Roman History: Antiquity

Aelia Eudcoia had Hellenistic and later Christian influences in her education. Please forgive the quality of the sound,. I am still trying to find a better way to record my voice. #shorts #education #poetry Music Credit: Medieval Astrology-Underbelly & Ty Mayer Photo Credit: Purple Chi Rho sign- Dragovit, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Aelia eudocia, solido del 441-444 dc- Sailko, CC BY 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ PayPal Donation: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=G979KU6ZYYCWG Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064302062981&mibextid=ZbWKwL Twitter: https://twitter.com/KisungYoon13581

In early spring 526 AD, Pope John I visited Justin I in Constantinople, and he received the pope warmly and cordially. #shorts #john #justin Music Credit: Medieval Astrology-Underbelly & Ty Mayer Photo Credit: Basilica of San Vitale- Communists, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ PayPal Donation: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=G979KU6ZYYCWG Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064302062981&mibextid=ZbWKwL Twitter: https://twitter.com/KisungYoon13581

Nicomedes IV and Sulla had a cooperative relationship and have known each other in the 90s BC. Sulla did so to show Rome was the superior power to Bithynia, but both men helped each other. #sulla #mithridates #appian #bithynia Chapters: 0:00 Intro 0:35 Early Reign 1:23 Sulla's Speech from Appian 2:31 Final Thoughts PayPal Donation: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=G979KU6ZYYCWG Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064302062981&mibextid=ZbWKwL Twitter: https://twitter.com/KisungYoon13581 Music Credits: Dreams Become Real by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1500027 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Stark Goes Dark- The Whole Other Photo Credits: Ariobarzanes I- Shakko, CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Appian- Livius https://www.livius.org/sources/content/appian/ Roman asia, eve of First Mithridatic war- Ilfy6, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Bithynia - king Nikomedes IV - 94-74 BC - silver tetradrachm - head of Nikomedes IV - Zeus - München SMS 01- ArchaiOptix, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Social war (Roman and insurgent territory)- Ifly6, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ So-called bust of Sulla, Augustan copy of an original of the late 2nd century B.C., Glyptothek, Munich (13271239925)- Carole Raddato, CC BY-SA 2.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ “Live auction - bgr_569408 - BITHYNIA - BITHYNIAN KINGDOM - SOCRATES CHRESTUS Tétradrachme"- CGBFR https://www.cgbfr.com/bithynie-royaume-de-bithynie-socrates-chrestos-tetradrachme-sup-spl,bgr_569408,a.html Sources: -Appian- Roman History, II, Books 8.2-12, trans by Horace White, (Harvard University Press, 1912) -Keaveney, Federico- Sulla, the Elites and the Empire: A Study of Roman Politics in Italy and the Greek East, (Brill, 2007) -Matyszak, Philip- Mithridates The Great: Rome’s Indomitable Enemy, (Pen & Sword Military, 2008)

This video goes over the cavalry in the Battle of Ticinus and mentions the Gallic cavalry a bit more. The images of Roman cavalry is not based on the contemporary versions at that time but as a model to make things easier. Also, I do mention "velites"- Roman ranged units- only once. #shorts #cavalry #gauls Music Credit: The Battle- Hans Zimmer Photo Credits: Pin on 迦太基军队- Pinterest https://www.pinterest.com/pin/254383078932218960/ Pin on Warriors- aaaaaaa https://www.pinterest.com/pin/766737905281270988/ Battle of the Allia: the Gauls Sack Rome | Ludwig H. Dyck's Historical Writings https://ludwigheinrichdyck.wordpress.com/2015/10/17/battle-of-allia-the-gauls-sack-rome/ Roman Cavalry 2 - cropped- David Friel, CC BY 2.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ PayPal Donation: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=G979KU6ZYYCWG Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064302062981&mibextid=ZbWKwL Twitter: https://twitter.com/KisungYoon13581

Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo prepared Legio VI Ferrata for the upcoming war against Parthia. #shorts #legion #ferrata Music Credit: Calcutta Sunset- E's Jammy Jams Photo Credits: Pseudo-Corbulo Musei Capitolini MC561- Jastrow, CC BY 2.5 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/deed.en Parthian Empire- Ali Lionel Nadafi, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Roman Legion - Legio VI Ferrata- Багерман А.Я., Евсеенков А.С. https://x-legio.com/en/wiki/legio-vi-ferrata PayPal Donation: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=G979KU6ZYYCWG Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064302062981&mibextid=ZbWKwL Twitter: https://twitter.com/KisungYoon13581

Nicomedes IV of Bithynia and the Roman Republic forged strong relations- militarily, economically, and politically. Nicomedes was the last king of the Kingdom of Bithynia. This is part one of the three-part video series: Nicomedes IV of Bithynia's Relations with Rome. #romans #mithridates #bithynia Chapters: 0:00 Intro 0:50 Background 1:20 Early Reign and Dethronement 2:36 Returning to the Throne 3:39 First Mithridatic War 4:14 Final Years 5:02 Final Thoughts PayPal Donation: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=G979KU6ZYYCWG Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064302062981&mibextid=ZbWKwL Twitter: https://twitter.com/KisungYoon13581 Music Credits: Dreams Become Real by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1500027 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Stark Goes Dark- The Whole Other Photo Credits: Bithynian Kingdom- Ennomus, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Roman asia, eve of First Mithridatic war- Ilfy6, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Asia Minor in the early 1st century AD - general map - provinces, client states and main settlements - bleached - English legend- Calliniuc, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Bithynia - king Nikomedes IV - 94-74 BC - silver tetradrachm - head of Nikomedes IV - Zeus - München SMS 01- ArchaiOptix, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Roma, denario di manius aquililius, 109-108 ac ca- Sailko, CC BY 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Social war (Roman and insurgent territory)- Ifly6, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Nikomedes III Euergetes- Otto Nickl, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ So-called bust of Sulla, Augustan copy of an original of the late 2nd century B.C., Glyptothek, Munich (13271239925)- Carole Raddato, CC BY-SA 2.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ “Live auction - bgr_569408 - BITHYNIA - BITHYNIAN KINGDOM - SOCRATES CHRESTUS Tétradrachme"- CGBFR https://www.cgbfr.com/bithynie-royaume-de-bithynie-socrates-chrestos-tetradrachme-sup-spl,bgr_569408,a.html

This is a summary of Claudius' Parthian policy. #shorts #Claudius #parthia Music Credit: Calcutta Sunset- E's Jammy Jams Photo Credits: Flag-map of Kingdom of Armenia(transparent)- Omicroñ'R, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Claudius crop- DIREKTOR, CC BY 2.5 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/deed.en PayPal Donation: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=G979KU6ZYYCWG Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064302062981&mibextid=ZbWKwL Twitter: https://twitter.com/KisungYoon13581

'Amr ibn al-'As started his raid against the Romans in 633 under the order of Abu Bakr. He would later face off against Sergius in 634. #shorts #amr #romans #sergius Music Credit: Medieval Astrology- Underbelly & Ty Mayer Photo Credits: "'Amr ibn al-'As"- Historica Wiki https://historica.fandom.com/wiki/%27Amr_ibn_al-%27As

Zeno issued laws against the pagans to bolster Christianity, which was a trend during the Late Roman Empire. It was part of the larger religious, political, and societal contexts. #shorts #pagan #pagans #Zeno #religions Music Credit: Medieval Astrology- Underbelly & Ty Mayer Photo Credits: Roman school- user:shakko, CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Zeno Solidus RIC 0910- unknown image: Classical Numismatic Group, Inc- CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

Anthemius- Theodosius II's regent- was a capable administrator and tried to help the Western Roman Empire and the domestic front- the Eastern Roman Empire. however, his downfall came from Aelia Pulcheria- Theodosius II's sister. #anthemius #romans #theodosius Chapters: Chapters: 0:00 Intro 0:50 Western Roman Empire 1:29 Synesius of Cyrene 2:34 Grain Shortage 3:09 Military Matters 3:45 Religious Problems 4:33 Huns and Germanic Tribes 7:14 Arabs 7:31 Sasanian Empire 7:44 Anti-Corruption Problems Music Credit: Medieval Astrology- Underbelly & Ty Mayer Stark Goes Dark- The Whole Other Photo Credits: Persian Armenia- Armenica.org, CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Eastern Roman Empire- Ichthyovenator, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Mapa Imperio Occidental año 410- Paulusburg, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Seaport in Ravenna, Italy, Marek Ślusarczyk (Tupungato), CC BY 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Giovanni Bonazza, busto di Alarico (Palazzo Roncale, Rovigo) 01- Threecharlie, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Synesius of Cyrene- Livius https://www.livius.org/articles/person/synesius-of-cyrene/ St. Theophilus of Alexandria- Catholic Online https://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=826 Sources: -Allen, Pauline & Neil Bronwen- Crisis Management in Late Antiquity (410-590 CE): A Survey of the Evidence from Episcopal Letters, (Brill, 2013) -Bury, John Bagnell- A History of the Later Roman Empire: From Arcadius to Irene (395 A.D. to 800 A.D.), Vol. 1, (Macmillan and Co., 1889) -Chronicon Paschale 284-602 AD, trans by Michael Whitby and Mary Whitby (Liverpool University Press, 1989) -Harries, Jill- Law and Empire in Late Antiquity, (Cambridge University Press, 2004) -Kaegi, Walter Emil Jr.- Byzantium and the Decline of the Roman Empire, (Princeton University Press, 1968) -(Ed.) Kelly, Christopher- Theodosius II: Rethinking the Roman Empire in Late Antiquity, (Cambridge University Press, 2013) -Millar, Fergus- A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Influence Under Theodosius II (408-450), (University of California Press, 2006) -Omissi, Adrastos- Emperors and Usurpers in the Later Roman Empire: Civil War, Panegyric, ad the Construction of Legitimacy, (Oxford University Press, 2018) -(Ed.) Schaff, Philip- Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories (Christian Classics Ethereal Library, 1886) -Syvänne, Ilkka- The Military History of Late Rome AD 395-425, (Pen and Sword Military, 2021) -Teetgen, Ada B- The Life and Times of the Empress Pulcheria, A.D. 399- A.D. 452, (Swan Sonnenschein & Co 1907) -Treadgold, Warren- A History of the Byzantine State and Society, (Stanford University Press, 1997) -(Ed.)Venning, Timothy- A Chronology of the Byzantine Empire, (Palgrave, 2006)

During Justinian I's reign, Jerusalem flourished, but there was a debate over supporting Origenism or Chalcedonian Christianity. #shorts #jerusalem #justinian #christianity Music Credit: Stark Goes Dark- The Whole Other

Pompey the Great and Armenian king- Tigranes II the Great- made peace during the Third Mithridatic War. Appian, Cassius Dio, and Plutarch were the main primary sources on the event. #shorts #appian #pompey #pompeythegreat Music Credit: Dreams Come True- Øneheart Photo Credits: Plutarch head only- Odysses, CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Appian- Livius.org https://www.livius.org/sources/content/appian/

Septimius Severus' impact was mostly negative for Hispania and hurt the Baetican olive oil industry and the overall economy. #shorts #hispania #oil #septimiusseverus Music Credit: Calcutta Sunset- E's Jammy Jams Photo Credits: Rome, Italy, Ancient Roman Forum (Forum Romanum)- Vyacheslav Argenberg, CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ The angel of death striking a door during the plague of Rome Wellcome V0010664- Wellcome Library, London, CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Column of Marcus Aurelius detail3- Barosaurus Lentus, CC BY 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

One of the not-so-well-talked-about issues, in my opinion, is not mentioning the various groups in different conflicts, other than the most obvious or major players. The Huns participated in the Anastasian war but with the Sasanians under Kavad I against the Eastern Roman Empire under Anastasius I Dicorus. #huns #romans Chapters: 0:00 Intro 0:43 Pre-Anastasian War 1:23 502 2:31 503 4:19 504 4:48 505 5:19 Final Thoughts Music Credits: Medieval Astrology-Underbelly & Ty Mayer Stark Goes Dark-The Whole Other Photo Credits: Hephthalites500- Gabagool, CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Flavius Anastasius Probus 01c (head emperor Anastasius)- Clio20, CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Areobindus03- Clio20, CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ NE 500ad- Thomas A. Lessman, CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Hyrcania-Alexanders-gates-map- Historicair, derivative work- Kiyoweap, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Harran Fortifications 197- Dosseman, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Roman-Persian Frontier in Late Antiquity- Cplakidas, CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Ancient syriac manuscript jacob of serugh- Gorgias Press, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Şanlıurfa topographic location map- Tschubby, GrandEscogriffe, CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Procopius on Justinian mosaic, Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna, 527-457 CE- Wikimedia Commons https://brewminate.com/the-reign-of-justinian/

Roman Jews hated tax collectors for three reasons that I mentioned in the short. #shorts #jews #taxcollector #taxcollectors #matthew #jewishhistory Music Credit: Calcutta Sunset- E's Jammy Jams Photo Credits: Matthew the Evangelist Hajdudorog- Jojojoe, CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ KFAR NAHUM AERIAL V- AVRAMGR, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

Under Anastasius I, Dara became the primary defense point in the eastern frontier against the Sasanians in Mesopotamia. Also, Dara was one of the lessons from the aftermath of the Anastasian War. #shorts #dara #defense Music Credit: Medieval Astrology- Underbelly and Ty Mayer Photo Credit: Dara Antik Kenti- Sedefdavutoglu, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Roman-Persian Frontier in Late Antiquity- Cplakidas, CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Flavius Anastasius Probus 01c (head emperor Anastasius)- Clio20, CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

St. Cyril of Alexandria and Orestes fought for religious dominance in Alexandria. Cyril was a Christian, and Orestes was a pagan. #shorts #cyril #orestes #pagans #pagan Music Credit: Medieval Astrology- Underbelly and Ty Mayer

During Caligula's reign, he made peace with Parthia and avoided war against them. He allowed Parthia to have their candidate on the Armenian throne. #caligula #parthia #Armenia #romanempire Chapters: 0:00 Intro 0:35 Background 1:01 Terms 1:48 What if? 2:53 Final Thoughts Music Credit: Calcutta Sunset- E's Jammy Jams Stark Goes Dark- The Whole Other Photo Credits: Great Armenia location map- Tigran Ovanyan, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ King Artabanus- Mb573106, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Vitellius, denarius, 69, RIC I 99 (reverse)- The Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Sources: -Barrett, Anthony A- Caligula: The Corruption of Power, (Routledge, 1989) -Poiort, John J- Perceptions of classical Armenia: Romano-Parthian relations, 70 BC- AD 220, [Master’s Thesis, LSU], LSU https://repository.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1831&context=gradschool_theses -Sheldon, Rose M- Rome’s War in Parthia: Blood in the Sand, (Vallentine Mitchell, 2010) -(Ed.)Venning, Timothy- A Chronology of the Roman Empire, (Palgrave, 2006) -Wilkinson, Sam- Caligula, (Routledge, 2005)

Justinian and Hilderic were allies and friends. Justinian had plans with Hilderic as two orthodox Christians agreeing to deal with the Arian Ostrogoths. #shorts #justinian #vandals #easternromanempire Music Credit: Medieval Astrology- Underbelly and Ty Mayer Justinian and Hilderic were allies and friends. Justinian had plans with Hilderic as two orthodox Christians agreeing to deal with the Arian Ostrogoths. #shorts #justinian #vandals #easternromanempire Music Credit: Medieval Astrology- Underbelly and Ty Mayer Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064302062981&mibextid=ZbWKwL Twitter: https://twitter.com/KisungYoon13581

As Aedile, Marcus Agrippa undertook water infrastructure improvements, and one of them was the aqueduct. This is from Sextus Julius Frontinus' version; he was an expert on infrastructure and a civil engineer. #shorts #agrippa #aqueducts #aqueduct Photo: Agrippa Gabii Louvre Ma1208- Gabii, CC BY 2.5 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/

Leo I and Gaiseric had contentious relations. They used diplomatic and military maneuvers to speak to the tensions and suspicions. Leo I generally tried to help the West, while Gaiseric tried to undermine the Western Roman Empire. #vandals #easternromanempire Music Credits: Medieval Astrology- Underbelly & Ty Mayer Stark Goes Dark- The Whole Other Chapters: 0:00 Intro 0:34 Beginning 2:22 Treaty 4:32 Olybrius 4:52 Effects 6:35 Ascension of Anthemius 7:25 Last Efforts 8:39 Analysis Sources: -Blockley, Roger C- East Roman Foreign Policy: Formation and Conduct from Diocletian to Anastasius, (Francis Cairns, 1992) -Blockley, Roger C- Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later Roman Empire, Volume 1: Eunapius, Olympiodorus, Priscus and Malchus, (Francis Cairns, 2009) -Clover, Frank M- Geiseric the Statesman: A Study of Vandal Foreign Policy- (University of Chicago, 1966) -Hughes, Ian- Gaiseric: The Vandal Who Destroyed Rome, (Pen and Sword Military, 2017) -Jacobsen, Torsten C- A History of the Vandals, (Westholme Publishing, 2012) -John Malalas- The Chronicle of John Malalas, by Elizabeth Jeffreys, Michael Jeffreys, Roger Scott, and Brian Croke (Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, 1986) -MacGeorge, Penny- Late Roman Warlords, (Oxford University Press, 2003) -Merrills, Andy & Miles, Richard- The Vandals, (Wiley-Blackwell, 2010) -Procopius of Caesarea- The Wars of Justinian, trans.by Henry Bronson Dewing (Hackett Publishing Company, 2014) -Sidonius Apollinaris- Poems and Letters With an English Translation, Introduction, and Notes, by -W.B. Anderson, (Cambridge University Press, 1936) -Syvänne, Ilkka- The Military History of Late Rome AD 457-518, (Pen and Sword Military, 2021) -Theophanes the Confessor- The Chronicle of Theophanes: Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284-813, trans. by Geoffrey Greatrex and Cyril Mango (Clarendon Press, 1997) -(Ed.)Venning, Timothy- A Chronology of the Byzantine Empire, (Palgrave, 2006)

Arcadius' political legacy had the struggles for power on two main issues: St. John Chrysostom and the Germanic tribes. #shorts #arcadius #chrysostom #germanic #easternromanempire

Under Tiberius' reign, Gaul suffered economic hardships and a revolt in 21 AD. However, the people dedicated him in his honor. #Gaul #romanempire #romans Music: Calcutta Sunset- E's Jammy Jams Stark Goes Dark- The Whole Other Chapters: 0:00 Intro 0:31 Gaul 0:52 Gallia Narbonensis 1:17 Gallia Lugdunensis 1:36 Gallia Belgica 1:47 Gallia Aquitania 2:01 Germanicus' Expedition to Germania 2:23 21 AD Revolt 4:56 Final Thoughts Sources: -Cleary, Simon E- Rome in the Pyrenees: Lugdunum and the Covenae from the First Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D., (Routledge, 2009) -Drinkwater, John F- Roman Gaul: The Three Gauls, 58 BC- 260 AD, (Croom Helm, 1983) -Levick, Barbara- Tiberius the Politician, (Thames and Hudson, 1976) -Seager, Robin- Tiberius, 2nd Edition, (Blackwell Publishing, 2005) -Shotter, David- Tiberius Caesar, 2nd Edition, (Routledge, 2004) -Tacitus- The Annals: The Reigns of Tiberius, Claudius, and Nero- trans. by J.C. Yardley (Oxford University Press, 2008) -(Ed.)Venning, Timothy- A Chronology of the Roman Empire, (Palgrave, 2006) -Woolf, Greg- Becoming Roman: The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul, (Cambridge University Press, 1998)

For Elagabalus, his path to being the Roman emperor underwent an obstacle- Macrinus. Also, Elagabalus resumed the Severan dynasty. #shorts #elagabalus #severan Photo Credits: Bust of Elagabalus - Palazzo Nuovo - Musei Capitolini - Rome 2016- José Luiz, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Bust of Macrinus - Palazzo Nuovo - Musei Capitolini - Rome 2016- José Luiz, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ As Elagabalus 218-leg 3 Gallica- Panairjdde, CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

Justinian I and Vandal king Hilderic made strong and friendly relations. It goes back to 523 AD. #justinian #vandals Sources: -Baker, G.P- Justinian: The Last Roman Emperor, (Cooper Square Press, 2002) -Barker, John W- Justinian and the Later Roman Empire, (University of Wisconsin Press, 1966) -Evans, James A- The Age of Justinian: Circumstances of Imperial Power, (Routledge, 1996) -Haarer, Fiona K- Justinian: Empire and Society in the Sixth Century, (Edinburgh University Press, 2022) -Heather, Peter- Rome Resurgent: War and Empire in the Age of Justinian, (Oxford University Press, 2018) -(Ed.)Maas, Michael- The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian, (Cambridge University Press, 2005) -Moorhead, John- Justinian, (Routledge, 1994) -Sarris, Peter- Justinian: Emperor, Soldier, Saint, (Basic Books, 2023) -Syvänne, Ilkka- The Military History of Late Rome AD 518-565, (Pen and Sword Military, 2021) -Whitby, Michael- The Wars of Justinian, (Pen & Sword Books, 2021)