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Have you heard of IEEE 802.3? It has a long history and has to do with our topic today, Ethernet. Ethernet is a communication standard that was developed in the early ’80s to network computers and other devices in a local environment such as a home or a building. This local environment is defined as a LAN (Local Area Network) and it connects multiple devices so that they can create, store and share information with others in the location. Ethernet is a wired system that started with using coaxial cable and has successfully progressed to now using twisted pair copper wiring and fiber optic wiring. Let’s break for a trivia question. Who invented twisted pair wiring? Alexander Graham Bell invented twisted pair wiring in 1881. In 1983, Ethernet was standardized into the standard IEEE 802.3 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). This standard defined the physical layer and the MAC (media access control) portion of the data link layer of wired Ethernet. These two layers are defined as the first two layers in the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model The “physical” layer consists of the following components: Cabling and Devices. First, let’s take a look at Ethernet Cabling; As stated previously, Ethernet cables come as coaxial cable, which is not very common except in older installations, twisted pair, and fiber optic. The most common cable is twisted pair cables, with the latest being Category 6 with speeds up to 1 Gbps and Cat6a and Cat 7 with speeds up to 10 Gbps. Category 5 and 5e cables are both still used in many existing applications but handle the lower speeds between 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps but are more susceptible to noise. The Ethernet twisted pair utilizes RJ-45 eight-pin connectors at either end of the cable that is pinned for transmitting and receiving data in either half or full-duplex mode.

#IT Information technology refers to the use of digital systems, software, and networks to store, process, and communicate information. IT encompasses a wide range of technologies, including hardware (such as computers and mobile devices), software (such as operating systems and applications), networks (such as the internet and intranets), and storage systems (such as cloud computing and databases). IT has transformed many aspects of modern life, including business, education, entertainment, and communication. Some of the key subfields within IT include cybersecurity, data science, software engineering, web development, and artificial intelligence. IT professionals often work in roles such as IT support, network administration, software development, data analysis, and project management. IT is a rapidly evolving field, with new technologies and innovations emerging all the time. Staying up-to-date with the latest developments is essential for IT professionals. Overall, information technology plays a critical role in modern society, enabling people and businesses to communicate, collaborate, and innovate in ways that were once impossible.

14th August /Independence day of Pakistan