Adaneth - History&Politics

Episode 7: Among the splendid streets of Rome, only one was the absolute "Queen": the Appia Antica. Let's find out her story. The Appian Way (Latin and Italian: Via Appia) is one of the earliest and strategically most important Roman roads of the ancient republic. It connected Rome to Brindisi, in southeast Italy. Its importance is indicated by its common name, recorded by Statius, of Appia longarum... regina viarum ("the Appian Way, the queen of the long roads"). The road is named after Appius Claudius Caecus, the Roman censor who began and completed the first section as a military road to the south in 312 BC during the Samnite Wars. The Appian Way was a Roman road used as a main route for military supplies for its conquest of southern Italy in 312 BC and for improvements in communication. The Appian Way was the first long road built specifically to transport troops outside the smaller region of greater Rome (this was essential to the Romans). The few roads outside the early city were Etruscan and went mainly to Etruria. By the late Republic, the Romans had expanded over most of Italy and were masters of road construction. Their roads began at Rome, where the master itinerarium, or list of destinations along the roads, was located, and extended to the borders of their domain – hence the expression, "All roads lead to Rome".

Episode 3: In this episode the Venaria Reale, the surprising palace built by Carlo Emanuele II, Duke of Savoy. Venaria Reale (Piedmontese: La Venerìa) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 8 kilometres (5 mi) northwest of Turin. Founded in Roman times and previously known as Altesssano (Autsan in the Piedmontese language), it was divided into Altessano Superiore and Altesssano Inferiore in the sixteenth century. The upper town was chosen by the House of Savoy as a location for a hunting palace, and its modern name is derived from the Latin for hunting, ars venatoria. It is the only Piedmontese municipality, in addition to Turin, to be able to boast on its territory the presence of more than one Savoy residence: the seventeenth century Royal Palace of Venaria (included in the UNESCO Heritage List in 1997) and the nineteenth-century royal apartments of Borgo Castello, located in La Mandria Regional Park. The palace of Venaria was designed by the architect Amedeo di Castellamonte. It was commissioned by Duke Carlo Emanuele II who intended to make it the base for hunting trips in the Turin moorland. Subsequently enlarged with countless buildings and buildings where the most important architect of the House of Savoy, Filippo Juvara, also worked. Episode 4: https://rumble.com/v496e4f-seven-wonders-castel-del-monte-episode-4.html

Episode 4: In this episode, the imposing Castel del Monte: perhaps the best known of the castles built in Apulia by Frederick II of Swabia. Castel del Monte (Italian for "Castle of the Mountain"; Barese: Castìdde du Monte) is a 13th-century citadel and castle situated on a hill in Andria in the Apulia region of southeast Italy. It was built during the 1240s by King Frederick II, who had inherited the lands from his mother Constance of Sicily. In the 18th century, the castle's interior marbles and remaining furnishings were removed. It has neither a moat nor a drawbridge and some considered it never to have been intended as a defensive fortress. However, archaeological work has suggested that it originally had a curtain wall. When the castle was built, the region was famously fertile with a plentiful supply of water and lush vegetation. The castle is famous for its bold octagonal plan, and classicizing details of the architecture. In 1996, Castel del Monte was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, which described it as "a unique masterpiece of medieval military architecture". Because of its relatively small size, it was once considered to be no more than a "hunting lodge", but scholars now believe it originally had a curtain wall and did serve as a citadel. Frederick II was responsible for the construction of many castles in Apulia, but Castel del Monte's geometric design was unique. The fortress is an octagonal prism with an octagonal tower at each corner. The towers were originally some 5 m (16 ft) higher than now, and they should perhaps include a third floor. The octagonal plan is unusual in castle design. Historians have debated the purpose of the building and it has been suggested that it was intended as a hunting lodge. Another theory is that the octagon is an intermediate symbol between a square (representing the earth) and a circle (representing the sky). Occasionally used as a hunting lodge under Manfred of Sicily, the castle become a state prison under the latter's victor, Charles I of Anjou: here Manfred's sons Henry, Azzo and Enzo were kept as prisoner after 1266, as well as other Hohenstaufen supporters. In the 18th century, the castle's marbles and other ornamentation were looted. Members of the House of Bourbon took the marble columns and window frames and reused them at their palace in Caserta. What remains now includes fragments of a knight and a reused Roman relief, while in the Provincial Gallery of Bari there is a head fragment and a cloaked, headless bust, sometimes interpreted as Frederick II. After having been abandoned for a considerable length of time, the castle was purchased in 1876 for the sum of 25,000 lire by the Italian State, which began the process of restoration in 1928. During the Allied occupation of WWII, the United States 15th Army Air Force headquartered a secret navigational aid station called Big Fence at the Castel. Central to the plot of Umberto Eco's novel The Name of the Rose is an old fortress known as the 'Aedificium'. This was almost certainly inspired by Castel del Monte. It was also the set for the film Tale of Tales. Episode 5: https://rumble.com/v497z90-seven-wonders-lecce-and-the-baroque-episode-5.html

Episode 2: Le Strade Nuove and the system of the Palazzi dei Rolli is a UNESCO World Heritage Site which includes a number of streets and palaces in the center of Genoa, in Northwestern Italy. - The Strade Nuove (Italian for "New Streets") are a group of streets built by the Genoese aristocracy during the expansion of the city at a time when the Republic of Genoa was at the height of its financial and seafaring power. These are Via Giuseppe Garibaldi (1558-1583, formerly Strada Maggiore or Strada Nuova) and Via Balbi (1602-1620, formerly Strada Balbi), later followed by Via Cairoli (1778-1786, formerly Strada Nuovissima). - The Palazzi dei Rolli (Italian for "Palaces of the Lists") are a group of palaces - most of which also date from the late 16th and early 17th centuries - which were associated to a particular system of ‘public lodging’ in private residences, whereby notable guests on State visit to the Republic were hosted in one of these palaces on behalf of the State. On 13 July 13, 2006, forty-two of the 163 palaces originally included in one the five public list called "Rolli" (Italian for "lists") were selected as a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO. The site includes an ensemble of Renaissance and Baroque palaces along the so-called ‘new streets’ (Strade Nuove), which offer an extraordinary variety of different solutions, achieving universal value in adapting to the particular characteristics of the site and to the requirements of a specific social and economic organization. They also offer an original example of a public network of private residences designated to host state visits. The Rolli di Genova—more precisely, the Rolli degli alloggiamenti pubblici di Genova (Italian for "Lists of the public lodgings of Genoa") were the official lists at the time of the Republic of Genoa of the private palaces and mansions, belonging to the most distinguished Genoese families, which—if chosen through a public lottery—were obliged to host on behalf of the Government the most notable visitors during their State visit to the Republic. Later, these palaces hosted many famous visitors to Genoa during their Grand Tour, a cultural itinerary around Italy. Today, Palazzi dei Rolli as a collective name represents the set of the most prestigious palaces of the historical center of Genoa, especially along the so-called Strade Nuove, the "New Streets" built by the Genoese aristocracy at the peak of Genoa's economic power in the 16th and 17th century (Via Giuseppe Garibaldi, formerly Strada Nuova or Via Aurea, Via Cairoli, formerly Strada Nuovissima, and via Balbi, now the home of the University of Genoa). Some of the Palazzi dei Rolli are used today as public buildings, museums, offices and private residences. Among the palaces open to the public, Palazzo Rosso, Palazzo Bianco and Palazzo Doria Tursi jointly constitute the Strada Nuova Museums located in via Garibaldi. Episode 3: https://rumble.com/v496b9h-seven-wonders-turin-and-the-venaria-reale-episode-3.html

A 2014 Sky Arte seven part docu series showing seven Italian UNESCO heritage sites. Audio in Italian with English subtitles. Episode 2: https://rumble.com/v496960-seven-wonders-genoa-and-the-palazzi-dei-rolli-episode-2.html Seven Wonders of Italy, seven iconic places of the Italian historical-artistic heritage. The series will offer extraordinary forays into precious, partly inaccessible places, thanks to the editing of video images, artistic illustrations, graphic reconstructions and an engaging story, capable of leading you along historical, aesthetic, sociological, anthropological and architectural paths. Episode 1: The Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi (Italian: Basilica di San Francesco d'Assisi) is the mother church of the Roman Catholic Order of Friars Minor Conventual in Assisi, a town in the Umbria region in central Italy, where Saint Francis was born and died. It is a papal minor basilica and one of the most important places of Christian pilgrimage in Italy. With its accompanying friary, Sacro Convento, the basilica is a distinctive landmark to those approaching Assisi. It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2000. The church was designed by Maestro Jacopo Tedesco on two levels, each of which is consecrated as a church. They are known as the "Basilica superiore" (The Upper Basilica), generally called "The Upper Church" and the "Basilica inferiore" (The Lower Basilica), generally called "The Lower Church". The Lower Church was structurally a large crypt supporting the upper one. In the 19th century a lower crypt was constructed beneath the basilica. Architecturally, the exterior of the basilica appears united with the Friary of St. Francis, since the lofty arcades of the latter support and buttress the church in its apparently precarious position on the hillside. The architecture is a synthesis of the Romanesque and Gothic styles, and established many of the typical characteristics of Italian Gothic architecture. To the left of the church stands a free-standing bell tower of Romanesque design. The Lower Church was built entirely in the Romanesque style, having low semi-circular ribbed cross-vaults over the nave and barrel vaults over the transept arms. However, the space has been greatly extended with a number of lateral and transept chapels added between 1350 and 1400. The main entrance to the nave is through an ornate Gothic doorway built between 1280 and 1300, and later enclosed with a simple Renaissance style porch of 1487 by Francesco di Bartolomeo da Pietrasanta (d. 1494). Set in the tympanum of the Gothic doorway is an ornate rose window which has been called "the eye of the most beautiful church in the world". The Upper and Lower Churches are decorated with frescoes by numerous late medieval painters from the Roman and Tuscan schools, and include works by Cimabue, Giotto, Simone Martini, Pietro Lorenzetti and possibly Pietro Cavallini. The range and quality of the works give the basilica a unique importance in demonstrating the outstanding development of Italian art of this period, especially if compared with the rest of Christian Europe.

Vari Cinegiornali dell'Istituto Nazionale Luce della Seconda Guerra Mondiale. La prima parte riguarda il teatro delle operazioni militari in Africa (Esercito, Aeronautica e Marina Militare).

La seconda parte riguarda il teatro delle operazioni militari dell'Esercito e l'Aeronautica Italiana nei Balcani (Grecia e Jugoslavia) e L'Unione Sovietica (Ucraina e Russia.)

Un film dell'Istituto Luce sull'occupazione della Cina da parte delle truppe Giapponesi.

A 2018 Czech History Docudrama directed by Zdeněk Jiráský. Audio in German with English subtitles. The Defenestration of Prague, which took place on May 23, 1618, was the decisive historical moment that unleashed the Thirty Years War (1618-1648) between several Catholic and Protestant states and changed the course of European history forever. Prague Castle (Hradčany) is massive – reputedly the largest castle complex in the world. What happened there on that fateful spring day had a long back story and appalling, long-term results. It would herald the beginning of a Bohemian revolt against the Habsburg emperor Ferdinand II, which in turn helped spark the Thirty Years' War. The Defenestration of Prague in 1618 saw three Catholic officials thrown from a top-floor window of Prague (Hradčany) Castle by an angry mob of Bohemian Protestant activists. The imperial emissaries escaped uninjured, but the events of 23 May 1618 proved to be the catalyst for the bloodiest war in European history.

Figlio primogenito di Cosimo I ed Eleonora di Toledo nacque il 25 marzo 1541, fu il secondo Granduca di Toscana dal 1564 alla morte, avvenuta improvvisamente e misteriosamente nel 1587. Nel 1564 ricevette il titolo di reggente conferitogli dal padre Cosimo I e l’anno successivo sposò Giovanna d'Austria, figlia di Ferdinando I d'Asburgo e sorella dell'imperatore Massimiliano II, il matrimonio più prestigioso mai celebrato dalla famiglia Medici. Nel 1574 alla morte di Cosimo I, che nel frattempo aveva ottenuto dal papa il titolo di granduca, Francesco salì sul trono, mantendendo il carattere descritto dai diplomatici del tempo, taciturno e malinconico, fortemente legato alla propria sfera privata a dispetto della vita pubblica. Francesco sposò in seconde nozze nel 1578 la nobildonna veneziana Bianca Cappello. La nuova moglie di Francesco, anche se visse molto appartata dalla vita pubblica. Lontano per indole dalla politica, Francesco preferì delegare gli affari di governo ai ministri per soggiornare lunghi periodi fuori città nelle residenze di campagna, in particolare nella Villa di Poggio a Caiano. Qui Francesco e Bianca vi morirono il 19 ottobre del 1587 dopo giorni di atroce agonia, a poche ore di distanza. La sera dell'8 ottobre 1587, dopo una giornata trascorsa in battuta di caccia insieme al fratello Ferdinando, Francesco I e Bianca cenarono presso la Villa di Poggio a Caiano, ma, prima Francesco e poi Bianca, si sentirono male e si misero presto a letto accusando febbre elevata e intermittente con episodi di vomito: undici giorni dopo erano morti entrambi, senza che l'uno sapesse dell'altra. La morte fu attribuita dai contemporanei ad un attacco di malaria, una malattia molto diffusa nei secoli passati. Tuttavia fin da subito si sparsero voci che la coppia fosse stata avvelenata da Ferdinando del quale era nota l'avversione per Bianca e che ambiva a succedere al fratello prima che questi generasse un erede maschio. Ferdinando da parte sua contribuì ad alimentare i sospetti creando una barriera di segretezza intorno alle due salme e assumendosi in prima persona la gestione diretta dell'avvenimento. Fece eseguire un'autopsia su entrambe e in modo apparentemente frettoloso ne dispose la sepoltura. L'improvvisa e non chiarita morte dei due personaggi ha alimentato, nei secoli successivi, il fiorire di ipotesi e ricostruzioni, oltre a fornire l'ispirazione per opere letterarie. Tuttavia, un'indagine portata a conclusione nel 2006 da un'équipe di studiosi dell'Università di Firenze, guidati dal tossicoilogo forense Francesco Mari, anche grazie al ritrovamento delle anfore contenenti i resti delle viscere di Bianca Cappello, ha condotto alla conclusione che l'avvelenamento da arsenico sia la più probabile causa della morte della coppia granducale. Anche tale conclusione, però, è stata quasi subito messa in dubbio da un altro gruppo di studiosi delle università di Pisa e Torino, guidati dallo storico della medicina Gino Fornaciari, secondo il quale le cause del decesso andrebbero invece effettivamente fatte risalire alla malaria.

A 1957 programme showing Napoleon's rise to power, his governmental reforms in France, his conquests and the disintegration of the Grand Empire in a rising wave of European nationalism between 1796-1815.

Episode 12: On October 28, 312 CE, Constantine defeated Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge. His troops featured the cross on their insignia, supposedly after a vision received by the man that would become one of the foremost rulers of the Roman Empire. Episode 13: https://rumble.com/v485kv0-chronicles-from-antiquity-attila-flagellum-dei-episode-13.html

Episode 13: July 18, 452: Attila, king of the Huns, razed the wealthy Roman city of Aquileia, in northeastern Italy, to the ground. An unfortunately exemplary episode in the history of the devastating military exploits of the man who would come to be called "the Scourge of God." Episode 14: https://rumble.com/v485tq0-cronicals-from.html

Episode 14: It is one of the most famous and devastating episodes of the barbarian invasions and takes place between 24 and 27 August 410 AD, when Alaric's Goths besiege and sack the capital of the Western Roman Empire. Cristoforo Gorno guides the viewer step by step through the places of the action, also describing the context in which that event occurred.

A 1998 Timewatch History Documentary known also as "The Roman Army at War", narrated by Seán Barrett. An extraordinary monument built by the emperor Trajan, reveals highly vivid and detailed images of the Roman army at battle. Incredibly the 670 foot long column has stood at the centre of the Roman world for nearly nineteen centuries and it is only now, with the use of modern cameras, that it is possible to capture this amazing story on film.

Episode 10: In July 64 CE, Rome was ravaged by a fire for nine days. The question is, who was to blame? Nero, fate or the Christians? A look at the period and how the early Christians fared in the city of Rome. Episode 11: https://rumble.com/v480eeo-chronicles-from-antiquity-hadrian-and-antinous-an-unsolved-mystery-episode-.html

Episode 9: Directly from the key locations in the life of Octavian who, as Augustus, became the first emperor of Rome. Drawing on the literary and artistic evidence, we witness his rise to power, the opposition that built up against him and the institutional upheaval he created. Episode 10: https://rumble.com/v47zy8o-chronicles-from-antiquity-the-great-fire-episode-10.html

Episode 8: Julius Caesar was assassinated by Brutus, Cassius and another 21 conspirators on March 15, 44 BCE. He had transformed the Republic into an autocratic regime, marginalizing the Senate and concentrating power in himself like never before. A survey, with psychological insights, of the events and background to that momentous day. Episode 9: https://rumble.com/v47z56c-chronicles-from-antiquity-augustus-the-god-episode-9.html

Episode 7: January 10, 49 BCE: a small river that was little more than a stream, the Rubicon, is brought to the forefront of history and becomes the matter of proverbs. By crossing it on that day Julius Caesar defied the Senate and transformed the institutional landscape of Rome. Episode 8: https://rumble.com/v47z1sq-chronicles-from-antiquity-the-idies-of-march-episode-8.html

Episode 11: From the mysterious death on the Nile of Antinous, emperor Hadrian's lover, the story moves to other key locations in the life and death of the emperor, drawing on evidence from the period (2nd century CE). Episode 12: https://rumble.com/v484xv3-chronicles-from-antiquity-constantine-in-the-sign-of-the-cross-episode-12.html

Episode 5: Capua in 73 BCE: 70 enslaved gladiators, led by Spartacus, escaped from the city's gladiatorial school and rampaged across Italy, attracting several thousand other slaves and leading to a full scale revolt which, however, was harshly suppressed. Episode 6: https://rumble.com/v47ubwx-chronicles-from-antiquity-hannibal-in-italy-birth-of-a-superpower-episode-6.html

Episode 4: Volsinii (Orvieto) and Vulci were the last Etruscan cities to surrender to Rome. We are given an insight into the relations between the two civilizations, their ties and rivalries, and the Etruscan and Roman influences in the funerary artworks of the period. Episode 5: https://rumble.com/v47u5h6-chronicles-from-antiquity-i-am-spartacus-episode-5.html

Chronicles from Antiquity (Cronache Dall'Antichità) is a 2015-2016 RAI historical television programme series, hosted by Cristoforo Gorno. Audio in Italian with English subtitles. Cristoforo Gorno takes us to the places of ancient history. Like a correspondent he does a full-blown reportage, recounting the events, their development, the profile of the protagonists and the historical-cultural context. Episode 1: Ulysses, the most cunning, curious and adventurous of heroes. This is the story of the legendary journey of the king of Ithaca to Sicily and the Tyrrhenian Sea, a tale told by the Greeks who reached Italy in the 8th century BCE, suspended between myth and memory. Episode 2: https://rumble.com/v47sz2x-chronicles-from-antiquity-plato-and-atlantis-the-chronicle-of-an-idea-episo.html

Episode 2: Plato invented Atlantis, but could he have been inspired by his travels to Sicily and the time he spent there? Discovering the origins of a great idea, between Syracuse and Mozia. Episode 3: https://rumble.com/v47tgsu-chronicles-from-antiquity-the-eclipse-of-athens-episode-3.html

Episode 3: On September 13, 413 BCE, the fleet and troops of the Athenian alliance were routed by the Spartan-Syracusan alliance. The battle proved a watershed in the Peloponnesian War, which Athens eventually lost against Sparta. Episode 4: https://rumble.com/v47twfu-chronicles-from-antiquity-the-last-etruscans-episode-4.html