John Sutter Tells of his Fortune in California, even Buying a Russian Fort, Until the Gold Rush Came

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My name is John Sutter, and I was born in 1803 in Kandern, Germany. As a young man I dreamed of fortune and adventure beyond Europe. I sailed to America, first landing in New York, then traveling west until I reached California, which was still under Mexican rule. I persuaded the Mexican government to grant me land in the Sacramento Valley, where I built New Helvetia, a large settlement with farms, workshops, and a fort. People came from many backgrounds—Mexican, Native, Hawaiian, and European—to work there.

In 1841, I purchased Fort Ross from the Russians after they decided to leave California. The fort gave me livestock, supplies, and a stronger presence in the region. My colony thrived, and I became one of the most powerful landowners in California. But everything changed in 1848, when gold was discovered at my mill on the American River. Instead of bringing me riches, it destroyed my dreams. Thousands of miners flooded the land, overrunning my property and scattering my workers.

I lived out my later years still hoping for compensation from the government, but it never came. My story is remembered as both one of great ambition and deep loss—the man who opened the door to the California Gold Rush but lost everything because of it.

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