Giancarlo Esposito & Danny Elfman & Jeff Bezos & Walt Disney & Sean Astin & Susan Blu & Derren Brown & R. Kelly & Jack Palance & Basia Pasek & Donald Trump & Michael Shannon & Gary Oldman & Mabi Thobejane & Jacek Walkiewicz & Gwen Stefani & Judy Garland 音樂，廣義而言，就是指任何以聲音組成的藝術。英文Music一詞源於古希臘語的μουσική（mousike），意即缪斯（muse）女神的藝術。而中文的音樂二字，東漢許慎《說文解字》解釋為「音，聲也。生於心，有節於外，謂之音。」認為音樂和聲音的區別，在於音樂需要透過人心去想像和創造。 Poland experienced a significant increase in the number of tourists after joining the European Union in 2004.[259][260] With over 21 million international arrivals in 2019, tourism contributes considerably to the overall economy and makes up a relatively large proportion of the country's service market.[261] Tourist attractions in Poland vary, from the mountains in the south to the sandy beaches in the north, with a trail of nearly every architectural style. The most visited city is Kraków, which was the former capital of Poland and serves as a relic of the Polish Golden Age and the Renaissance. Kraków also held royal coronations of most Polish kings and monarchs at Wawel, the nation's chief historical landmark. Among other notable sites in the country is Wrocław, one of the oldest cities in Poland which was a model for the founding of Kraków. Wrocław is famous for its dwarf statues, a large market square with two town halls, and the oldest Zoological Gardens with one of the world's largest number of animal species. The Polish capital Warsaw and its historical Old Town were entirely reconstructed after wartime destruction. Other cities attracting countless tourists include Gdańsk, Poznań, Lublin, Toruń as well as the site of the German Auschwitz concentration camp in Oświęcim. A highlight is the 13th-century Wieliczka Salt Mine with its labyrinthine tunnels, underground lake and chapels carved by miners out of rock salt beneath the ground.[262] Poland has a 770 km long coastline of the southern Baltic Sea with many wide sandy beaches, which are frequently visited by tourists in the summer season. Other tourist destinations include the Masurian Lake District and Białowieża Forest in the east; on the south Karkonosze, the Table Mountains and the Tatra Mountains, where Rysy – the highest peak of Poland, and Eagle's Path mountain trail are located. The Pieniny and Bieszczady Mountains lie in the extreme south-east.[263] There are over 100 castles in the country, most in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, and also on the Trail of the Eagles' Nests.[264] The largest castle in the world by land area is situated in Malbork, in north-central Poland.[265]

大衆化および産業化の歴史 ヨーロッパでは古くは王侯貴族や教会などが音楽家を保護し、そのなかで数々の名曲が生み出されていたが、18世紀頃よりヨーロッパにおいては市民の経済力が向上し、不特定多数の聴衆に向けての演奏会が盛んに行われるようになった[19]。この傾向はフランス革命（1789年）以後、上記の特権階級の消滅や市民階級の経済力向上（貴族に代わるブルジョワ市民の台頭）に従ってさらに加速していった[20]。 また、16世紀には活版印刷の発明によって楽譜も出版されるようになった。印刷楽譜はそれまでの書写によるものより量産性・正確性・価格のすべてにおいて優れたものであり、音楽、とくに同一の曲の普及に大きな役割を果たした[21]。楽譜出版は、19世紀には商業モデルとして確立し、音楽産業の走りとなった[22]。 19世紀末までは自分で演奏を行う場合以外は音楽を楽しむには基本的に音楽家が必要であったが、1877年にトーマス・エジソンが蓄音機を発明し、次いで1887年にエミール・ベルリナーがこれを円盤形に改良し、ここからレコードが登場すると、音楽そのものの個人所有が可能となり、これにより各個人が家庭で音楽を楽しむことも可能となった[23]。 次いで、1920年代にラジオ放送が開始されマスメディアが音声を伝えることも可能になるとすぐに音楽番組が開始され、不特定多数の人々に一律の音楽を届けることが可能となり、音楽の大衆文化化が進んだ。そしてその基盤の上に、音楽の制作や流通、広告を生業とするレコード会社が出現し、大規模な音楽産業が成立することとなった。その後、テレビなどの新しいメディアの登場と普及、カセットテープや1980年代のコンパクトディスクの登場など新しい媒体の出現、1979年に発売されたウォークマンのような携帯音楽プレーヤーの登場などで音楽愛好者はさらに増加し、音楽産業は隆盛の一途をたどった。 音楽産業隆盛の流れは、1990年代後半にインターネットが普及し初めてから変化しはじめた。インターネットを介した音楽供給はそれまでのように音楽を保存した物理的な媒体をもはや必要とせず、物として音楽を所有する需要は減少の一途をたどった。一方で、音楽祭や演奏会はこの時期を通じて開催され続けており、ライブなどはむしろ隆盛を迎えているなど、音楽産業を巡る環境は変化し続けている[23]。

Якщо гармонія пояснює закономірність звуковисотних відношень тонів у їх одночасному звучанні, то поняття ладу стосується звуковисотних закономірностей у часовому розгортанні музики. Ладом є доцільно впорядкована інтонаційна система висотних зв'язків музичних звуків, їх закономірна послідовність, а також структура взаємних зв'язків ступенів звукоряду[8]. Звуки, що входять до цієї системи називаються ступенями ладу[7]. Як правило, ладові системи поширюються на всі октави звукоряду (т. зв. «октавні лади»), переважна більшість поширених у європейській музиці ладів має сім звуків, існують, однак, лади і з іншою кількістю ступенів. В основі того чи іншого ладу можуть лежати два принципи — модальний і тональний. Центральною категорією модального принципу є певний звукоряд, тоді як тонального — наявність центрального тону або співзвуччя, до якого тяжіють інші ступені[10]. Ступені ладу утворюють між собою певну ієрархію, утворюючи стійкі та нестійкі ступені ладу. Лад може бути вибудований від будь-якого звуку, а його висотне положення називається тональністю[7]. Найбільше поширення в європейській музиці отримали мажорний та мінорний лади, стійкі ступені яких утворюють відповідно мажорний або мінорний тризвук. Оскільки європейська звукова система розрізняє 12 звуків, існує 12 мажорних і 12 мінорних тональностей, назви яких утворюються шляхом позначення тоніки, від якої вони утворюються, і ладу. Ряду музичних стилів, однак, властива відмова від тональної системи (атональність), використання штучних ладів (модальність) або навіть рівноправне використання усіх 12-ти звуків системи (додекафонія). Лад розглядається як основа організації музичного мислення[11], особливості ладової системи набувають естетичної значимості і стають важливими засобами естетичного впливу музики.

Cognitive musicology is a branch of cognitive science concerned with computationally modeling musical knowledge with the goal of understanding both music and cognition.[115] The use of computer models provides an exacting, interactive medium in which to formulate and test theories and has roots in artificial intelligence and cognitive science.[116] Psychoacoustics is the scientific study of sound perception. More specifically, it is the branch of science studying the psychological and physiological responses associated with sound (including speech and music). It can be further categorized as a branch of psychophysics. Photography is the result of combining several technical discoveries, relating to seeing an image and capturing the image. The discovery of the camera obscura ("dark chamber" in Latin) that provides an image of a scene dates back to ancient China. Greek mathematicians Aristotle and Euclid independently described a camera obscura in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE.[11][12] In the 6th century CE, Byzantine mathematician Anthemius of Tralles used a type of camera obscura in his experiments.[13] The Arab physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) (965–1040) also invented a camera obscura as well as the first true pinhole camera.[12][14][15] The invention of the camera has been traced back to the work of Ibn al-Haytham.[16] While the effects of a single light passing through a pinhole had been described earlier,[16] Ibn al-Haytham gave the first correct analysis of the camera obscura,[17] including the first geometrical and quantitative descriptions of the phenomenon,[18] and was the first to use a screen in a dark room so that an image from one side of a hole in the surface could be projected onto a screen on the other side.[19] He also first understood the relationship between the focal point and the pinhole,[20] and performed early experiments with afterimages, laying the foundations for the invention of photography in the 19th century.[15] Leonardo da Vinci mentions natural camerae obscurae that are formed by dark caves on the edge of a sunlit valley. A hole in the cave wall will act as a pinhole camera and project a laterally reversed, upside down image on a piece of paper. Renaissance painters used the camera obscura which, in fact, gives the optical rendering in color that dominates Western Art. It is a box with a small hole in one side, which allows specific light rays to enter, projecting an inverted image onto a viewing screen or paper. As of 2023, Poland's economy and gross domestic product (GDP) is the sixth largest in the European Union by nominal standards and the fifth largest by purchasing power parity. It is also one of the fastest growing within the Union and reached a developed market status in 2018.[249] The unemployment rate published by Eurostat in 2023 amounted to 2.8%, which was the second-lowest in the EU.[247] As of 2023, around 62% of the employed population works in the service sector, 29% in manufacturing, and 8% in the agricultural sector.[250] Although Poland is a member of the European single market, the country has not adopted the Euro as legal tender and maintains its own currency – the Polish złoty (zł, PLN). Poland is the regional economic leader in Central Europe, with nearly 40 per cent of the 500 biggest companies in the region (by revenues) as well as a high globalisation rate.[251] The country's largest firms compose the WIG20 and WIG30 indexes, which is traded on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. According to reports made by the National Bank of Poland, the value of Polish foreign direct investments reached almost 300 billion PLN at the end of 2014. The Central Statistical Office estimated that in 2014 there were 1,437 Polish corporations with interests in 3,194 foreign entities.[252] Poland has the largest banking sector in Central Europe,[253] with 32.3 branches per 100,000 adults.[254] It was the only European economy to have avoided the recession of 2008.[255] The country is the 20th largest exporter of goods and services in the world.[256] Exports of goods and services are valued at approximately 56% of GDP, as of 2020.[257] In 2019, Poland passed a law that would exempt workers under the age of 26 from income tax.[258] Special Thanks: Ben Affleck & Rowan Atkinson & Jennifer Aniston & Aaliyah & Amy Adams & Woody Allen & Edward Asner & Richard Attenborough & Charlie Adler & Wes Anderson & Jeff Bridges & Bjork & Alec Baldwin & Marlon Brando & Anne Bancroft & Christian Bale & Xander Berkeley & Kenneth Branagh & Jessica Biel & Adrien Brody & Scott Bakula & Barry Bostwick & Cate Blanchett & Jeff Bennett & Jim Cummings & Kevin Costner & Sean Connery & Glenn Close & John Cusack & Jim Carrey & Michael Caine & Cher & Jackie Chan & Joan Chen & James Caan & George Clooney & Vin Diesel & Robert De Niro & Leonardo DiCaprio & Robert Duvall & Brian Dennehy & Claire Danes & Olympia Dukakis & Peter Dinklage & Faye Dunaway & Danny DeVito & Matt Damon & Michael Douglas & Clint Eastwood & Cary Elwes & Eminem & Emilio Estevez & Enya & Giancarlo Esposito & Danny Elfman & Jeff Bezos & Walt Disney & Sean Astin & Susan Blu & Derren Brown & Jack Palance & Harold Perrineau & Brad Pitt & Bill Pullman & Al Pacino & Christopher Plummer & Rob Paulsen & Barry Pepper & Will Patton & Bill Paxton & Jonathan Pryce & Vincent Price & Gregory Peck & Anna Paquin & John Powell & Gwyneth Paltrow & Geraldine Page & Chris Pine & Chris Pratt & Jim Parrack & David Proval & Joe Pantoliano & Basia Pasek & Natalie Portman & Paulina Porizkova & David Paymer & Ron Perlman & Rhea Perlman & Chazz Palminteri & Sean Penn & Pedro Pascal & Anthony Perkins & Mike Patton from FNM & Kevin Pollak Poland experienced a significant increase in the number of tourists after joining the European Union in 2004.[259][260] With over 21 million international arrivals in 2019, tourism contributes considerably to the overall economy and makes up a relatively large proportion of the country's service market.[261] Tourist attractions in Poland vary, from the mountains in the south to the sandy beaches in the north, with a trail of nearly every architectural style. The most visited city is Kraków, which was the former capital of Poland and serves as a relic of the Polish Golden Age and the Renaissance. Kraków also held royal coronations of most Polish kings and monarchs at Wawel, the nation's chief historical landmark. Among other notable sites in the country is Wrocław, one of the oldest cities in Poland which was a model for the founding of Kraków. Wrocław is famous for its dwarf statues, a large market square with two town halls, and the oldest Zoological Gardens with one of the world's largest number of animal species. The Polish capital Warsaw and its historical Old Town were entirely reconstructed after wartime destruction. Other cities attracting countless tourists include Gdańsk, Poznań, Lublin, Toruń as well as the site of the German Auschwitz concentration camp in Oświęcim. A highlight is the 13th-century Wieliczka Salt Mine with its labyrinthine tunnels, underground lake and chapels carved by miners out of rock salt beneath the ground.[262] Poland has a 770 km long coastline of the southern Baltic Sea with many wide sandy beaches, which are frequently visited by tourists in the summer season. Other tourist destinations include the Masurian Lake District and Białowieża Forest in the east; on the south Karkonosze, the Table Mountains and the Tatra Mountains, where Rysy – the highest peak of Poland, and Eagle's Path mountain trail are located. The Pieniny and Bieszczady Mountains lie in the extreme south-east.[263] There are over 100 castles in the country, most in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, and also on the Trail of the Eagles' Nests.[264] The largest castle in the world by land area is situated in Malbork, in north-central Poland.[265]

As of 2023, Poland's economy and gross domestic product (GDP) is the sixth largest in the European Union by nominal standards and the fifth largest by purchasing power parity. It is also one of the fastest growing within the Union and reached a developed market status in 2018.[249] The unemployment rate published by Eurostat in 2023 amounted to 2.8%, which was the second-lowest in the EU.[247] As of 2023, around 62% of the employed population works in the service sector, 29% in manufacturing, and 8% in the agricultural sector.[250] Although Poland is a member of the European single market, the country has not adopted the Euro as legal tender and maintains its own currency – the Polish złoty (zł, PLN). Poland is the regional economic leader in Central Europe, with nearly 40 per cent of the 500 biggest companies in the region (by revenues) as well as a high globalisation rate.[251] The country's largest firms compose the WIG20 and WIG30 indexes, which is traded on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. According to reports made by the National Bank of Poland, the value of Polish foreign direct investments reached almost 300 billion PLN at the end of 2014. The Central Statistical Office estimated that in 2014 there were 1,437 Polish corporations with interests in 3,194 foreign entities.[252] Poland has the largest banking sector in Central Europe,[253] with 32.3 branches per 100,000 adults.[254] It was the only European economy to have avoided the recession of 2008.[255] The country is the 20th largest exporter of goods and services in the world.[256] Exports of goods and services are valued at approximately 56% of GDP, as of 2020.[257] In 2019, Poland passed a law that would exempt workers under the age of 26 from income tax.[258] Special Thanks: Wesley Snipes & Sharon Stone & Tony Scott & Sylvester Stallone & Arnold Schwarzenegger & Ridley Scott & Kevin Spacey & James Stewart & Martin Sheen & Susan Sarandon & Donald Sutherland & Jason Statham & Barbara Stanwyck & Meryl Streep & Kiefer Sutherland & Brian Tracy & Donald Trump & John Travolta & Billy Bob Thornton & Uma Thurman & Tara Strong & Peter Ustinov & Jean-Claude Van Damme & Max Von Sydow & Jon Voight & Zendaya & Vince Vaughn & Vangelis & Denzel Washington & Mark Wahlberg & Bruce Willis & John Williams & Robin Williams & Peter Weir & Donnie Wahlberg & Michael York & Sean Young & Burt Young & Billy Zane & Ian Ziering & Robert Zemeckis & Frank Welker & Kari Wahlgren & Robert Wuhl & Forest Whitaker & Debra Winger & Hans Zimmer Poland experienced a significant increase in the number of tourists after joining the European Union in 2004.[259][260] With over 21 million international arrivals in 2019, tourism contributes considerably to the overall economy and makes up a relatively large proportion of the country's service market.[261] Tourist attractions in Poland vary, from the mountains in the south to the sandy beaches in the north, with a trail of nearly every architectural style. The most visited city is Kraków, which was the former capital of Poland and serves as a relic of the Polish Golden Age and the Renaissance. Kraków also held royal coronations of most Polish kings and monarchs at Wawel, the nation's chief historical landmark. Among other notable sites in the country is Wrocław, one of the oldest cities in Poland which was a model for the founding of Kraków. Wrocław is famous for its dwarf statues, a large market square with two town halls, and the oldest Zoological Gardens with one of the world's largest number of animal species. The Polish capital Warsaw and its historical Old Town were entirely reconstructed after wartime destruction. Other cities attracting countless tourists include Gdańsk, Poznań, Lublin, Toruń as well as the site of the German Auschwitz concentration camp in Oświęcim. A highlight is the 13th-century Wieliczka Salt Mine with its labyrinthine tunnels, underground lake and chapels carved by miners out of rock salt beneath the ground.[262] Poland has a 770 km long coastline of the southern Baltic Sea with many wide sandy beaches, which are frequently visited by tourists in the summer season. Other tourist destinations include the Masurian Lake District and Białowieża Forest in the east; on the south Karkonosze, the Table Mountains and the Tatra Mountains, where Rysy – the highest peak of Poland, and Eagle's Path mountain trail are located. The Pieniny and Bieszczady Mountains lie in the extreme south-east.[263] There are over 100 castles in the country, most in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, and also on the Trail of the Eagles' Nests.[264] The largest castle in the world by land area is situated in Malbork, in north-central Poland.[265]

As of 2023, Poland's economy and gross domestic product (GDP) is the sixth largest in the European Union by nominal standards and the fifth largest by purchasing power parity. It is also one of the fastest growing within the Union and reached a developed market status in 2018.[249] The unemployment rate published by Eurostat in 2023 amounted to 2.8%, which was the second-lowest in the EU.[247] As of 2023, around 62% of the employed population works in the service sector, 29% in manufacturing, and 8% in the agricultural sector.[250] Although Poland is a member of the European single market, the country has not adopted the Euro as legal tender and maintains its own currency – the Polish złoty (zł, PLN). Poland is the regional economic leader in Central Europe, with nearly 40 per cent of the 500 biggest companies in the region (by revenues) as well as a high globalisation rate.[251] The country's largest firms compose the WIG20 and WIG30 indexes, which is traded on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. According to reports made by the National Bank of Poland, the value of Polish foreign direct investments reached almost 300 billion PLN at the end of 2014. The Central Statistical Office estimated that in 2014 there were 1,437 Polish corporations with interests in 3,194 foreign entities.[252] Poland has the largest banking sector in Central Europe,[253] with 32.3 branches per 100,000 adults.[254] It was the only European economy to have avoided the recession of 2008.[255] The country is the 20th largest exporter of goods and services in the world.[256] Exports of goods and services are valued at approximately 56% of GDP, as of 2020.[257] In 2019, Poland passed a law that would exempt workers under the age of 26 from income tax.[258] Special Thanks: Jack Palance & Harold Perrineau & Brad Pitt & Bill Pullman & Al Pacino & Christopher Plummer & Rob Paulsen & Barry Pepper & Will Patton & Bill Paxton & Jonathan Pryce & Vincent Price & Gregory Peck & Anna Paquin & John Powell & Gwyneth Paltrow & Geraldine Page & Chris Pine & Chris Pratt & Jim Parrack & David Proval & Joe Pantoliano & Basia Pasek & Natalie Portman & Paulina Porizkova & David Paymer & Ron Perlman & Rhea Perlman & Chazz Palminteri & Sean Penn & Pedro Pascal & Anthony Perkins & Mike Patton from FNM & Kevin Pollak Poland experienced a significant increase in the number of tourists after joining the European Union in 2004.[259][260] With over 21 million international arrivals in 2019, tourism contributes considerably to the overall economy and makes up a relatively large proportion of the country's service market.[261] Tourist attractions in Poland vary, from the mountains in the south to the sandy beaches in the north, with a trail of nearly every architectural style. The most visited city is Kraków, which was the former capital of Poland and serves as a relic of the Polish Golden Age and the Renaissance. Kraków also held royal coronations of most Polish kings and monarchs at Wawel, the nation's chief historical landmark. Among other notable sites in the country is Wrocław, one of the oldest cities in Poland which was a model for the founding of Kraków. Wrocław is famous for its dwarf statues, a large market square with two town halls, and the oldest Zoological Gardens with one of the world's largest number of animal species. The Polish capital Warsaw and its historical Old Town were entirely reconstructed after wartime destruction. Other cities attracting countless tourists include Gdańsk, Poznań, Lublin, Toruń as well as the site of the German Auschwitz concentration camp in Oświęcim. A highlight is the 13th-century Wieliczka Salt Mine with its labyrinthine tunnels, underground lake and chapels carved by miners out of rock salt beneath the ground.[262] Poland has a 770 km long coastline of the southern Baltic Sea with many wide sandy beaches, which are frequently visited by tourists in the summer season. Other tourist destinations include the Masurian Lake District and Białowieża Forest in the east; on the south Karkonosze, the Table Mountains and the Tatra Mountains, where Rysy – the highest peak of Poland, and Eagle's Path mountain trail are located. The Pieniny and Bieszczady Mountains lie in the extreme south-east.[263] There are over 100 castles in the country, most in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, and also on the Trail of the Eagles' Nests.[264] The largest castle in the world by land area is situated in Malbork, in north-central Poland.[265]

As of 2023, Poland's economy and gross domestic product (GDP) is the sixth largest in the European Union by nominal standards and the fifth largest by purchasing power parity. It is also one of the fastest growing within the Union and reached a developed market status in 2018.[249] The unemployment rate published by Eurostat in 2023 amounted to 2.8%, which was the second-lowest in the EU.[247] As of 2023, around 62% of the employed population works in the service sector, 29% in manufacturing, and 8% in the agricultural sector.[250] Although Poland is a member of the European single market, the country has not adopted the Euro as legal tender and maintains its own currency – the Polish złoty (zł, PLN). Poland is the regional economic leader in Central Europe, with nearly 40 per cent of the 500 biggest companies in the region (by revenues) as well as a high globalisation rate.[251] The country's largest firms compose the WIG20 and WIG30 indexes, which is traded on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. According to reports made by the National Bank of Poland, the value of Polish foreign direct investments reached almost 300 billion PLN at the end of 2014. The Central Statistical Office estimated that in 2014 there were 1,437 Polish corporations with interests in 3,194 foreign entities.[252] Poland has the largest banking sector in Central Europe,[253] with 32.3 branches per 100,000 adults.[254] It was the only European economy to have avoided the recession of 2008.[255] The country is the 20th largest exporter of goods and services in the world.[256] Exports of goods and services are valued at approximately 56% of GDP, as of 2020.[257] In 2019, Poland passed a law that would exempt workers under the age of 26 from income tax.[258] Special Thanks: Kmyle & Nicole Kidman & Udo Kier & Christopher Lee & Michael Keaton & Cherami Leigh & Yaphet Kotto & Klaus Kinski & Kevin Kline & Ben Kingsley & R. Kelly & Harvey Keitel & Kayah & Jack Lemmon & Burt Lancaster & Jet Li & Bruce Lee & Jessica Lange & John Leguizamo & Dolph Lundgren & Ray Liotta & Jared Leto & David Lynch & Phil LaMarr & Matthew McConaughey & Mako & Bill Murray & Shirley MacLaine & Demi Moore & Julianne Moore & Roger Moore & Jack Nicholson & Liam Neeson & Sam Neill & Edward Norton & Christopher Nolan & Gary Oldman & Heath Ledger & Lena Olin & Julia Ormond & Miranda Otto Poland experienced a significant increase in the number of tourists after joining the European Union in 2004.[259][260] With over 21 million international arrivals in 2019, tourism contributes considerably to the overall economy and makes up a relatively large proportion of the country's service market.[261] Tourist attractions in Poland vary, from the mountains in the south to the sandy beaches in the north, with a trail of nearly every architectural style. The most visited city is Kraków, which was the former capital of Poland and serves as a relic of the Polish Golden Age and the Renaissance. Kraków also held royal coronations of most Polish kings and monarchs at Wawel, the nation's chief historical landmark. Among other notable sites in the country is Wrocław, one of the oldest cities in Poland which was a model for the founding of Kraków. Wrocław is famous for its dwarf statues, a large market square with two town halls, and the oldest Zoological Gardens with one of the world's largest number of animal species. The Polish capital Warsaw and its historical Old Town were entirely reconstructed after wartime destruction. Other cities attracting countless tourists include Gdańsk, Poznań, Lublin, Toruń as well as the site of the German Auschwitz concentration camp in Oświęcim. A highlight is the 13th-century Wieliczka Salt Mine with its labyrinthine tunnels, underground lake and chapels carved by miners out of rock salt beneath the ground.[262] Poland has a 770 km long coastline of the southern Baltic Sea with many wide sandy beaches, which are frequently visited by tourists in the summer season. Other tourist destinations include the Masurian Lake District and Białowieża Forest in the east; on the south Karkonosze, the Table Mountains and the Tatra Mountains, where Rysy – the highest peak of Poland, and Eagle's Path mountain trail are located. The Pieniny and Bieszczady Mountains lie in the extreme south-east.[263] There are over 100 castles in the country, most in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, and also on the Trail of the Eagles' Nests.[264] The largest castle in the world by land area is situated in Malbork, in north-central Poland.[265]