New Testament Textual Studies

This is part 4 of a 37 lecture course by Credo Courses. Find out more here: credocourses.com/product/textual-criticism/. Browse all the courses: credocourses.com We have what are commonly described as significant and insignificant variants. Significant would mean any reading that has an impact on the transmission history of a variant unit. For example, it would apply to how we determine the relationship of the manuscripts to one another, such as where a particular manuscript would fall in the history and transmission of the manuscripts. It would also be impactful if the reading could help the textual scholar establish the original. Therefore, insignificant would mean just the opposite, referring to a reading that has very little to no impact at all in many aspects of a transmission history. The reason we stop at “many” aspects here is that all readings in a manuscript play a role in some aspects of the transmission history, such as the characteristics of the manuscript it is in and the scribal activity within that individual manuscript. NT Textual Studies Book Recommendations from Christian Publishing House FROM SPOKEN WORDS TO SACRED TEXTS: Introduction-Intermediate to New Testament Textual Studies by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586987 Google eBooks: http://bit.ly/2VbIwVK THE NEW TESTAMENT DOCUMENTS: Can They Be Trusted by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/194958609X Google eBooks: [https://bit.ly/2YQOsnd] THE P52 PROJECT: Is P52 Really the Earliest Greek New Testament Manuscript? by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586103 Google eBooks: [https://bit.ly/3c3SbT3] 400,000+ SCRIBAL ERRORS IN THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT MANUSCRIPTS: What Assurance Do We Have that We Can Trust the Bible? by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586928 Google eBooks: https://bit.ly/2Z7ogI6 THE READING CULTURE OF EARLY CHRISTIANITY: The Production, Publication, Circulation, and Use of Books in the Early Christian Church Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586847 Google eBooks: https://bit.ly/2XS4J99 MISREPRESENTING JESUS: Debunking Bart D. Ehrman's "Misquoting Jesus" [Fourth Edition] by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586952 THE COMPLETE GUIDE to BIBLE TRANSLATION: Bible Translation Choices and Translation Principles [Second Edition] Authored by Edward D Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/0692728716 BIBLE DIFFICULTIES: How to Approach Difficulties In the Bible by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/B084DLSBZ2 THE KING JAMES BIBLE: Do You Know the King James Version? By Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/KING-JAMES-BIB... Google eBooks: https://tiny.cc/ioi5wy THE KING JAMES BIBLE Why Have Modern Bible Translations Removed Many Verses That Are In the King James Version? by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586960 Google eBook: https://bit.ly/2p3SFGn HISTORY OF ENGLISH VERSIONS OF THE BIBLE by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586979 Google eBook: https://bit.ly/34LxisC THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS: The Early Christian Writings of Church Leaders Who Followed Soon After the Apostles of Jesus Christ by J. B. Lightfoot https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0863S9V9Q THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS: The Early Christian Writings of Churchmen Who Wrote about Christianity in the Late First and Early Second Centuries by Kirsopp https://www.amazon.com/dp/B085DT65NN THE EPISTLE TO THE HEBREWS: Who Wrote the Book of Hebrews? by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/194958674X PAUL AND LUKE ON TRIAL: Dating Events Between 33 and 49 A.D. by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586073 BEFORE ABRAHAM WAS I AM: Two Views on Translating John 8:58 by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0851LLH74 JESUS CHRIST: The Great Teacher by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586839 THE TEACHER THE APOSTLE PAUL: What Made the Apostle Paul's Teaching, Preaching, Evangelism, and Apologetics Outstanding Effective? https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586030 CONVERSATIONAL EVANGELISM, [Second Edition] by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/194575737X THE EVANGELISM HANDBOOK: How All Christians Can Effectively Share God's Word in Their Community, [SECOND EDITION], by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1945757388 HOW RELIABLE ARE THE GOSPELS? by F. David Farnell https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586650 IS THE QURAN THE WORD OF GOD?: Is Islam the One True Faith? https://www.amazon.com/dp/1945757493 THE GUIDE TO ANSWERING ISLAM: What Every Christian Needs to Know About Islam and the Rise of Radical Islam https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586766 MOSAIC AUTHORSHIP CONTROVERSY: Who Really Wrote the First Five Books of the Bible? https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586790

Dr. Wallace has been Professor of New Testament Studies at Dallas Seminary for over 25 years and is an internationally known Greek New Testament scholar. He has been a consultant for five Bible translations and founded the Center for the study of New Testament Manuscripts. If you have ever encountered anyone who questions the accuracy and reliability of our Bible, the information Dr. Wallace shares will answer those questions. NT Textual Studies Book Recommendations from Christian Publishing House FROM SPOKEN WORDS TO SACRED TEXTS: Introduction-Intermediate to New Testament Textual Studies by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586987 Google eBooks: http://bit.ly/2VbIwVK THE NEW TESTAMENT DOCUMENTS: Can They Be Trusted by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/194958609X Google eBooks: [https://bit.ly/2YQOsnd] THE P52 PROJECT: Is P52 Really the Earliest Greek New Testament Manuscript? by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586103 Google eBooks: [https://bit.ly/3c3SbT3] 400,000+ SCRIBAL ERRORS IN THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT MANUSCRIPTS: What Assurance Do We Have that We Can Trust the Bible? by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586928 Google eBooks: https://bit.ly/2Z7ogI6 THE READING CULTURE OF EARLY CHRISTIANITY: The Production, Publication, Circulation, and Use of Books in the Early Christian Church Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586847 Google eBooks: https://bit.ly/2XS4J99 MISREPRESENTING JESUS: Debunking Bart D. Ehrman's "Misquoting Jesus" [Fourth Edition] by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586952 THE COMPLETE GUIDE to BIBLE TRANSLATION: Bible Translation Choices and Translation Principles [Second Edition] Authored by Edward D Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/0692728716 BIBLE DIFFICULTIES: How to Approach Difficulties In the Bible by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/B084DLSBZ2 THE KING JAMES BIBLE: Do You Know the King James Version? By Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/KING-JAMES-BIB... Google eBooks: https://tiny.cc/ioi5wy THE KING JAMES BIBLE Why Have Modern Bible Translations Removed Many Verses That Are In the King James Version? by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586960 Google eBook: https://bit.ly/2p3SFGn HISTORY OF ENGLISH VERSIONS OF THE BIBLE by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586979 Google eBook: https://bit.ly/34LxisC THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS: The Early Christian Writings of Church Leaders Who Followed Soon After the Apostles of Jesus Christ by J. B. Lightfoot https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0863S9V9Q THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS: The Early Christian Writings of Churchmen Who Wrote about Christianity in the Late First and Early Second Centuries by Kirsopp https://www.amazon.com/dp/B085DT65NN THE EPISTLE TO THE HEBREWS: Who Wrote the Book of Hebrews? by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/194958674X PAUL AND LUKE ON TRIAL: Dating Events Between 33 and 49 A.D. by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586073 BEFORE ABRAHAM WAS I AM: Two Views on Translating John 8:58 by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0851LLH74 JESUS CHRIST: The Great Teacher by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586839 THE TEACHER THE APOSTLE PAUL: What Made the Apostle Paul's Teaching, Preaching, Evangelism, and Apologetics Outstanding Effective? https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586030 CONVERSATIONAL EVANGELISM, [Second Edition] by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/194575737X THE EVANGELISM HANDBOOK: How All Christians Can Effectively Share God's Word in Their Community, [SECOND EDITION], by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1945757388 HOW RELIABLE ARE THE GOSPELS? by F. David Farnell https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586650 IS THE QURAN THE WORD OF GOD?: Is Islam the One True Faith? https://www.amazon.com/dp/1945757493 THE GUIDE TO ANSWERING ISLAM: What Every Christian Needs to Know About Islam and the Rise of Radical Islam https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586766 MOSAIC AUTHORSHIP CONTROVERSY: Who Really Wrote the First Five Books of the Bible? https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586790

Textual Studies is the art and science (some would say only art) of determining the original text from variant readings exhibited by extant manuscripts. At present, a good deal of scientific methodology seems to be used as statistics, and computer processing is heavily employed. At the same time, however, TC is also faith-based (at least among conservative theologians), and the results are arguably impossible to verify. Faith plays a role in the belief by many that God has preserved His word somewhere among extant Greek manuscripts, which makes conjectural emendation unnecessary and unacceptable. As to verification, logic and the genealogical relationships between texts than can be constructed are often very convincing, but sometimes a decision is somewhat tenuous. Some critics would claim that no decision can really be verified, but many theories are accepted today without physical verification, on the strength of reasonable probability. NT Textual Studies Book Recommendations from Christian Publishing House FROM SPOKEN WORDS TO SACRED TEXTS: Introduction-Intermediate to New Testament Textual Studies by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586987 Google eBooks: http://bit.ly/2VbIwVK THE NEW TESTAMENT DOCUMENTS: Can They Be Trusted by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/194958609X Google eBooks: [https://bit.ly/2YQOsnd] THE P52 PROJECT: Is P52 Really the Earliest Greek New Testament Manuscript? by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586103 Google eBooks: [https://bit.ly/3c3SbT3] 400,000+ SCRIBAL ERRORS IN THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT MANUSCRIPTS: What Assurance Do We Have that We Can Trust the Bible? by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586928 Google eBooks: https://bit.ly/2Z7ogI6 THE READING CULTURE OF EARLY CHRISTIANITY: The Production, Publication, Circulation, and Use of Books in the Early Christian Church Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586847 Google eBooks: https://bit.ly/2XS4J99 MISREPRESENTING JESUS: Debunking Bart D. Ehrman's "Misquoting Jesus" [Fourth Edition] by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586952 THE COMPLETE GUIDE to BIBLE TRANSLATION: Bible Translation Choices and Translation Principles [Second Edition] Authored by Edward D Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/0692728716 BIBLE DIFFICULTIES: How to Approach Difficulties In the Bible by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/B084DLSBZ2 THE KING JAMES BIBLE: Do You Know the King James Version? By Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/KING-JAMES-BIB... Google eBooks: https://tiny.cc/ioi5wy THE KING JAMES BIBLE Why Have Modern Bible Translations Removed Many Verses That Are In the King James Version? by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586960 Google eBook: https://bit.ly/2p3SFGn HISTORY OF ENGLISH VERSIONS OF THE BIBLE by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586979 Google eBook: https://bit.ly/34LxisC THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS: The Early Christian Writings of Church Leaders Who Followed Soon After the Apostles of Jesus Christ by J. B. Lightfoot https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0863S9V9Q THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS: The Early Christian Writings of Churchmen Who Wrote about Christianity in the Late First and Early Second Centuries by Kirsopp https://www.amazon.com/dp/B085DT65NN THE EPISTLE TO THE HEBREWS: Who Wrote the Book of Hebrews? by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/194958674X PAUL AND LUKE ON TRIAL: Dating Events Between 33 and 49 A.D. by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586073 BEFORE ABRAHAM WAS I AM: Two Views on Translating John 8:58 by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0851LLH74 JESUS CHRIST: The Great Teacher by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586839 THE TEACHER THE APOSTLE PAUL: What Made the Apostle Paul's Teaching, Preaching, Evangelism, and Apologetics Outstanding Effective? https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586030 CONVERSATIONAL EVANGELISM, [Second Edition] by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/194575737X THE EVANGELISM HANDBOOK: How All Christians Can Effectively Share God's Word in Their Community, [SECOND EDITION], by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1945757388 HOW RELIABLE ARE THE GOSPELS? by F. David Farnell https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586650 IS THE QURAN THE WORD OF GOD?: Is Islam the One True Faith? https://www.amazon.com/dp/1945757493 THE GUIDE TO ANSWERING ISLAM: What Every Christian Needs to Know About Islam and the Rise of Radical Islam https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586766 MOSAIC AUTHORSHIP CONTROVERSY: Who Really Wrote the First Five Books of the Bible? https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586790

IMPORTANT NOTES: Great, informative video but Jongkind dates P46 to the third century when it should be dated to the second century [150 A.D.]. He also dates P75 to the third century and really it should be dated late second-early third century [175-225 A.D.] Codex Sinaiticus should be dated to about 330-360 A.D. Codex Vaticanus should be dated to 300-325 A.D. Jongkind said that Codex Vaticanus was copied very carefully, which is true but early he did not mention that P75 is very carefully copied to by a professional scribe and is very similar to Codex Vaticanus, to the point we can say the exemplar that Vaticanus used would likely have been very much like P75. Lastly, the chart where Jongkind lists the number of manuscripts per century, we would put 14 manuscripts being dated to 100-150 A.D. and about 40 manuscripts that dated from 175-250 A.D. - Edward D. Andrews Dirk Jongkind takes us through some of the larger manuscripts we have for the New Testament and addresses some of the questions they raise: how did they come into being, what are the differences between them, and how much can we really know about them? - Video recording by FOCLonline.org NT Textual Studies Book Recommendations from Christian Publishing House FROM SPOKEN WORDS TO SACRED TEXTS: Introduction-Intermediate to New Testament Textual Studies by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586987 Google eBooks: http://bit.ly/2VbIwVK THE NEW TESTAMENT DOCUMENTS: Can They Be Trusted by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/194958609X Google eBooks: [https://bit.ly/2YQOsnd] THE P52 PROJECT: Is P52 Really the Earliest Greek New Testament Manuscript? by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586103 Google eBooks: [https://bit.ly/3c3SbT3] 400,000+ SCRIBAL ERRORS IN THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT MANUSCRIPTS: What Assurance Do We Have that We Can Trust the Bible? by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586928 Google eBooks: https://bit.ly/2Z7ogI6 THE READING CULTURE OF EARLY CHRISTIANITY: The Production, Publication, Circulation, and Use of Books in the Early Christian Church Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586847 Google eBooks: https://bit.ly/2XS4J99 MISREPRESENTING JESUS: Debunking Bart D. Ehrman's "Misquoting Jesus" [Fourth Edition] by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586952 THE COMPLETE GUIDE to BIBLE TRANSLATION: Bible Translation Choices and Translation Principles [Second Edition] Authored by Edward D Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/0692728716 BIBLE DIFFICULTIES: How to Approach Difficulties In the Bible by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/B084DLSBZ2 THE KING JAMES BIBLE: Do You Know the King James Version? By Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/KING-JAMES-BIB... Google eBooks: https://tiny.cc/ioi5wy THE KING JAMES BIBLE Why Have Modern Bible Translations Removed Many Verses That Are In the King James Version? by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586960 Google eBook: https://bit.ly/2p3SFGn HISTORY OF ENGLISH VERSIONS OF THE BIBLE by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586979 Google eBook: https://bit.ly/34LxisC THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS: The Early Christian Writings of Church Leaders Who Followed Soon After the Apostles of Jesus Christ by J. B. Lightfoot https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0863S9V9Q THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS: The Early Christian Writings of Churchmen Who Wrote about Christianity in the Late First and Early Second Centuries by Kirsopp https://www.amazon.com/dp/B085DT65NN THE EPISTLE TO THE HEBREWS: Who Wrote the Book of Hebrews? by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/194958674X PAUL AND LUKE ON TRIAL: Dating Events Between 33 and 49 A.D. by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586073 BEFORE ABRAHAM WAS I AM: Two Views on Translating John 8:58 by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0851LLH74 JESUS CHRIST: The Great Teacher by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586839 THE TEACHER THE APOSTLE PAUL: What Made the Apostle Paul's Teaching, Preaching, Evangelism, and Apologetics Outstanding Effective? https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586030 CONVERSATIONAL EVANGELISM, [Second Edition] by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/194575737X THE EVANGELISM HANDBOOK: How All Christians Can Effectively Share God's Word in Their Community, [SECOND EDITION], by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1945757388 HOW RELIABLE ARE THE GOSPELS? by F. David Farnell https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586650 IS THE QURAN THE WORD OF GOD?: Is Islam the One True Faith? https://www.amazon.com/dp/1945757493 THE GUIDE TO ANSWERING ISLAM: What Every Christian Needs to Know About Islam and the Rise of Radical Islam https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586766 MOSAIC AUTHORSHIP CONTROVERSY: Who Really Wrote the First Five Books of the Bible? https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586790

Codex: a physical book of scripture in contrast to the ancient scroll. The church began to produce codices early in the second century or perhaps at the end of the first. Aside from whatever monetary savings may have resulted, the codex provided a great advantage in locating passages: quite literally what we can call random access as opposed to the serial access necessitated by unwinding a scroll. NT Textual Studies Book Recommendations from Christian Publishing House FROM SPOKEN WORDS TO SACRED TEXTS: Introduction-Intermediate to New Testament Textual Studies by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586987 Google eBooks: http://bit.ly/2VbIwVK THE NEW TESTAMENT DOCUMENTS: Can They Be Trusted by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/194958609X Google eBooks: [https://bit.ly/2YQOsnd] THE P52 PROJECT: Is P52 Really the Earliest Greek New Testament Manuscript? by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586103 Google eBooks: [https://bit.ly/3c3SbT3] 400,000+ SCRIBAL ERRORS IN THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT MANUSCRIPTS: What Assurance Do We Have that We Can Trust the Bible? by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586928 Google eBooks: https://bit.ly/2Z7ogI6 THE READING CULTURE OF EARLY CHRISTIANITY: The Production, Publication, Circulation, and Use of Books in the Early Christian Church Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586847 Google eBooks: https://bit.ly/2XS4J99 MISREPRESENTING JESUS: Debunking Bart D. Ehrman's "Misquoting Jesus" [Fourth Edition] by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586952 THE COMPLETE GUIDE to BIBLE TRANSLATION: Bible Translation Choices and Translation Principles [Second Edition] Authored by Edward D Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/0692728716 BIBLE DIFFICULTIES: How to Approach Difficulties In the Bible by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/B084DLSBZ2 THE KING JAMES BIBLE: Do You Know the King James Version? By Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/KING-JAMES-BIB... Google eBooks: https://tiny.cc/ioi5wy THE KING JAMES BIBLE Why Have Modern Bible Translations Removed Many Verses That Are In the King James Version? by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586960 Google eBook: https://bit.ly/2p3SFGn HISTORY OF ENGLISH VERSIONS OF THE BIBLE by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586979 Google eBook: https://bit.ly/34LxisC THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS: The Early Christian Writings of Church Leaders Who Followed Soon After the Apostles of Jesus Christ by J. B. Lightfoot https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0863S9V9Q THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS: The Early Christian Writings of Churchmen Who Wrote about Christianity in the Late First and Early Second Centuries by Kirsopp https://www.amazon.com/dp/B085DT65NN THE EPISTLE TO THE HEBREWS: Who Wrote the Book of Hebrews? by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/194958674X PAUL AND LUKE ON TRIAL: Dating Events Between 33 and 49 A.D. by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586073 BEFORE ABRAHAM WAS I AM: Two Views on Translating John 8:58 by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0851LLH74 JESUS CHRIST: The Great Teacher by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586839 THE TEACHER THE APOSTLE PAUL: What Made the Apostle Paul's Teaching, Preaching, Evangelism, and Apologetics Outstanding Effective? https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586030 CONVERSATIONAL EVANGELISM, [Second Edition] by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/194575737X THE EVANGELISM HANDBOOK: How All Christians Can Effectively Share God's Word in Their Community, [SECOND EDITION], by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1945757388 HOW RELIABLE ARE THE GOSPELS? by F. David Farnell https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586650 IS THE QURAN THE WORD OF GOD?: Is Islam the One True Faith? https://www.amazon.com/dp/1945757493 THE GUIDE TO ANSWERING ISLAM: What Every Christian Needs to Know About Islam and the Rise of Radical Islam https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586766 MOSAIC AUTHORSHIP CONTROVERSY: Who Really Wrote the First Five Books of the Bible? https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586790

Scroll: the original form of a copy of scripture. A roll of papyrus sheets would be glued together, or parchment sewed together. Codex: a physical book of scripture in contrast to the ancient scroll. The church began to produce codices early in the second century or perhaps at the end of the first. Aside from whatever monetary savings may have resulted, the codex provided a great advantage in locating passages: quite literally what we can call random access as opposed to the serial access necessitated by unwinding a scroll. FROM SPOKEN WORDS TO SACRED TEXTS: Introduction-Intermediate to New Testament Textual Studies by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586987 Google eBooks: http://bit.ly/2VbIwVK THE NEW TESTAMENT DOCUMENTS: Can They Be Trusted by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/194958609X Google eBooks: [https://bit.ly/2YQOsnd] THE P52 PROJECT: Is P52 Really the Earliest Greek New Testament Manuscript? by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586103 Google eBooks: [https://bit.ly/3c3SbT3] 400,000+ SCRIBAL ERRORS IN THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT MANUSCRIPTS: What Assurance Do We Have that We Can Trust the Bible? by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586928 Google eBooks: https://bit.ly/2Z7ogI6 THE READING CULTURE OF EARLY CHRISTIANITY: The Production, Publication, Circulation, and Use of Books in the Early Christian Church Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586847 Google eBooks: https://bit.ly/2XS4J99 MISREPRESENTING JESUS: Debunking Bart D. Ehrman's "Misquoting Jesus" [Fourth Edition] by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586952 THE COMPLETE GUIDE to BIBLE TRANSLATION: Bible Translation Choices and Translation Principles [Second Edition] Authored by Edward D Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/0692728716 BIBLE DIFFICULTIES: How to Approach Difficulties In the Bible by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/B084DLSBZ2 THE KING JAMES BIBLE: Do You Know the King James Version? By Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/KING-JAMES-BIB... Google eBooks: https://tiny.cc/ioi5wy THE KING JAMES BIBLE Why Have Modern Bible Translations Removed Many Verses That Are In the King James Version? by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586960 Google eBook: https://bit.ly/2p3SFGn HISTORY OF ENGLISH VERSIONS OF THE BIBLE by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586979 Google eBook: https://bit.ly/34LxisC THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS: The Early Christian Writings of Church Leaders Who Followed Soon After the Apostles of Jesus Christ by J. B. Lightfoot https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0863S9V9Q THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS: The Early Christian Writings of Churchmen Who Wrote about Christianity in the Late First and Early Second Centuries by Kirsopp https://www.amazon.com/dp/B085DT65NN THE EPISTLE TO THE HEBREWS: Who Wrote the Book of Hebrews? by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/194958674X PAUL AND LUKE ON TRIAL: Dating Events Between 33 and 49 A.D. by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586073 BEFORE ABRAHAM WAS I AM: Two Views on Translating John 8:58 by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0851LLH74 JESUS CHRIST: The Great Teacher by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586839 THE TEACHER THE APOSTLE PAUL: What Made the Apostle Paul's Teaching, Preaching, Evangelism, and Apologetics Outstanding Effective? https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586030 CONVERSATIONAL EVANGELISM, [Second Edition] by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/194575737X THE EVANGELISM HANDBOOK: How All Christians Can Effectively Share God's Word in Their Community, [SECOND EDITION], by Edward D. Andrews https://www.amazon.com/dp/1945757388 HOW RELIABLE ARE THE GOSPELS? by F. David Farnell https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586650 IS THE QURAN THE WORD OF GOD?: Is Islam the One True Faith? https://www.amazon.com/dp/1945757493 THE GUIDE TO ANSWERING ISLAM: What Every Christian Needs to Know About Islam and the Rise of Radical Islam https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586766 MOSAIC AUTHORSHIP CONTROVERSY: Who Really Wrote the First Five Books of the Bible? https://www.amazon.com/dp/1949586790