Diabetes Pro

Today I will discuss what slowly progressing diabetes is and how to detect it. Management of this subtype of Type 1 Diabetes will be discussed in the second video in this 2 part series. I believe it is important to detect and treat appropriately to preserve the insulin-preserving function of the pancreas and to maintain healthy/normal blood glucose. References in order of appearance: 1. Leslie RD, Palmer J, Schloot NC, Lernmark A. Diabetes at the crossroads: relevance of disease classification to pathophysiology and treatment. Diabetologia. 2016 Jan;59(1):13-20. doi: 10.1007/s00125-015-3789-z. PMID: 26498592. 2. Naik RG, Brooks-Worrell BM, Palmer JP. Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Dec;94(12):4635-44. doi: 10.1210/jc.2009-1120. Epub 2009 Oct 16. PMID: 19837918. 3. Rajkumar V, Levine SN. Latent Autoimmune Diabetes. [Updated 2024 Mar 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557897/ 4. Pieralice S, Pozzilli P. Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults: A Review on Clinical Implications and Management. Diabetes Metab J. 2018 Dec;42(6):451-464. doi: 10.4093/dmj.2018.0190. PMID: 30565440; PMCID: PMC6300440. 5. Yasui J, Kawasaki E, Tanaka S, Awata T, Ikegami H, Imagawa A, Uchigata Y, Osawa H, Kajio H, Kawabata Y, Shimada A, Takahashi K, Yasuda K, Yasuda H, Hanafusa T, Kobayashi T; Japan Diabetes Society Committee on Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Research. Clinical and Genetic Characteristics of Non-Insulin-Requiring Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD) Autoantibody-Positive Diabetes: A Nationwide Survey in Japan. PLoS One. 2016 May 13;11(5):e0155643. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155643. PMID: 27177031; PMCID: PMC4866691. 6. Pozzilli P, Pieralice S. Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults: Current Status and New Horizons. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2018 Jun;33(2):147-159. doi: 10.3803/EnM.2018.33.2.147. 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Diabetologia. 1991 Jan;34(1):46-51. doi: 10.1007/BF00404024. PMID: 2055339. 13. Tuomi T, Groop LC, Zimmet PZ, Rowley MJ, Knowles W, Mackay IR: Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase reveal latent autoimmune diabetes mellitus in adults with a non-insulin-dependent onset of disease. Diabetes 42:359–362,1993 14. Tetsuro Kobayashi, Koji Tamemoto, Koji Nakanishi, Norihiro Kato, Minoru Okubo, Hiroshi Kajio, Tadao Sugimoto, Toshio Murase, Kinori Kosaka; Immunogenetic and Clinical Characterization of Slowly Progressive IDDM. Diabetes Care 1 May 1993; 16 (5): 780–788. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.16.5.780 15. Tanaka S, Ohmori M, Awata T, et al. Diagnostic criteria for slowly progressive insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus (SPIDDM) (2012): Report by the committee on slowly progressive insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus of the Japan diabetes society. Diabetol Int 2015; 6: 1–7. 16. Fourlanos S, Dotta F, Greenbaum CJ, Palmer JP, Rolandsson O, Colman PG, Harrison LC. Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) should be less latent. Diabetologia. 2005 Nov;48(11):2206-12. 17. Shimada, A.; Kawasaki, E.; Abiru, N.; Awata, T.; Oikawa, Y.; Osawa, H.; Kajio, H.; Ozawa, J.; Takahashi, K.; Chujo, D.; et al. New diagnostic criteria (2023) of slowly progressive type 1 diabetes (SPIDDM) -Report from Committee of type 1 diabetes in Japan Diabetes Society. J. Japan Diab. Soc. 2023. in press. (In Japanese) 18. Sinead Brophy, Knud Yderstræde, Didac Mauricio, Stephen Hunter, Mohammed Hawa, Paolo Pozzilli, Guntram Schernthaner, Nanette Schoot, Raffaella Buzzetti, Helen Davies, David Leslie, Rhys Williams, on behalf of the Action LADA Group; Time to Insulin Initiation Cannot Be Used in Defining Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults. Diabetes Care 1 March 2008; 31 (3): 439–441. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc07-1308 19. Nishimura A, Matsumura K, Kikuno S, Nagasawa K, Okubo M, Mori Y, Kobayashi T. Slowly Progressive Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Current Knowledge And Future Perspectives. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2019 Nov 28;12:2461-2477. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S191007. PMID: 31819572; PMCID: PMC6886592. 20. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee; 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024. Diabetes Care 1 January 2024; 47 (Supplement_1): S20–S42. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc24-S002 21. Tetsuro Kobayashi, Tokuji Itoh, Kinori Kosaka, Kaoru Sato, Kimiyoshi Tsuji; Time Course of Islet Cell Antibodies and β-Cell Function in Non-Insulin-Dependent Stage of Type I Diabetes. Diabetes 1 April 1987; 36 (4): 510–517. https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.36.4.510 22. Noble JA, Valdes AM, Cook M, Klitz W, Thomson G, Erlich HA. The role of HLA class II genes in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: molecular analysis of 180 Caucasian, multiplex families. Am J Hum Genet. 1996 Nov;59(5):1134-48. PMID: 8900244; PMCID: PMC1914851. 23. Mishra R, Åkerlund M, Cousminer DL, Ahlqvist E, Bradfield JP, Chesi A, Hodge KM, Guy VC, Brillon DJ, Pratley RE, Rickels MR, Vella A, Ovalle F, Harris RI, Melander O, Varvel S, Hakonarson H, Froguel P, Lonsdale JT, Mauricio D, Schloot NC, Khunti K, Greenbaum CJ, Yderstræde KB, Tuomi T, Voight BF, Schwartz S, Boehm BO, Groop L, Leslie RD, Grant SFA. Genetic Discrimination Between LADA and Childhood-Onset Type 1 Diabetes Within the MHC. Diabetes Care. 2020 Feb;43(2):418-425. doi: 10.2337/dc19-0986. Epub 2019 Dec 16. PMID: 31843946; PMCID: PMC6971787. 24. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6971787/ 25. https://requestatest.com/insulin-diabetes-antibodies-test 26. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4878912/ 27. Kawasaki E. Anti-Islet Autoantibodies in Type 1 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Jun 11;24(12):10012. doi: 10.3390/ijms241210012. PMID: 37373160; PMCID: PMC10298549. 28. Hawa MI, Kolb H, Schloot N, Beyan H, Paschou SA, Buzzetti R, Mauricio D, De Leiva A, Yderstraede K, Beck-Neilsen H, Tuomilehto J, Sarti C, Thivolet C, Hadden D, Hunter S, Schernthaner G, Scherbaum WA, Williams R, Brophy S, Pozzilli P, Leslie RD; Action LADA consortium. Adult-onset autoimmune diabetes in Europe is prevalent with a broad clinical phenotype: Action LADA 7. Diabetes Care. 2013 Apr;36(4):908-13. doi: 10.2337/dc12-0931. Epub 2012 Dec 17. Erratum in: Diabetes Care. 2014 May;37(5):1494. PMID: 23248199; PMCID: PMC3609504. 29. Kawasaki E, Jinnouchi H, Maeda Y, Okada A, Kawai K. Estimation of Individual Positive Anti-Islet Autoantibodies from 3 Screen ICA Titer. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Jul 11;25(14):7618. doi: 10.3390/ijms25147618. PMID: 39062856; PMCID: PMC11277171. 30. Spiros Fourlanos, Christine Perry, Mark S. Stein, Jim Stankovich, Leonard C. Harrison, Peter G. Colman; A Clinical Screening Tool Identifies Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults. Diabetes Care 1 May 2006; 29 (5): 970–975. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc05-2101 31. Pieralice S, Pozzilli P. Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults: A Review on Clinical Implications and Management. Diabetes Metab J. 2018 Dec;42(6):451-464. doi: 10.4093/dmj.2018.0190. PMID: 30565440; PMCID: PMC6300440. 32. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee; 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024. Diabetes Care 1 January 2024; 47 (Supplement_1): S20–S42. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc24-S002 DISCLAIMER: THIS PRESENTATION DOES NOT PROVIDE MEDICAL ADVICE The information, including but not limited to, text, graphics, images, and other material contained in this presentation are for informational purposes only. No material in this presentation is intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health care provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or treatment and before starting a new health care regimen. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of any of the information contained in this presentation.