Subject Zero

Subject Zero Patreon https://www.patreon.com/subjectzerolaboratories A Milestone for Small Modular Reactors (SMR 2020) In a time where we need to lower our carbon footprint, all nuclear power problems are outweighed by its benefits, such as; low pollution, high output power, stable base load energy, low operating costs, cheap electricity and reliability. Nevertheless, the construction of new powerplants is on decline, with only one new plant being activated in the past 20 years in the united states. High construction cost is one of the main reasons that makes it difficult to compete with other energy options. This is why we don’t see new nuclear facilities being built and those that are, have significant construction delays. The average time it takes to build a power plant is about 7.5 years, and total costs could reach 10s of billions of dollars. Georgia’s Vogtle nuclear expansion is one example. The project started in 2009 with an estimated final cost of 14 billion dollars. It was supposed to be up and running by 2016. Now it seems that the facility will most likely start working in 2021 with a total estimated final cost of 23 billion dollars. These power plants are extremely complex to build and have to adhere to numerous safety standards, which adds even more intricacy. But all of this could be a thing of the past with the introduction of Small Modular Reactors. Softwares Used: Blender 2.8 EEVEE Apple Motion Final Cut Pro X

Subject Zero Patreon https://www.patreon.com/subjectzerolaboratories A Breakthrough in the hunt for Metallic Hydrogen? [2020] A team led by French Physicist Paul Loubeyre, used an updated version of the DAC method, and are claiming to have produced metallic hydrogen. At least they stated that the results are consistent with the transition from liquid to metallic, as predicted by supercomputer algorithms. The trick was to use a new diamond tip shaped in a toroidal format. It was first introduced back in 2018, only one year after the Harvard team made its first observations. Before this, the diamond was shaped with squared faces that looked something like this. (show image of diamond) Side by side and the difference is apparent. By just changing the form of the diamond tip, some experiments have reached TPa levels, opening a new door to high pressure physics research and solving one of the major limitations of this technique. Softwares Used: Blender 2.8 EEVEE Apple Motion Final Cut Pro X Sources https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00149-7 https://science.sciencemag.org/content/355/6326/715.full https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1927-3 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-05294-2.pdf https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-06071-x https://science.sciencemag.org/content/355/6326/715.full https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=130&v=1qitm5fteL0&feature=emb_logo https://www.futurescope.co/metallic-hydrogen/ https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/9569212/Silvera_Metallic.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Wigner https://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/mineralogy/mineral_physics/diamond_anvil.html https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2017/01/a-breakthrough-in-high-pressure-physics/#:~:text=Harvard%20scientists%20announce%20they%27ve%20created%20metallic%20hydrogen%2C%20which,eventually%20develop%20into%20one%20of%20its%20most%20valuable. Attribution Tobias1984 / CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)

Subject Zero Patreon https://www.patreon.com/subjectzerolaboratories SR-71 Blackbird - Anatomy In 1957 the CIA initiated project Gusto. Its goal was to develop U2’s replacement. Enter General Dynamics Convair Division and Lockheed Martin Skunk Works. General dynamics approach used two airplanes. The first being the B-58B and the second, the First Invisible Supper Hustler or FISH. The idea was to have B-58B carry FISH up to launch altitude, but eventually General Dynamics failed to sell its B-58B prototype to the United States Airforce, imposing a major review to the project. Because FISH was initially meant to be carried by another airplane, they quickly had to change this concept, to which they nicknamed KingFISH. On Lockheed side, many designs were studied such as the Arrow 1, Archangel 1 and Archangel 2. On November 25th, 1958, both companies received compensation to continue refining its prototype airplanes. For the next year, Lockheed would spend most of its time refining no less than 10 of its major designs, A-3 to A-12. One pattern stood out from all models and that was the design trend of the delta wing as portraited on A-10 model and later established on the finalized version A-12. The competition for the CIA secret airplane development came to an end on August 29, 1959 when Lockheed received an official notification for its winning design, the A-12. A $4.5 million-dollar advance award was given to continue development of the plane. Eventually the Air Force saw a potential in developing an interceptor variant of A-12, becoming AF-12 under the project codename “Kedlock”. Sources Haynes Owners Workshop manual – Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird The Complete Book of the SR-71 Blackbird Attribution By Source, Fair use, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62033036 By Jonathan Cutrer from San Angelo, Texas, United States - SR-71 Blackbird Cockpit Windows, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=84513448 sr 71 blackbird, sr 71 blackbird sonic boom, sr 71 blackbird fly by, sr 71 blackbird speed check, sr 71 blackbird takeoff, sr 71 blackbird documentary, sr 71 blackbird cockpit view, sr 71 blackbird top speed, sr 71 blackbird rc, sr 71 blackbird flying at mach 3, sr 71 blackbird buzz tower, sr 71 blackbird breaking sound barrier, sr 71 blackbird flight, sr 71 blackbird black opsa 12 archangel, a 12 archangel vs sr 71, a 12 archangel plane, a-12 archangel aircraft, lockheed a-12 archangel

Subject Zero Patreon https://www.patreon.com/subjectzerolaboratories Software's used: Blender 2.8x Apple Motion mObject Silicon Carbide - The subtle REVOLUTION SiC is as important as battery technologies. It enables huge reductions in power loss for example, in a MOSFET diode, SiC makes it easier to achieve a thinner drift layer because of its critical breaking strength that can be a much as 10x higher than that of silicon. This results in less electrical resistance, culminating in up to 70% reduction in conduction and switching losses at high voltages. And high voltage we are talking about as high as 2,500 kV/cm while for silicon you are looking at most 300 kV/cm. This is possible because of its excellent thermal conductivity that is 3.2 times higher at 4.9 W/cm.K against 1.5. Lastly the band gap, depending on the polytype, can be almost 3 times higher at 3.23 eV against 1.12 eV for silicon. This means that the SiC is less likely to suffer from current leakage thus making it ideal to work at high temperatures. All of this translates into better electronics with a dramatic size and weight reduction along with smaller cooling systems, since SiC can operate at higher temperatures, the energy needed to maintain cooling can be reduced by up to 30% if not more. Sources http://www.ev-volumes.com/country/total-world-plug-in-vehicle-volumes/ https://www.pntpower.com/is-teslas-production-creating-a-sic-mosfet-shortage/ https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/2019_07_TE_electric_cars_report_final.pdf https://www.shindengen.com/products/semi/column/basic/mosfet/mosfet_on_resistance.html https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub57423.pdf https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/silicon-carbide-the-future-of-power https://insideevs.com/news/343256/tesla-model-3-charging-charts-reveal-details-on-v3-supercharger/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moissanite https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Goodrich_Acheson https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon_Diablo_(meteorite) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9FGSOK5l6s0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-sFxsIafLc&t=1243s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iz_QNdhFG0Q&t=184s Image Attribution Musée d'Histoire Naturelle de Lille / CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)

Quick, the first 200 Subjects to sign up get 20% off your subscription with Brilliant - https://brilliant.org/SubjectZeroScience/ Subject Zero Patreon https://www.patreon.com/subjectzerolaboratories From Trash To Flash GRAPHENE [2020] Finding cheaper ways to make high quality graphene in bulk, took the scientific world by storm and so far, there are at least 16 different methods of making it but few of them are capable of mass production at a low cost and high quality. As of current times the price of graphene per kilogram stands in between $67 - $200 dollars per kilogram depending on the overall quality of the end product. It is only a few hundreds of dollars away from silver at $579/kg. But to bring the price down one would have to miraculously solve many of the other methods problems such as; be able make graphene out of almost anything that is carbon rich, get rid of solvents or chemical additives, no special environments like vacuum or inert gas atmosphere, and lastly it has to yield large quantities of usable graphene. Sources https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/semiconductors/nanotechnology/graphene-flash https://newatlas.com/materials/high-value-flash-graphene-cheap-trash/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GzDrnoGdLO4&feature=emb_logo https://silverprice.org/silver-price-per-kilo.html https://www.theworldcounts.com/challenges/planet-earth/waste/plastic-bags-used-per-year https://www.esbnyc.com/sites/default/files/esb_fact_sheet_4_9_14_4.pdf https://ourworldindata.org/plastic-pollution https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/global-plastics-market NOTE: The animations in my videos take a substantial amount of time to make, so please be patient. I am trying to get a video per week, but some times it takes longer.

How Scientists Achieved 39.7% Efficiency [2020] Subject Zero Patreon https://www.patreon.com/subjectzerolaboratories A new solar cell technology has broken the old 22% efficiency record, all of that with a 6-junction solar cell design, something that was thought unachievable for the past decade. Developments in production methods of the famous III-V group of Semiconductor elements (IUPAC 13-15), was able to arrange them in unique ways to generate this amazing technology, all thanks to their distinctive alloy properties. Groups III-V of the periodic table are known for their special characteristics that, when combined, produce a wide range of energy bandgaps that can be used in multitude of different electronics devices. The most commonly known combination is Indium Gallium Arsenic or InGaAs …Fart noise… which is widely used in solar panels. In this new research they explored other elements of the group with a variety of combinations which ultimately increased solar panels conversion efficiency to a whopping 39.2% efficiency at one-Sun. Sources https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/current/postgraduate/regs/mpagswarwick/ex5/intro/iii-v-compoundsemiconductors/ https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=97&t=3 https://energyrates.ca/residential-electricity-natural-gas/ https://www.gogreensolar.com/products/lg-white-on-black-mono-370w-60-cell https://www.cbsnews.com/news/fun-facts-the-international-space-stations-new-solar-panels/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalorganic_vapour-phase_epitaxy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shockley–Queisser_limit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell https://www.statista.com/statistics/456925/median-size-of-single-family-home-usa/ https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/multijunction-iii-v-photovoltaics-research All Animations are done in house with Blender EEVEE by Zer0 NOTE: The animations in my videos take a substantial amount of time to make, so please be patient. I am trying to get a video per week, but some times it takes longer.

Subject Zero Patreon https://www.patreon.com/subjectzerolaboratories Mesoporous Graphene for Lithium-ion batteries [2020] Graphene has a theoretical capacity of 744 mAh/g with outstanding electronic mobility at 10,000 cm2/V and extremely high lithium diffusivity at 10-7 – 10-6 cm2/s, it holds great promise as an anode material for high-energy-power lithium-ion batteries. But the problem has always been producing high quality graphene sheets as we know that any defect will decrease the electric conductivity, electrochemical and structural stability which in turn has a negative effect in power density and Coulombic efficiency. So far tests conducted with graphene yielded unfavorable results due to how difficult it was to produce high quality sheets, but in this research, titled High-quality mesoporous graphene particles as high-energy and fast-charging anodes for lithium-ion batteries, they were able to improve high quality sheets yield by chemical vapor deposition using a mesoporous Magnesium Oxide as a template and catalyst to start the process and adding an additional step with microwave radiation. They basically grew nitrogen-doped graphene within the pores of the Magnesium Oxide template. The idea is straight forward, you have a structure full of holes whereby using chemical vapor deposition, the nitrogen-doped graphene accumulates in these pores reacting with each other and turn forming a graphene sheet, all you need to do now is to submit the structure to an etching process to chemically remove the Magnesium Oxide template. Sources https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09274-y https://www.18650batterystore.com/product-p/sony-vtc5a.htm https://insideevs.com/news/342679/tesla-model-3-2170-energy-density-compared-to-bolt-model-s-p100d/ All Animations are done in house with Blender EEVEE by Zer0 NOTE: The animations in my videos take a substantial amount of time to make, so please be patient. I am trying to get a video per week, but some times it takes longer.

Subject Zero Patreon https://www.patreon.com/subjectzerolaboratories Breakthrough Solid State Battery - 900 Wh/L Samsung [2020] Samsung research was led by Yong-Gun Lee for an All-Solid-State-Battery (ASSBs). Their goal was to eliminate dendrites formation and increase coulombic efficiency. To do that they sandwiched layers of Lithium Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese-Oxide (NMC for short) mixed with a Sulfide Solid Electrolytes (SSE, show formula on screen), on top of nanocomposite-layer of Silver-Carbon. All of this is located in between a foil of Aluminum and Stainless steel as the current collectors. The idea behind this was to remove lithium foil from the mix and have all lithium atoms part of the NMC and SSE. This approach diminishes the costs of the overall battery manufacturing since handling lithium usually needs an oxygen free environment due to its high reactivity. This is important for a few reasons, in conventional lithium batteries, the anode comprised of lithium moves freely towards the positive electrode during discharge. Dendrites are formed during the charging process when lithium moves back to its initial location thanks to the free movement enabled by liquid or gel electrolyte. This is the main limiting factor of how much energy can be store in these batteries since to control this, the amount of lithium available in the system has to be caped, limiting the energy density. Sources Nature Article https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-020-0575-z.epdf Energy Density https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density Gaston Planté https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Planté History of batteries https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_battery Lithium-ion battery https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery Cost of production of lithium ion batteries https://qnovo.com/82-the-cost-components-of-a-battery/

Signup for your FREE trial to The Great Courses Plus here: http://ow.ly/3NVW30qqwgb Subject Zero Patreon https://www.patreon.com/subjectzerolaboratories Not everyone knows this, but Tesla had a lifelong dream of being the first man to fly, of course, with an electric airplane. Little did he know that it would take decades for electric powered airplanes to come true and no, he was not the first man to fly. But the dream was there, and he even patented schematics for an eclectically powered aerial transportation system to which I did my best to make this 3D model, so you my dear viewer can see it in detail. Now, today we can spot many problems with his designs, but this was an idea that started taking shape back in 1886 which sort of justifies it. Nevertheless, he got the patent in 1921 where he goes into detail describing this mode of transportation. The cool thing about it is that his machine allowed for vertical and horizontal takeoff except that vertical takeoff would most likely not work, but the again helicopters would only become a thing in 1936. Ok, cool but what does this have anything to do with his turbine? How on to your lunch my dear viewer cause things are about to get interesting. References https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/wiki/Tesla_Turbine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_automobile https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_engine https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/119674 Tony Bowden / CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0) All Animations are done in house with Blender EEVEE by Zer0 NOTE: The animations in my videos take a substantial amount of time to make, so please be patient. I am trying to get a video per week, but some times it takes longer.

Checkout Engineered Labs https://www.engineeredlabs.com/ https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07G2W9FS7?ref=Subejctzerosci The Alcubierre Warp Field and Anti Matter [2020] The Alcubierre warp field as described by Miguel Alcubierre would help us surpass the speed of light many times which means that if we had a ship that could go 10 times the speed of light, it would take only 153 days to reach Proxima Centauri. Much more reasonable I would say. But building a warp drive is not an easy task. Miguel Alcubierre is a theoretical physicist famous for the Warp Field theory. In May 1994 he published a paper titled “The Warp Drive: Hyper-fast travel within general relativity” however, his goal with this paper, contrary to popular belief had little to do with warp drives, it was to show that a distortion of space and time is indeed possible within the realms of general relativity, and therefore we could travel faster than the speed of light. References: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20130011213.pdf https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20140000851.pdf https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20110015936.pdf https://arxiv.org/pdf/gr-qc/0009013.pdf http://www.enthea.org/docs/Alcubierre-Warp-Drive-Problems-Prospects.pdf NASA Video Space Expansion Credit NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center All Animations are done in house with Blender EEVEE by Zer0 NOTE: The animations in my videos take a substantial amount of time to make, so please be patient. I am trying to get a video per week, but some times it takes longer.

Signup for your FREE trial to The Great Courses Plus here: http://ow.ly/PH9B30q6h7p Patreon - https://www.patreon.com/subjectzerolaboratories Stellarators - The Future of Fusion Energy Tokamaks are by far the most studied type of fusion reactor in the world. So much so that the European union is investing billions of euros, in one of the largest machines ever built by man, the ITER project. There are many other ideas being explored in terms of magnetic and inertial confinement. While a lot of them are promising concepts, energy production is still a big question mark. Stellarators on the other hand, offers a cleverer approach to fusion however, due to the complexity of these machines, usually they get more attention for its looks then to its actual ingenuity. Sources A general comparison between tokamak and stellarator plasmas https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468080X16300322 NIF https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ignition_Facility W7-X https://time-price-research-astrofin.blogspot.com/2015/12/mimicking-sun-wendelstein-7-x-helium.html https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/germany-prepares-to-fire-up-a-billion-dollar-stellarator-fusion-device https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LomfPC7IxJU https://www.ipp.mpg.de/17019/meilensteine https://futurism.com/nuclear-fusion-reactor-wendelstein-7-x Review Article A general comparison between tokamak and stellarator plasmas https://conferences.iaea.org/event/151/papers/5949/files/4584-IAEA_Overview_W7-X_2018.pdf https://nucleus.iaea.org/sites/fusionportal/Technical%20Meeting%20Proceedings/8th%20IAEA%20TM%20on%20SSO/Website/talks/Presentations/28%20May%20Thu/Ascasibar.pdf https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cGOPrYN90aA&list=PLkfF1Z5_9Mu6V7D1M1wMc9EIbNq8BvLlu&index=4&t=1354s https://www.nap.edu/read/10816/chapter/12 https://www.epfl.ch/labs/bpe/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/w7X-report.pdf https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tokamak All Animations are done in house with Blender EEVEE by Zer0 NOTE: The animations in my videos take a substantial amount of time to make, so please be patient. I am trying to get a video per week, but some times it takes longer.