The Sun Isn't Gaseous Plasma: The Liquid Metallic Hydrogen Hypothesis

The sun's continuous spectrum hides an inconvenient finding - gases cannot give off perfect thermal spectra. Such a simple, elegant realization - but it could portend much larger changes on the horizon for astrophysics and cosmology...

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CITATIONS:

M. Planck, The Theory of Heat Radiation, 1914, Section 101.
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/40030/40030-pdf.pdf

A.S. Eddington, The Interior Constitution of the Stars, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1926.

P.-M. Robitaille, The Solar Photosphere: Evidence for Condensed Matter - 501019, Research Disclosure, 2006, 501, 31-34.

Special Issue: "The Sun — Gaseous or Liquid? A Thermodynamic Analysis" Progress in Physics, 2011 7(3). http://www.ptep-online.com/complete/PiP-2011-03.pdf

P.M. Robitaille, Forty Lines of Evidence for Condensed Matter — The Sun on Trial: Liquid Metallic Hydrogen as a Solar Building Block, Progress in Physics, 2013, 4, 90-142.
http://www.ptep-online.com/2013/PP-35-16.PDF

S. Chandrasekhar, Ellipsoidal Figures of Equilibrium. Yale University Press, New Haven, 1969.

S.J. Crothers and P.M. Robitaille, Eddington’s mass-luminosity relation and the laws of thermodynamics, Physics Essays 2019, 33(3), 353-357. shorturl.at/myGP9

R.H. Dicke, P.J.E. Peebles, P.G. Roll, and D.T. Wilkinson, Cosmic black-body radiation. Astrophys. J., 1965, v. 1, 414–419.

A.A. Penzias and R.W. Wilson, A measurement of excess antenna temperature at 4080 Mc/s. Astrophys. J., 1965, v. 1, 419-421.

COBE website, http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/cobe/

WMAP website, http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov

P.M. Robitaille, WMAP: A Radiological Analysis, Progress in Physics 2007, 1, 3-18.
http://www.ptep-online.com/2007/PP-08-01.PDF

P.M. Robitaille, COBE: A Radiological Analysis, Progress in Physics 2009, 4, 17-42.
http://www.ptep-online.com/2009/PP-19-03.PDF

P.M. Robitaille, Water, Hydrogen Bonding and the Microwave Background, Progress in Physics 2009, 5(2), L5-L8. http://www.ptep-online.com/2009/PP-17-L2.PDF

E.S. Reich, Plastic Fantastic: How the Biggest Fraud in Physics Shook the Scientific World, Palgrave MacMillan, 2009. https://www.amazon.com/Plastic-Fantastic-Biggest-Physics-Scientific/dp/0230623840

Sky Scholar Video on Herouni’s Antenna
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p8lKQMEYYLw

Link to the Russian Documentary on the Birth of the Universe:
https://disk.yandex.ru/i/FnUkHxwI5C5EIg

M. D’Onofrio and C. Burigana, Questions of Modern Cosmology – Galileo’s Legacy, Springer, Berlin, 2009. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783642007910

Robitaille, Pierre-Marie. "On the origins of the CMB: insight from the COBE, WMAP, and Relikt-1 Satellites." Progress in Physics, vol. 2007, no. 1, Jan. 2007

http://www.ptep-online.com/2007/PP-08-02.PDF

On Kitchoff’s influence on the stars:
https://www2.hao.ucar.edu/Education/FamousSolarPhysicists/gustav-kirchhoff