When is it permissable to Break a Treaty in Islam اسلام میں معاہدہ توڑنا کب صحیح اور جائز ہے

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When is it Okay to Break a Treaty in Islam?

I begin in the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. , by the grace of Allah Almighty, today we are beginning Statement No. 30. and will be describe That When is it Okay to Break a Treaty in Islam?, So sisters, brothers friends and elders, Our aim is to learn and teach from the Quran and Sunnah, understand the rulings, reflect on history, and seek solutions to problems with divine guidance. May Allah Almighty make this statement beneficial and a source of light for all hearts.

Islam emphasizes justice, honesty, and fulfilling promises. Treaties and agreements are considered sacred in Islamic law, as they are covenants not only between humans but also witnessed by Allah Almighty. The Qur’an and Sunnah repeatedly stress the importance of keeping promises and honoring contracts. However, Islam also acknowledges that sometimes treaties can be broken—if they are violated by the other party or if they pose a threat to the Muslim community. The rules of when and how a treaty may be broken are clearly defined in the Qur’an and Hadith.

The Qur’an strongly commands Muslims to honor treaties and covenants. Allah Almighty says in Surah An-Nahl, verse 91:

“And fulfill the covenant of Allah when you have taken it, and do not break oaths after their confirmation while you have made Allah, over you, a witness. Indeed, Allah knows what you do.”

This verse highlights that promises and treaties are a form of covenant with Allah. Breaking them without just cause is a serious sin. and Prophet (PBUH) also said in Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith No 33 and Sahih Muslim, Hadith No 59:

“The signs of a hypocrite are three: when he speaks, he lies; when he makes a promise, he breaks it; and when he is entrusted, he betrays.”

Thus, fulfilling treaties is part of faith, while breaking them unjustly is hypocrisy.

One of the clear conditions for breaking a treaty is when the other side violates it first. The Qur’an says in Surah At-Tawbah, verse 12:

“But if they break their oaths after their treaty and defame your religion, then fight the leaders of disbelief—for indeed, there are no oaths sacred to them—so they might cease.”

This verse shows that Muslims are not bound to treaties that the other side betrays. Once the enemy breaks the covenant, Muslims are permitted to respond and defend themselves.

The Prophet ? applied this principle in practice. When Quraysh violated the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah by supporting an attack against Muslims’ allies, the Prophet (PBUH) declared the treaty nullified, which led to the Conquest of Makkah.

Even when treaties need to be broken, Islam forbids treachery. The Qur’an commands Muslims in Surah Al-Anfal, verse 58, give clear notice before ending an agreement:

“And if you fear treachery from a people, throw their treaty back to them on equal terms. Indeed, Allah does not like the treacherous.”

This means Muslims cannot secretly betray or attack those with whom they have a treaty. Instead, they must first inform them that the treaty is no longer valid. This preserves justice and prevents betrayal, which is condemned in Islam.

The Prophet (PBUH) also said in Sunan Abu Dawud, Hadith No 2759 authenticated by Al-Albani:

“Whoever has a covenant with a people, he must not violate it or attempt to change it until its term ends or he declares it annulled.”

This hadith makes it clear that Muslims must either honor treaties until they expire or openly declare their annulment, but never betray secretly.

Another case where a treaty can be broken is if it becomes harmful to the Muslim community. If the agreement threatens the security, faith, or independence of Muslims, then leaders may annul it—after giving notice. This principle is derived from the general rule of Maslahah (public interest) and the Qur’anic allowance to abandon agreements when betrayal or danger is feared , this has been give direction us in Surah Al-Anfal verse 58.

The Prophet (PBUH) strongly warned against treachery, even in times of war. He (PBUH) said in Sahih Muslim, Hadith 1735:

“Every betrayer will have a flag on the Day of Judgment, raised in proportion to his betrayal, and it will be said, ‘This is the betrayer of so-and-so.’”

This warning shows that Islam condemns breaking treaties through treachery. The only legitimate way to annul a treaty is openly and fairly.

In Islam, treaties are sacred and must be honored. Breaking them without cause is hypocrisy and treachery. However, treaties can be broken in specific circumstances:

1. When the other party violates the treaty (Surah At-Tawbah verse 12).
2. When betrayal or harm is feared, but only after informing the other side (Surah Al-Anfal verse 58).
3. When the treaty endangers the Muslim community’s security or faith.

The Prophet (PBUH)’s example at Hudaybiyyah shows that Islam allows breaking treaties only with justice and transparency, never through treachery. This balance ensures that Muslims remain truthful, just, and strong in their dealings, while never compromising their faith or security.

We conclude today's discourse with this humble supplication: O Allah, purify our hearts, accept our deeds, forgive our sins, and include us among Your grateful servants. Bless us in our time, our families, and our faith, and gather us under the shade of Your mercy on the Day of Judgment. Amen

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