Could Majorian have saved the Western Roman Empire?
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In 457 AD, Majorian became emperor of the Western Roman Empire, and in the short timespan of 4 years, he managed to restore the Imperium from this to this. Is it thus so hard to imagine that he could have completely restored the Western Roman Empire? In our timeline unfortunately, the fleet which he had prepared to reconquer Africa from the Vandals was burned by traitors, likely paid off by the Vandals. Then on his way back to Italy, he was killed by the treacherous Magister Militum Ricimer. But had the traitors not managed to burn the fleet, had the safety precautions been better, I am quite positive that Majorian could have destroyed the Vandal kingdom. He had a fleet of 300 ships at his disposal plus an additional 100-200 ships by the Magister Militum of Dalmatia, Marcellinus, a total fleet and army size comparable to that with which Belisarius managed to reconquer Africa 70 years later. In this alternate timeline, Majorian and Marcellinus would have destroyed the Vandal kingdom, making Africa again a province, thus securing grain shipments to Rome, and greatly increasing the tax revenue for the empire. Ricimer would have stood no chance in that timeline, and he would either have been deposed or killed by Majorian. In that alternate reality, the Western Roman Empire might actually have survived for hundreds more years or maybe even until today.
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Were the Barbarian invaders of Rome really so peaceful and friendly?
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Were the barbarian invasions of the Roman Empire peaceful, and the Germanic tribes just settled on territory of the Western Roman Empire, or were these invasions actually quite violent? Well, friends of late Roman history, that is a question that seems to be hotly debated nowadays, so let us try to understand what really happened.
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Were Christians or Pagans persecuted more in the Roman Empire?
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History is written by the victors. After Constantine's victory in 312 AD began also the victory of Christianity over classical greco-roman polytheism. Thus, the way how people have thought about the Christian persecutions in the early roman empire, was heavily influenced by Christian writers, such as Eusebius, Lactantius, Augustinus of Hippo and others. While the writings of non Christian authors were systematically destroyed by early Christian mobs since burnings of pagan books was very commonplace after Constantine's victory. Now let us all collectively think: Do you think the Christian writers were neutral on the topic of persecutions, or might it be that the persecution of Christianity had been greatly exaggerated for propagandistic purposes, and the ensuing persecution and systematic destructon of greco-roman polytheism might have been downplayed? Newer evidence shows that anti-Christian persecutions were acutally quite rare and much smaller in scope than previously thought, while anti-pagan persecutions after Constantine, his sons, Theodosius and later emperors, were so profound, that most works of Pagan authors were wiped out, and many ancient shrines, temples and works of antiquity were utterly eradicated from the face of the earth. Now you make your own conclusion about who was likely persecuted more.
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Was the late Roman Army weak, ineffective and inferior to the early Legions?
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As we have discussed many times on this channel, there are many reasons for the Fall of the Roman Empire, there is not one single big reason. And one of those reasons is sometimes said to be, that the late roman army was weak, undisciplined, and ineffective. That the late Romans were only inferior, degenerate versions of the glory days when the legions were a very disciplined formidable fighting force, that the late Roman army was but a mere shadow of its former self, that the late roman army was inferior in fighting skill, in equipment, and through and through barbarized. And thus that it was absolutely no wonder that the Western Roman Empire fell in the 5th century, since how could such a pitiful army defend so vast an empire against so many barbarian invaders? Well, friends of late Roman history, I hope I can convince you in this video, that all these accusations against the late Roman army could not be further from the truth.
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How the emperor Constantine doomed the Western Roman Empire.
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The emperor Constantine is normally portrayed quite positively, because he was the first Christian emperor, and because he founded the new capital of the Roman Empire, Constantinople, which would for a thousand years be a bulwark for the defence of Europe against the invading armies of the islamic Caliphate. However, the success of the Eastern Roman Empire, was built upon the doom of the Western Roman Empire. Constantine, by shifting all imperial power to the East, severely weakened the Western Roman Empire. The Western Roman Empire was never intended to work as a separate entity, and the division between East and West, was a very uneven one. The Eastern Roman Empire basically got the better, richer provinces and the better, more secure geography. Sure, the splitting of the empire was a trend that was begun even earlier, after the crisis of the 3rd century, but Constantine made this division much more pronounced, by establishing Constantinople as the new capital. This shifting of the power base to the East allowed the Eastern Roman Empire to survive, and Constantinople to become a 1000 year lasting bulwark, but that was done by weakening the Western Roman Empire, which would ultimately lead to its fall already 120 years after Constantine's death.
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What would you have seen during Rome's transformation from its Peak to the Middle Ages?
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How exactly did Rome transform from this...to this? We have now already analyzed Rome in detail during different eras of the late Roman empire, from 320 AD to 600 AD, in several videos. But in this video, I want to attempt to reconstruct how and why Rome transformed from a magnificent imperial capital of incredible splendor, to the medieval field of ruins some 1000 years later. How could this happen, and how can we imagine this transformation?
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How the Romans invented Nano-Technology.
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What if I told you that the Romans invented nano-technology? Well, the Lycurgus Cup proves that the Romans were capable of things that modern researchers had thought impossible. This remarkable cup dates from the late roman empire, from the late 4th century AD, so an era where we would think that feats of advanced technology were not possible any more due to the empire's decline. The cup is special, because it is made of a type of glass, that appears green in reflected light, but red in transmitted light. To achieve that, the romans extracted extremely small gold and silver nanoparticles of only around 70 nanometers in size, and mixed these nanoparticles with the glass. It is completely unknown how exactly they extracted such small particles, that can only be seen with an electron microscope, from gold and silver. Now to be fair, they probably didn't understand the principles of nanotechnology and light refraction on such small scales, but they did understand that they were extracting something very small, which would have an effect on the colors of reflected and transmitted light. So with intention or not, the Romans actually built the first device that employed principles of nano-technology, unbelievable but true.
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The heroic Emperor who almost saved the Western Roman Empire: Majorian
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Many historians teach that the Western Roman Empire was doomed to fail, but they tend to forget the heroic emperor Majorian. This emperor almost managed to restore the Western Roman Empire in his too short 4 year reign from 457 to 461 AD. After the devastation caused by the huns, a massive civil war ensued that left the Western Empire in a dire state. In those times, Majorian rose to power, and immediately pushed out many laws and reforms, and started a military campaign with some of the last resources the empire could gather. In only a few years he restored the Empire from this to this. Unfortunately though, his plan to reconquer Africa from the Vandals was thwarted by traitors, his fleet burned, and so his plan failed. In the end he was betrayed again by his own general, the evil Magister Militum Ricimer, and killed in 461. And so the last hope of the Western Roman Empire had also ended.
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Was Tolkien's inspiration for Gondor the Byzantine Empire?
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Well at least the new Amazon Lord of the Rings series will have one advantage, namely that many will re-read the good old books by JRR Tolkien, in order to cleanse their minds from this new age cashgrab, which, let's be honest, the series is most likely going to be. And when revisiting the old books, now through the eyes of someone who is fascinated with late roman history, I did notice quite some fascinating similarities between the kingdoms of the Numenoreans in Tolkien's wonderful legendarium, Anor and Gondor, and the Western and the Eastern Roman Empires of our own world. Might Tolkien have been inspired by the Roman Empire?
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Walking through London in 500 AD. What would you see?
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What would you have seen in London of the year 500 AD? We have already analyzed in detail how Rome transformed from the most splendorous city of antiquity to a field of ruins, and now we'd like to imagine how it must have felt to be in London some decades after the Romans had abandoned the island. What would it have been like to live in those dark times in the largest city of Britannia?
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Were the Dark Ages actually quite nice?
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We live in a time where it has become completely acceptable to change history, in order to fit an ideologically motivated narrative. Suddenly there were 50% legionaries of color serving in the roman army, suddenly women were awesome fighters that were regularly fighting in wars, every bit as capable as men, and suddenly the barbarian invaders of Rome were just poor refugees that peacefully settled within the Roman empire. And another such wishful thinking is that the dark ages were actually a quite nice time. Well, we have hard archeological evidence how drastically the living standards and technology declined in Britian, when the Roman legions left the island in 407 AD. Trade collapsed, technology vanished, and people were living again in conditions comparable to the bronze age. Diseases were rampant, barbarian raids killed many, and the Romano-Britons were driven to extinction by the Anglo-Saxons. We also have good first hand accounts that show that the collapse of the Roman Empire must have been like the apocalpyse. Such as the Life of Saint Severin by Eugippius, where we can read how the early dark ages must have been. Constant barbarian attacks, many people killed every day, degradation of living conditions, constant war, famine and diseases. But I guess, it's just nicer these days to believe what you want to believe.
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The Roman Empire DID NOT have to fall. Here's why.
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Did the Roman Empire really have to fall? This is a notion that I have now heard quite a few times, but, is this really the case? Was the Fall of the Roman Empire an inevitable fact, or, could it have been prevented? Well friends of late roman history, let us try to answer that question.
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