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Islamic history is a vast and rich topic that covers the political, social, cultural, and religious aspects of the Muslim civilization from the 7th century CE to the present day. There are many sources and perspectives to learn about Islamic history, but here are some basic facts and figures to get you started: Islam is a monotheistic religion that worships one God, called Allah in Arabic. Muslims believe that Allah revealed his final message to the prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel. Muhammad is considered the last and seal of the prophets, who include Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and others1 The word Islam means “submission” or “surrender” to the will of Allah. Muslims are those who follow Islam and submit to Allah’s commands. The main sources of Islamic teachings are the Quran, the holy book of Islam, and the Hadith, the sayings and actions of Muhammad2 Muslims follow five basic pillars of Islam: Shahadah (testimony of faith), Salah (prayer), Zakat (charity), Sawm (fasting), and Hajj (pilgrimage). These pillars are obligatory acts of worship that demonstrate one’s commitment to Islam3 Islam originated in Mecca and Medina, two cities in present-day Saudi Arabia, in the early 7th century CE. Muhammad and his followers faced persecution and opposition from the pagan tribes of Mecca, who worshipped idols and controlled the Kaaba, a sacred shrine that Muslims believe was built by Abraham and his son Ishmael. In 622 CE, Muhammad and his followers migrated to Medina, where they established the first Islamic community and state. This event is known as the Hijra (migration) and marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar1 After Muhammad’s death in 632 CE, his companions elected Abu Bakr as his successor, or caliph. Abu Bakr and the subsequent caliphs led the Muslim community and expanded the Islamic state through conquests and conversions. The first four caliphs are known as the Rightly Guided Caliphs, who ruled according to the Quran and the Sunnah (the example

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