How should spoils of war be divided in Islam اسلام میں مال غنیمت کی تقسیم کیسے ہونی چاہیے ؟

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How Should War Booty Be Distributed in Islam?

Brothers, sisters, friends and elders Assalamu Alaikum, wa Rahmatullahi wa Barakatuhu, we are presenting the 133th episode of the Islamic informative video based on healing and events from the Holy Quran,and in this video we will describe, How Should War Booty Be Distributed in Islam?

The distribution of war booty (Arabic: ghanimah) in Islam is a matter clearly addressed in the Qur'an and the Sunnah. It is not left to human discretion or tribal customs but is regulated by divine law to ensure justice, fairness, and the spiritual well-being of the Muslim community. The subject is dealt with in Surah Al-Anfal, particularly in verses 1 and 41, which were revealed after the Battle of Badr, the first major military victory of the Muslims. These verses establish the foundational principles regarding the handling of spoils of war, a topic that was a source of disagreement among the early Muslims following that battle.

Allah says in the Qur'an Surah Al-Anfal verse 1:

"They ask you about the spoils of war. Say, 'The spoils belong to Allah and the Messenger.' So fear Allah and amend that which is between you and obey Allah and His Messenger, if you should be believers."

This verse was revealed when some of the Muslims disputed over how the spoils from the Battle of Badr should be divided. Some felt they deserved more because of their performance in battle, while others believed everyone should share equally. In response, Allah revealed that the ultimate authority over war booty belongs to Allah and His Messenger (PBUH), meaning the distribution must follow divine guidance and the Prophet’s direction — not personal desires or tribal competition.

The detailed instruction on the distribution comes later in the same Surah verse 41:

"And know that anything you obtain of war booty – then indeed, for Allah is one fifth of it and for the Messenger and for \[his] near relatives and the orphans, the needy, and the traveler – if you have believed in Allah and in that which We sent down to Our Servant on the Day of Criterion..."

This verse establishes that one-fifth (20%) of the total war booty is to be set aside for specific causes:

1. For Allah Almighty and His Messenger (PBUH) – used for the collective welfare of the Muslim state.

2. The near relatives of the Prophet (PBUH) – the Banu Hashim and Banu al-Muttalib, who were not allowed to receive regular charity (zakat).

3. Orphans – those without protectors or inheritance.
4. The needy – people in financial hardship.

5. The stranded traveler – someone away from home and lacking resources.

The remaining four-fifths (80%) of the booty were distributed among the soldiers who participated in the battle. This fair system ensured that all participants received a share for their efforts, while also directing resources to those in society most in need.

The Prophet Muhammad ? personally implemented this system with justice and integrity. According to Sahih Muslim (Hadith 1752), after a battle, the Prophet divided the spoils and gave equal shares to the fighters, including those who were on guard duty and even to those whose camels were used in the effort. This shows that not only combatants, but all contributors to the military effort could share in the reward.

Additionally, Sahih al-Bukhari (Hadith 3142) narrates that after a certain battle, the Prophet distributed spoils of war among the people who had fought and gave special attention to those who had supported the Muslim army. This shows his practical application of divine law with wisdom and compassion.

The laws of war booty also reflect the balance between spiritual purification and material justice. It prevents greed and hoarding by directing a portion toward social welfare, while rewarding those who put their lives at risk for the sake of Allah. It also reflects the broader Islamic principle that wealth must circulate in society and support the vulnerable, rather than remain with the elite.

In conclusion, the Islamic system for distributing war booty, as detailed in Surah Al-Anfal verses 1 and 41, and as implemented by the Prophet (PBUH), emphasizes justice, fairness, social responsibility, and divine obedience. It is a clear example of how Islamic law integrates material affairs with spiritual and ethical considerations, ensuring that resources gained through warfare are not abused but used for the betterment of the entire Muslim community.

With this, we ask for your permission until tomorrow and pray to Allah Almighty to grant us the ability to act on the Quran and Hadith, Amen

Allah Hafiz
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