Iceberg TheoryX

Incredible journeys of exploration took place in antiquity, even before standard tools of navigation (like the sextant and compass) were invented. In this video we take a look at four ancient explorers who covered huge distances by sea and overland. The explorers covered include: 1. The first explorer in recorded history; 2. A Carthaginian admiral who led a massive flotilla around the coast of West Africa; 3. An ancient Greek sailor who may have sighted the Arctic; 4. The Chinese ambassador who paved the way for the Silk Road while surviving multiple captures by hostile nomads. TIMESTAMPS 00:00 - Intro 00:28 - Harkhuf 02:30 - Hanno the Navigator 05:56 - Pytheas 08:54 - Zhang Qian 13:17 - Such an amazing journey SOURCES "Carthage Must Be Destroyed" by Richard Miles "The Classical World" by Robin Lane Fox "The History of the Ancient World" by Susan Bauer https://www.worldhistory.org/article/913/hanno-carthaginian-explorer/ Cameron McPhail. “PYTHEAS OF MASSALIA’S ROUTE OF TRAVEL.” Phoenix 68, no. 3/4 (2014): 247–57. https://doi.org/10.7834/phoenix.68.3-4.0247. Whitaker, Ian. “The Problem of Pytheas’ Thule.” The Classical Journal 77, no. 2 (1981): 148–64. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3296920. Cooper, Julien. “Reconsidering the Location of Yam.” Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 48 (2012): 1–21. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24555437. #ancienthistory #ancientexplorers #ancientegypt #ancientcarthage #listenable #ancientchina #hanno

No organized religion, no central government and seemingly no wars — the Harappan, or Indus Valley, civilization is one of the most mysterious and amazing societies of the ancient world. Located in what is now Pakistan, northwest India and parts of Afghanistan, the Harappans were ahead of their time. Let's explore the rise and fall (roughly 3000-1500 B.C.) of this incredible ancient people along with some of their accomplishments, architecture, culture and mysteries. This video will introduce you to the world of the Indus Valley Civilization — water engineering, urban planning, the so-far undeciphered Indus Script and much more. Thank you for watching. Don't forget to subscribe so you don't miss the next trip through the ancient world. TIMESTAMPS 00:00 - Intro 01:18 - First agriculture in region 02:10 - Harappa and Mohenjo-daro 04:46 - Dholavira 05:15 - A civilization without war? 09:15 - The Indus Script 12:15 - Decline and fall 13:42 - Optimism for future research SOURCES Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark. “Birth of a Civilization.” Archaeology 51, no. 1 (1998): 54–61. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41771345. Harappa.com Thompson, Thomas J. “An Ancient Stateless Civilization: Bronze Age India and the State in History.” The Independent Review 10, no. 3 (2006): 365–84. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24562331. Nigam, R., R. Dubey, R. Saraswat, Sundaresh, A. S. Gaur, and V. J. Loveson. “Ancient Indians (Harappan Settlement) Were Aware of Tsunami/Storm Protection Measures: A New Interpretation of Thick Walls at Dholavira, Gujarat, India.” Current Science 111, no. 12 (2016): 2040–43. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24911592. Tripati, Sila. “Early Users of Monsoon Winds for Navigation.” Current Science 113, no. 8 (2017): 1618–23. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26494327. Sankhyan, A. R., and G. R. Schug. “First Evidence of Brain Surgery in Bronze Age Harappa.” Current Science 100, no. 11 (2011): 1621–22. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24077761. Lawler, Andrew. “Mohenjo-Daro’s New Story.” Archaeology 66, no. 1 (2013): 32–37. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41804623. Patel, Samir S. “The Indus Enigma.” Archaeology 63, no. 2 (2010): 18–66. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41781496. POSSEHL, G. L. “THE MATURE HARAPPAN PHASE.” Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute 60/61 (2000): 243–51. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42936618. #harappancivilisation #indusvalleycivilization #pakistanhistory #ancienthistory #ancientcivilizations

Does Ernest Hemingway still matter in 2022? ... A few years ago I read all of Ernest Hemingway's books. This is a true story of what happened after -- living, learning, boxing and a trip to Spain. This is the first installment in what will be a series of video docs/essays on writers and subjects that have significance for me. #ernesthemingway #writing #hemingway #theoldmanandthesea #listenable ============================================================ In case you hadn't guessed I'm a one-man crew, so I'm grateful to a number of creators who have shared their work. MUSIC "Achievement" by Philip Anderson Music from Uppbeat (free for Creators!): https://uppbeat.io/t/philip-anderson/achievement License code: I8FWPVVQXWWDIHJW "His Destiny" by Brock Hewitt Music from Uppbeat (free for Creators!): https://uppbeat.io/t/brock-hewitt-stories-in-sound/his-destiny License code: EBN7LVFVLZ0ACUWE "Tides" by Arend Music from Uppbeat (free for Creators!): https://uppbeat.io/t/arend/tides License code: KSBYVWDJ2QW115FB "Driving Ambition" by Ahjay Stelino https://mixkit.co/free-stock-music/corporate/ Some great footage: https://www.pexels.com/@cottonbro/ https://www.pexels.com/@meghanmarron/ Some cool photo effects: Cinemagrid

Immediately after Rome exiled its last king (509 B.C.), the new Roman republic found itself in a desperate fight for its survival. Part 2 of this mini-series continues the story of the Siege of Rome and the legendary Roman heroes whose courage saved the republic — Mucius Scaevola and Cloelia. In this video: A quick-thinking young man challenges a warrior king. And the bravery of a Roman maiden so impresses her captors that her fearlessness brings an end to war. Thank you for watching, and thank you to those who have already subscribed! I've got some videos planned that I think will be very interesting to fellow lovers of ancient history. Link to Part 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WCXVJ... TIMESTAMPS 00:00 - Intro 00:24 - Recap of Part 1 01:55 - Chapter 3 - Under Siege 06:34 - Chapter 4 - A Daring Act (Mucius) 13:34 - Chapter 5 - An Uneasy Peace (Cloelia) 17:05 - Epilogue 18:54 - Outro SOURCES Titus Livius (Livy), The History of Rome, Book 2 http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/t... Roller, Matthew B. “Exemplarity in Roman Culture: The Cases of Horatius Cocles and Cloelia.” Classical Philology 99, no. 1 (2004): 1–56. https://doi.org/10.1086/423674. #ancienthistory #ancientrome #romanrepublic #romanhistory #listenable

This is the bloody story of how Rome exiled its last king and a man named Horatius stood against an army to preserve the new republic. ... at least according to the legends the Romans themselves told. At this early stage in Rome's history, it's impossible to separate reality from myth and truth from legend. Even the ancient Roman writers admit as much. So in today's video I'm taking a different approach. I've done my best to channel the ancient storytellers and share this story as I imagine they might have around a fire. In Part 1 of this series: The seven kings of Rome from Romulus to Tarquin Superbus Lucretia dishonored Collatinus and Brutus seek vengeance Lars Porsena marches on Rome ... and Horatius Cocles at the Bridge Thanks for watching! I hope you'll join me soon for Part 2 of The Story of How Rome Became a Republic TIMESTAMPS 00:00 - Intro 00:22 - Prologue: The Age of Kings 02:04 - Chapter 1: Roman Honor 08:45 - The republic is born 10:28 - Chapter 2: Fight or Die 10:57 - Horatius at the Bridge 15:33 - Epilogue 16:20 - Outro SOURCES Titus Livius, The History of Rome, Book 1, Chapter 56-Book 2, Chapter 11 http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/t... Polybius, Histories Map of Clusium/Rome battle dispositions: Coldeel & Marie Parsons/Wikimedia Commons #ancienthistory #ancientrome #romanempire #romanrepublic #romanhistory #horatiusatthebridge #listenable

When French author Patrick Modiano won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2014, most of the English-speaking world was dumbfounded. Who's Patrick Modiano? At first, I didn't know what to make the prolific author's noir-esque, vague mysteries either. ... The shadow of the Nazi occupation of Paris pervades his books, and he writes about conmen, burlesque dances, pimps and gangsters. ... But after reading over 20 of his 30 or so books, I realized that what Modiano does is amazing. His books recreate the act of remembrance and forgetting. ... and with a simple, straightforward vocabulary. Some of my favorites from Patrick Modiano’s extensive bibliography: "Honeymoon," “Little Jewel,” “Invisible Ink,” “Out of the Dark,” "Dora Bruder" and “Such Fine Boys.” #patrickmodiano, #modiano, #reading, #dorabruder, #OutoftheDark #noir #mysterybooks #frenchauthors #frenchwriters #greatwriters ============================================================ In case you hadn't guessed, I'm a one-man crew, so I'm grateful to a number of creators who have shared their work. MUSIC Music from Uppbeat: https://uppbeat.io/t/kevin-macleod/brittle-rille License code: RVSIFHKUBMNJXLWD

Lost cities, the origins of Queen Nefertiti, and the tragic fate of the richest ancient king after Midas -- we're covering a lot of ground with these 3 forgotten ancient kingdoms. In this video: The Lydian Empire and the famous King Croesus ... King Croesus' meeting with the Greek lawmaker/philosopher Solon ... Cyrus the Great ... The Mitanni and their innovations in chariots ... the lost city of Washukanni ... little-known Tuwana (Tyana) and its outsized role during the Iron Age as a cultural conduit ... some amazing archaeological finds ... and much more. Thanks for watching! TIMESTAMPS 00:00 - Intro 00:18 - 1. Kingdom of Lydia/Lydian Empire (circa 1200 to 546 B.C.) 03:20 - Meeting between Solon and King Croesus of Lydia 05:50 - The tragic fate of King Croesus 07:52 - 2. Mittani (1600 B.C. - c. 1260 B.C.) 11:30 - Was Queen Nefertiti from Mittani? 14:18 - 3. Tuwana/Tyana (9th/8th centuries B.C.) SOURCES 1. Lydia and King Croesus https://www.academia.edu/8827000/Roos... Evans, J. A. S. “What Happened to Croesus?” The Classical Journal 74, no. 1 (1978): 34–40. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3296933. West, Stephanie. “Croesus’ Second Reprieve and Other Tales of the Persian Court.” The Classical Quarterly 53, no. 2 (2003): 416–37. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3556212. TURPIN, WILLIAM N. “Croesus, Xerxes, and the Denial of Death (Herodotus 1.29–34; 7.44–53).” The Classical World 107, no. 4 (2014): 535–41. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24699734. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/... https://www.worldhistory.org/article/... https://sardisexpedition.org/en/essay... Amazing drone footage of the site of Sardis today (check it out!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcCG... 2. Mittani "Nefertiti, Queen and Pharaoh of Egypt: Her Life and Afterlife" by Aidan Dodson https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&... https://www.academia.edu/34159794/Klo... https://www.sciencealert.com/a-shrink... https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-... 3. Tuwana (Tyana) https://www.kinikhoyuk.org/index.html https://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/n... Lanaro, Anna. “A Goddess among Storm-Gods. The Stele of Tavşantepe and the Landscape Monuments of Southern Cappadocia.” Anatolian Studies 65 (2015): 79–96. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24878379. https://www.researchgate.net/publicat...

Rome's fifth emperor, Nero, is famous for being a murderous madman and a monster. So why was he so popular? And after his death, why did many Romans hold out hope that he was actually in exile somewhere plotting his return? Nero WAS erratic and brutal, but his reign is often misunderstood. There's a lot to dig into on this one. Thanks for watching! TIMESTAMPS 00:00 - Intro 02:13 - Background on Nero and his times Accounting for Nero's popularity... 05:11 - 1. A flair for the theatrical 09:07 - 2. Games and entertainments 12:08 - 3. Image above all 14:01 - 4. A man of the people 16:34 - 5. Nero's response to the Great Fire of Rome 21:00 - Conclusions FIRST CENTURY OF ROMAN EMPERORS • Augustus (31 B.C.–14 A.D.) • Tiberius (14–37 A.D.) • Caligula (37–41 A.D.) • Claudius (41–54 A.D.) • NERO (54–68 A.D.) • Galba (68–69 A.D.) • Otho (January–April 69 A.D.) • Aulus Vitellius (July–December 69 A.D.) • Vespasian (69–79 A.D.) • Titus (79–81 A.D.) • Domitian (81–96 A.D.) • Nerva (96–98 A.D.) SOURCES/READING "Nero Reconsidered" https://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/Nero%20Reconsidered_0.pdf "Golden House of an Emperor" https://www.archaeology.org/issues/187-1509/features/3562-golden-house-of-an-emperor Van Overmeire, Sam. “According to the Habit of Foreign Kings : Nero, Ruler Ideology and the Hellenistic Monarchs.” Latomus 71, no. 3 (2012): 753–79. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23800048. Mary Elizabeth Kelly Thornton. “Nero’s New Deal.” Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 102 (1971): 621–29. https://doi.org/10.2307/2935958. Mouratidis, John. “Nero: The Artist, the Athlete and His Downfall.” Journal of Sport History 12, no. 1 (1985): 5–20. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43606900. #ancienthistory #ancientrome #romanhistory #nero #romanempire #romanemperor

The ancient Romans looked down on cultures that practiced decorative tattooing. To the Romans, tattoos were utilitarian. They used them to mark slaves, criminals, gladiators and apparently people who worked in weapons factories. So to fit into Roman society, freedmen, runaways and criminals went to painful and sometimes toxic lengths to get their tattoos removed. Thanks for watching! I hope this introduction to the tattooing in the ancient Roman world inspires your own research and reading. 0:00 - Intro 0:43 - How the Romans used tattooing 1:42 - Were Roman soldiers tattooed? 2:44 - Ancient Roman options for tattoo removal 3:30 - Pliny the Elder's prescriptions 4:22 - Byzantine physician Aetius' prescriptions 5:20 - Dioscorides' prescriptions Sources/Reading: Stigma: Tattooing and Branding in Graeco-Roman Antiquity https://www.academia.edu/10847218/Sti... Kamen, Deborah. “A CORPUS OF INSCRIPTIONS: REPRESENTING SLAVE MARKS IN ANTIQUITY.” Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 55 (2010): 95–110. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41419689. Gustafson, W. Mark. “Inscripta in Fronte: Penal Tattooing in Late Antiquity.” Classical Antiquity 16, no. 1 (1997): 79–105. https://doi.org/10.2307/25011055. #ancienthistory #ancientrome #ancientromanhistory #romanhistory #listenable #tattoos #tattooremoval

A lost kingdom almost as elusive as Atlantis but mentioned in ancient Egyptian inscriptions ... A land that was ruled by Egypt and eventually ruled Egypt itself ... and a great African empire home to myths, legends and a relic some claim is the Ark of the Covenant. Lovers of ancient history, it's worth looking into the Kingdom of Yam, the Kingdom of Kush and the Aksumite Empire. Thanks for watching! I hope this introduction to some often-overlooked ancient cultures inspires your own research and reading. TIMESTAMPS 0:00 - Intro 0:19 - The Kingdom of Yam 2:17 - Kush 4:00 - Aksum 5:20 - Aksum myths, legends, Ark of the Covenant Sources & Reading: YAM Cooper, Julien. “Reconsidering the Location of Yam.” Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 48 (2012): 1–21. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24555437. Translation of inscriptions from the tomb of Harkhuf http://www.touregypt.net/inscriptions... KUSH Burstein, Stanley M. “Axum and the Fall of Meroe.” Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 18 (1981): 47–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/40000342. https://www.google.com/books/edition/.... (p. 22-24) https://www.archaeology.org/issues/44... (cool photo of Meroitic script inscription) https://www.archaeology.org/news/6539... AKSUM http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/437... https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-x... https://education.nationalgeographic.... https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel... https://www.christianpost.com/news/is...