On September 26, 2025, Michael Button @MichaelButtonX writes: "New discovery suggests Homo sapiens emerged half a MILLION years earlier than we thought. It also raises the possibility that Homo sapiens first emerged outside of Africa." Source: https://x.com/MichaelButtonX/status/1971581588870996127 See also: The Coming Geomagnetic Pole Shift https://www.sunfellow.com/magnetic-pole-shift/ Ancient Civilizations & Earth Disaster Cycles https://rumble.com/c/AncientCivilizationsEarthDisasterCycles

Vast Underwater City Discovered Near 'Resting Place Of Noah's Ark' Rewrites Bible Story Known To Millions By Stacy Liberatore U.S. Science & Technology Editor August 6, 2025 https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-14976021/underwater-city-turkey-Noahs-Ark-rewrites-Bible.html An ancient underwater city beneath Turkey's Lake Van could potentially reveal secrets that challenge the origins of Noah's Ark. The sprawling ruins lie 85 feet below the surface near the town of Gevaş, just 150 miles from Mount Ararat, the mountain traditionally believed to be the final resting place of the biblical boat. Geological evidence suggests that the ruins were submerged 12,000 to 14,500 years ago, when a Mount Nemrut eruption blocked the Mirat River, and caused massive flooding during the Younger Dryas, a period of extreme climate upheaval. While mainstream scholars dismiss the theory, many independent researchers believe this disaster wiped out an advanced civilization, one so ancient that it may have inspired the earliest versions of the Great Flood story. 'As far as I'm aware, any civilizations in the last 6,000 years did not have the technological means to create the type of stonework we're seeing here,' said independent researcher Matt LaCroix, who spoke about the discovery on the Matt Beall Limitless podcast. LaCroix and an international dive team are preparing to explore the site in September using advanced imaging tools to map the ruins, which he believes could help rewrite humanity's timeline. The underwater complex spans more than half a mile, featuring a stone fortress flanked by circular temples with precisely carved masonry. There is also a capstone engraved with a six-spoked 'Flower of Life' symbol, an ancient motif also found at sacred sites in Peru and Bolivia. Discovered in 1997 by Turkish underwater filmmaker Tossen Salin while studying Lake Van's unusual micro-invertebrates, the ruins have remained largely unknown to the public. While archaeologists confirm the structures exist, many attribute them to the Urartian period around 3,000 years ago, or even to the medieval era. But they have admitted that the site has yet to be fully studied or definitively dated. LaCroix, however, said in a July episode of the podcast that geological data told a different story. He explained how soil sampling and analysis of Mount Nemrut show clear evidence of a massive eruption around 12,000 years ago. As a result, Lake Van's water level rose dramatically, over 100 feet, according to some estimates. Because stone cannot be carbon-dated, researchers hope to find organic material, such as sediment layers or artifacts, which could confirm the age of the ruins. But collecting such evidence underwater poses major challenges. The site’s sophisticated stonework, with tightly interlocking blocks, angular joints, and no visible binding agents, appears to rival the engineering seen in megalithic sites like Sacsayhuamán in Peru. 'You can see that the temple has been significantly damaged, said LaCroix. 'All the stones on the top have broken off except those at the edges. The site resembles Peruvian masonry, with precisely angled stones forming triangular joints, and only the front appears flat. It's beautiful and would have been perfectly carved.' He believes the shared architectural features, symbolic motifs, and astronomical alignments across sites in Turkey, South America and Asia suggest the existence of a long-lost global civilization. Scholars have long acknowledged that the biblical flood story likely evolved from earlier Mesopotamian texts. Ancient cuneiform tablets from Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian cultures, such as the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Atrahasis, and the Eridu Genesis, describe a massive flood sent to destroy early civilization, and a chosen man who builds a vessel to save life on Earth. In these tales, the survivor is called Ziusudra or Utnapishtim, names predating Noah by thousands of years. Excavation logs from Shuruppak, Iraq, believed to be the home of this early flood survivor, show a distinct flood layer above ancient Sumerian ruins. These records, uncovered at the Penn Museum, provide physical evidence of a catastrophic event similar to those described in the ancient texts. Even the Babylonian Map of the World, the oldest known map, marks the Ararat region near Lake Van as a place of ancient significance, possibly linked to tales of a lone survivor who emerged after a global deluge. LaCroix argues that the biblical version is not being dismissed but rather reframed in its historical and cultural context. He told Beall to picture a thriving civilization along Lake Van, building temples and structures on stable, elevated ground they believed would last forever. The lake’s water level was stable for millennia, until the eruption of Mount Nemrut changed everything. 'It’s not that Lake Van would have had to have been 85 feet lower,' said LaCroix. 'It would have had to have been more like 100 feet lower or more, because these ruins are at 85 feet deep. So, what could account for a lake rising over 100 feet?' See also: The Coming Geomagnetic Pole Shift https://www.sunfellow.com/magnetic-pole-shift/ Ancient Civilizations & Earth Disaster Cycles https://rumble.com/c/AncientCivilizationsEarthDisasterCycles

Michael Button: What If We’re NOT the First Human Civilization? Original YouTube video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-smG35guio To support Michael: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRDZ_t_-uHLsz_Otq6iOgyg/join Join Michael's Mailing List: https://michael-button.kit.com/signup Follow Michael on X: https://x.com/MichaelButtonX Follow Michael on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/michaelbuttonx/ ................ See also: The Coming Geomagnetic Pole Shift https://www.sunfellow.com/magnetic-pole-shift/ Ancient Civilizations & Earth Disaster Cycles https://rumble.com/c/AncientCivilizationsEarthDisasterCycles Sunfellow Preparedness https://rumble.com/c/sunfellowpreparedness Preparedness, Self-Sufficiency, Living Off The Grid https://rumble.com/playlists/V_xAnHUGy_Y

Michael Button writes: For nearly 9,000 years, the Sahara had one of the most stable and hospitable climates on Earth. It may have been one of the best places to live on the entire planet. We think of the Sahara as a vast, lifeless desert -- a sea of sand stretching from horizon to horizon. But not too long ago, it was the exact opposite. The Sahara was green. Lush. Alive. Despite its vast size, over 9 million square kilometers, only a tiny fraction of it has been archaeologically surveyed, let alone excavated. Some estimates suggest that less than 1% of the Sahara has been properly explored using modern archaeological methods. So isn’t it at least plausible that we’re missing something? That perhaps an entire civilisation -- or even multiple civilisations -- once thrived here, only to be erased by time and sand? If an advanced culture did once exist here, climate collapse could have buried its remains under dunes that stretch for hundreds of miles. Stone structures, cities, even inscriptions—preserved, but hidden. Original YouTube video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6jkBmRBR7U ... Sources used in video: African Humid Period The Sahara Desert Used To Be A Green Savannah – New Research Explains Why https://theconversation.com/the-sahara-desert-used-to-be-a-green-savannah-new-research-explains-why-216555 African Humid Period https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_humid_period North African Humid Periods Over The Past 800,000 Years https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41219-4 Rainfall Regimes Of The Green Sahara https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.1601503 ... To support Michael: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRDZ_t_-uHLsz_Otq6iOgyg/join Join Michael's Mailing List: https://michael-button.kit.com/signup Follow Michael on X: https://x.com/MichaelButtonX Follow Michael on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/michaelbuttonx/ ................ See also: The Coming Geomagnetic Pole Shift https://www.sunfellow.com/magnetic-pole-shift/ Ancient Civilizations & Earth Disaster Cycles https://rumble.com/c/AncientCivilizationsEarthDisasterCycles Sunfellow Preparedness https://rumble.com/c/sunfellowpreparedness Preparedness, Self-Sufficiency, Living Off The Grid https://rumble.com/playlists/V_xAnHUGy_Y

Mike Collins (Wandering Wolf) writes: "Göbeklitepe and Why it Matters: A presentation by Graham Hancock on the world's most important archaeological site followed by a conversation, hosted by Graham, with Jimmy Corsetti (@BrightInsight) and Mike Collins (@WanderingWolf) This presentation was filmed on Sunday 20 April 2025 as part of an event themed THE FIGHT FOR THE PAST held in Sedona, Arizona, over Easter weekend 2025 and organized by World ViewZ Media. Graham Hancock gave a series of presentations, sometimes joined by others for on-stage conversations, at the Sedona Performing Arts Center. We'll be releasing the videos of several more of those talks here, not necessarily in the order they were given, over the coming weeks." CHAPTERS 00:00 Intro 00:42 Göbeklitepe today 07:20 Karahan Tepe 10:00 Pillar 43 17:18 The Sages & the Handbags 19:43 The Scorpion and the Bird 23:00 Baalbek 25:33 Origins of megalithic architecture 26:48 Egypt, Turkey & South America tour 27:55 Discussion with Mike and Jimmy Original YouTube video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jLsQjRhyM7c Production: World ViewZ Media LLC Founder & Executive Producer: Robert Dakota Co-Founder & Co-Producer: Yuko Ito https://www.worldviewzmedia.com Video: Sedona Media Services - Angelo LaMarco Audio: Jeremy Ferguson Location: Sedona Performing Arts Center Post-production: Luke Hancock | https://lukehancock.com/ For tour info, interviews, speaking, licensing footage, contact info and more: https://wanderingwolfproductions.com ................ The Coming Extinction-Level Geomagnetic Pole Shift https://www.sunfellow.com/magnetic-pole-shift/ Ancient Civilizations & Earth Disaster Cycles https://rumble.com/c/AncientCivilizationsEarthDisasterCycles Sunfellow Preparedness https://rumble.com/c/sunfellowpreparedness Preparedness, Self-Sufficiency, Living Off The Grid https://rumble.com/playlists/V_xAnHUGy_Y

On June 27, 2025, Jay Anderson writes: "I won the award for best new speaker at the Cosmic Summit, I did a presentation on several anomalies through history that challenge our consensus models for human development, and this is the presentation, hope you enjoy!" Original YouTube video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JlD9hNO2op8 Gain Early Access to Content & Jay's Private Discord Server https://www.patreon.com/ProjectUnity Buy Jay A Coffee (Support Project Unity) https://buymeacoffee.com/projectunity Support Jay with a donation through PayPal https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/ProjectUnityPay Follow Jay on X https://twitter.com/TheProjectUnity Contact Jay [email protected] See also: The Antikythera Cosmos https://rumble.com/v6t43kd-the-antikythera-cosmos.html The Antikythera Mechanism https://rumble.com/v6t34b3-the-antikythera-mechanism.html The Coming Extinction-Level Geomagnetic Pole Shift https://www.sunfellow.com/magnetic-pole-shift/ Ancient Civilizations & Earth Disaster Cycles https://rumble.com/c/AncientCivilizationsEarthDisasterCycles Sunfellow Preparedness https://rumble.com/c/sunfellowpreparedness Preparedness, Self-Sufficiency, Living Off The Grid https://rumble.com/playlists/V_xAnHUGy_Y

Jimmy Corsetti writes: "Astonishing NEW details have been uncovered involving the Lost Ancient City of Atlantis, and the Eye of The Sahara. These details are so significant that the Richat Structure should without a doubt, be considered the most likely location of the lost capital city of Atlantis." Original YouTube video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo_fMcSLp7Q Rumble https://rumble.com/c/BrightInsight X https://x.com/BrightInsight6 Jimmy Corsetti on Patreon https://www.patreon.com/BrightInsight Locals https://brightinsight.locals.com/support SubscribeStar https://www.subscribestar.com/bright-insight Instagram https://www.instagram.com/bright_insight/ Odysee https://odysee.com/@BrightInsight:c TikTok https://vm.tiktok.com/ZM8u3XBhL/ Tip Jimmy Corsetti on Venmo! @bright_insight See also: The Coming Extinction-Level Geomagnetic Pole Shift https://www.sunfellow.com/magnetic-pole-shift/ Ancient Civilizations & Earth Disaster Cycles https://rumble.com/c/AncientCivilizationsEarthDisasterCycles Sunfellow Preparedness https://rumble.com/c/sunfellowpreparedness Preparedness, Self-Sufficiency, Living Off The Grid https://rumble.com/playlists/V_xAnHUGy_Y

On April 14, 2025, Wandering Wolf writes: I've traveled to hundreds of ancient sites around the world and what I've found after 10 years of documenting is shocking and disappointing. From Gobekli Tepe's tree controversy, Angkor Wats cutting up of modern stones, the complete covering of Teotihuacan in concrete, encasing the Sphinx in modern stone or the amount of fake plaster and concrete recreations found everywhere, there is a lot going on with archaeology that no longer lines up. Archaeologists are either complicit or ignorant. Either way, it may be past time to take things back down to the studs and rebuild all over again. Don't miss out on my recent Gobekli Tepe video focused on breaking down all of this specifically at this site and digs further into the shady business deals and handshakes being made behind the scenes to prioritize money through tourism over excavation and history. Original YouTube video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJQjlWp9FzY Website: https://wanderingwolfproductions.com See also: Graham Hancock - What It Takes to Pursue Your Passion https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2hKeluLURYo The Coming Extinction-Level Magnetic Pole Shift https://www.sunfellow.com/magnetic-pole-shift/ Magnetic Pole Shift videos on this Rumble channel: https://rumble.com/playlists/GbpFmMmx5ng Preparedness, Self-Sufficiency, Living Off The Grid https://rumble.com/playlists/V_xAnHUGy_Y

On December 13, 2022, Brian Rose writes: Today's guest is one of our most popular interviewees in 10+ years of broadcasting and someone I know all of you will be delighted to see back in the studio. He is a man who has dedicated over thirty years of his life to researching, exploring and deliberating some of the world's biggest questions. I am of course talking about the intrepid journalist, filmmaker and bestselling author Graham Hancock. Graham's career started over 40 years ago in the hustle and bustle of Fleet Street as a writer for many of Britain's leading newspapers including The Times, The Guardian, The Observer and The Independent where his attention focused mainly on stories of economic and social development. In the late 70s, he became co-editor of the New Internationalist magazine before a stint as the East Africa correspondent for The Economist. It was an all-consuming role and for Graham it seemed his life's journey had been mapped. But, as he travelled a less well-trodden path exploring parts of the world many never come to see, he began to notice things that didn't quite stack up. Standing in front of the Great Pyramid of Giza, shadowed by this 6 million tonne structure standing 481ft high -- Graham began to consider the scale of such an architectural wonder and the version of history that offers up such an unsatisfactory explanation for its presence. It would be fair to say it was the start of a life's work like no other. To say his interest had been piqued would be an understatement. Graham began a long and arduous journey into the unknown, exploring, questioning, and investigating everything we know about the history of the planet we call home. From ancient civilisations, stone monuments and megaliths, to astrological data from the past, and altered states of consciousness. "I hate it when there's just a single narrative that says this is the truth and there is no other. I started to look into it in depth, could there be something missing from the story of our past?" Graham's writing career exploded as evidence and artefacts mounted up. As an author, to date he has written 26 books, including the international bestsellers "The Sign and The Seal", "Heaven's Mirror", "Fingerprints of the Gods" and the 2015 sequel "Magicians of the Gods", all of which have sold more than five million copies worldwide, and been translated into 27 languages. At the heart of Graham's argument and the thing that has caused the most controversy with archaeologists and conventional thinkers alike is that between 12,800 years ago (10,800 BC) and 11,600 years ago (9,600 BC) a huge cataclysmic event took place that destroyed everything in its path, including an incredibly advanced ancient civilisation. It questions everything we know and have been led to believe. It is the source of great consternation among archaeologists and has divided Graham from many of the mainstream outlets at which he once worked. It is also the starting point for his latest venture, the fascinating Netflix series Ancient Apocalypse which has become an enormous hit in the 5 weeks since its release. Graham takes viewers on a journey through some of the most important historical sites on the planet to delve deeper into the evidence and bring to life thirty years of research and exploration. It has featured in the top ten most-watched shows in 31 different countries and has become the source of much discussion and debate online. I'm really looking forward to discussing this and much more. Graham is a wealth of knowledge and thought-provoking ideas. His understanding of plant medicine and ayahuasca saw him become a pioneer in the West as he propagated its now widely accepted virtues. As on every other occasion, I can't wait to sit down with Graham and take a deep dive into the history we know and the history we don't. "Our past belongs to all of us. And everybody whether they're an academic or the man in the street, they have something to contribute to the theory of our past." Original Rumble video: https://rumble.com/v51ud48-graham-hancock-ancient-apocalypse-the-most-dangerous-show-on-netflix.html Watch the full, unedited interview: https://londonreal.tv/graham-hancock-ancient-apocalypse-the-most-dangerous-show-on-netflix/ Watch Ancient Apocalypse on Netflix: https://www.netflix.com/title/81211003 The Coming Extinction-Level Geomagnetic Pole Shift https://www.sunfellow.com/magnetic-pole-shift/ Ancient Civilizations & Earth Disaster Cycles https://rumble.com/c/c-7704239 Preparedness, Self-Sufficiency, Living Off The Grid https://rumble.com/playlists/V_xAnHUGy_Y

On October 16, 2024, Lex Fridman @lexfridman writes: "Here's my conversation with @Graham__Hancock about the origins of human civilization, including his controversial hypothesis that that there existed a lost civilization during the last Ice Age, and that it was destroyed in a global cataclysm some 12,000 years ago. It's here on X in full, and is up everywhere else too. Links in comment." Timestamps: 0:00 - Introduction 1:34 - Lost Ice Age civilization 8:39 - Göbekli Tepe 20:43 - Early humans 25:43 - Astronomical symbolism 37:11 - Younger Dryas impact hypothesis 55:31 - The Great Pyramid and the Sphinx of Giza 1:16:04 - Sahara Desert and the Amazon rainforest 1:25:25 - Response to critics 1:49:31 - Panspermia 1:56:58 - Shamanism 2:20:58 - How the Great Pyramid was built 2:28:17 - Mortality Original X video: https://x.com/lexfridman/status/1846637189506957450 Joe Rogan Experience #2136 - Graham Hancock & Flint Dibble https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-DL1_EMIw6w Fact-Checking Science Communicator Flint Dibble On Joe Rogan Experience Episode 2136 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PEe72Nj-AW0 Graham Hancock website: https://grahamhancock.com/ Lex Fridman website: https://lexfridman.com/ ................... See also: "The Earth is becoming more and more vulnerable to solar activity. I would never deny the significance of the ongoing economic issues, potential for World War 3, loss of freedom due to governments and the World Economic Forum pulling their Agenda 2030 nonsense, but folks, despite the evidence being right in our faces, the media is completely ignoring what is happening to the Earth. The magnetic pole shift and geomagnetic excursion are progressing and in the coming years we are going to lose all modern technology and the foundations of modern civilization. It doesn't get much worse than this, especially since other real global issues seem to be overshadowing it completely in the public forum." -- Ben Davidson, SpaceWeatherNews, @SunWeatherMan on X Source of Quote: More Bad News On The Pole Shift https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gbJSR2Zt80s SpaceWeatherNews Website https://spaceweathernews.com/ YouTube Channel https://www.youtube.com/@Suspicious0bservers Observer Ranch https://observerranch.com/ Solar Killshot Action Network https://solarkillshot.org/ ................. The Coming Extinction-Level Magnetic Pole Shift https://www.sunfellow.com/magnetic-pole-shift/ Magnetic Pole Shift videos on this Rumble channel: https://rumble.com/playlists/GbpFmMmx5ng Preparedness, Self-Sufficiency, Living Off The Grid https://rumble.com/playlists/V_xAnHUGy_Y Vinney Tolman Describes Dramatic Future Events He Saw During A Near-Death Experience https://rumble.com/v5gc3rx-vinney-tolman-describes-dramatic-future-events-he-saw-during-a-near-death-e.html The Solar Micronova Is Going To Happen (It Is A Predictable Recurring Event) https://rumble.com/v5dwbjw-the-solar-micronova-is-going-to-happen-it-is-a-predictable-recurring-event.html Evolutionary Biologist Bret Weinstein Describes The Growing Existential Threats That Face Humankind https://rumble.com/v5bighv-evolutionary-biologist-bret-weinstein-describes-the-growing-existential-thr.html August 1, 2024 Update On Predicted Magnetic Pole Shift: Ocean Collapse https://rumble.com/v5bghvp-august-1-2024-update-on-predicted-magnetic-pole-shift-ocean-collapse.html Ben Davidson: Details About The Upcoming Pole Shift Disaster Cycle Documentary https://rumble.com/v55rdbn-ben-davidson-details-about-the-upcoming-pole-shift-disaster-cycle-documenta.html The Coming Magnetic Pole Shift: How Bad Will It Be? (Ben Davidson) https://rumble.com/v53dm2b-the-coming-magnetic-pole-shift-how-bad-will-it-be-ben-davidson.html The Catastrophe Evidence (Only 10-20 Years Before Planetary-Wide Catastrophic Changes Are Upon Us)! https://rumble.com/v50a13o-the-catastrophe-evidence-only-10-20-years-before-planetary-wide-catastrophi.html Ben Davidson: Surviving The Pole Shift - Disaster Cycle Preparation https://rumble.com/v4vppg5-ben-davidson-surviving-the-pole-shift-disaster-cycle-preparation.html Magnetic Pole Shift: The Earth Will Flip Over - Safe Zones & Disaster Zones https://rumble.com/v50b4qb-magnetic-pole-shift-the-earth-will-flip-over-safe-zones-and-disaster-zones.html More Evidence A Recurring 12,000-Year Global Catastrophe Is Headed Our Way (The Heinrich Event) https://rumble.com/v503y4x-more-evidence-a-recurring-12000-year-global-catastrophe-is-headed-our-way-t.html Ben Davidson: All About The Coming Magnetic Pole Shift (Project Unity Interview) https://rumble.com/v4xnqcn-ben-davidson-all-about-the-coming-magnetic-pole-shift-project-unity-intervi.html Bret Weinstein Interviews Ben Davidson: The Coming Apocalyptic Magnetic Pole Shift https://rumble.com/v4vigf0-bret-weinstein-interviews-ben-davidson-the-coming-apocalyptic-magnetic-pole.html @SunWeatherMan (Ben Davidson): The Coming Extinction-Level Magnetic Pole Shift https://rumble.com/v4urpw0-sunweatherman-ben-davidson-the-coming-extinction-level-magnetic-pole-shift.html Update: Current Solar Storm Almost Over, But Earth's Magnetic Shields Getting Dangerously Weak https://rumble.com/v4ur7s3-update-current-solar-storm-almost-over-but-earths-magnetic-shields-getting-.html May 11, 2024, Solar Storm Update: What Has Happened So Far, What Is Coming Next https://rumble.com/v4uissn-may-11-2024-solar-storm-update-what-has-happened-so-far-what-is-coming-next.html Highest Geomagnetic Storm Rating, Dozens Of Networks Down, Coronal Mass Ejection Number 7 On The Way https://rumble.com/v4ugh45-highest-geomagnetic-storm-rating-dozens-of-networks-down-coronal-mass-eject.html Four Solar Blasts Are On Their Way To Earth! (Space Weather News, 05/09/24) https://rumble.com/v4u963z-four-solar-blasts-are-on-their-way-to-earth-space-weather-news-050924.html How The Sun Could Wipe Us Out A Burst Of Plasma Would Set In Motion A Devastating Cascade Of Failures By Bret Weinstein July 19, 2021 https://unherd.com/2021/07/how-the-sun-could-wipe-us-out/

Scientists Have Unlocked the Secrets of the Ancient ‘Antikythera Mechanism’ By Becky Ferreira Vice March 12, 2021 A digital model has revealed a complex planetarium on the ancient device’s face. “Unless it’s from outer space, we have to find a way in which the Greeks could have made it,” researchers say. https://www.vice.com/en/article/pkd57k/scientists-have-unlocked-the-secrets-of-the-ancient-antikythera-mechanism In the early 1900s, divers hunting for sponges off the coast of Antikythera, a Greek island in the Aegean Sea, discovered a Roman-era shipwreck that contained an artifact destined to dramatically alter our understanding of the ancient world. Known as the Antikythera Mechanism, the object is a highly sophisticated astronomical calculator that dates back more than 2,000 years. Since its recovery from the shipwreck in 1901, generations of researchers have marveled over its stunning complexity and inscrutable workings, earning it a reputation as the world’s first known analog computer. The device’s gears and displays cumulatively demonstrated the motions of the planets and the Sun, the phases of the lunar calendar, the position of Zodiac constellations, and even the timing of athletic events such as the ancient Olympic Games. The device also reflects a very ancient idea of the cosmos, with Earth at the center. While some of the calculator’s mysteries have been solved over the past century, scientists at University College London’s Antikythera Research Team present, for the first time, “a radical new model that matches all the data and culminates in an elegant display of the ancient Greek Cosmos,” according to a study published on Friday in Scientific Reports. Led by Tony Freeth, a mechanical engineer at UCL and a leading world expert on the mechanism, the interdisciplinary team called the artifact “an ancient Greek astronomical compendium of staggering ambition” and “a beautiful conception, translated by superb engineering into a device of genius,” in the study. “This is such a special device,” said Adam Wojcik, a materials scientist at UCL and a co-author of the study, in a call. “It’s just so out-of-this world, given what we know, or knew, about contemporary ancient Greek technology. It’s unique and there’s nothing else that remotely approaches it for centuries, or maybe a millennia afterwards.” “However, it exists and all the scholarship points to the fact that it is ancient Greek,” added Wojcik, who has been fascinated by the artifact since he was a child. “There’s no question about it and we just have to accept that there is so much about what they could do that we just don’t know and we can’t fathom. The mechanism is a window on that.” Understanding the clockwork instrumentation of the Antikythera Mechanism has been a longstanding challenge for scientists because only a third of the artifact survived its multi-millennia entombment under the Mediterranean waves. The remains of the calculator include 82 fragments, some of which contain complex gears and once-hidden inscriptions, which were wedged between front and back display faces during the bygone era in which the artifact was fully intact. As new experimental techniques emerged, research teams have been able to explain the purpose and dynamics of the Antikythera Mechanism’s back face, which includes a system of eclipse predictions. In particular, the use of surface imaging and high-resolution X-ray tomography on the artifact, described in a 2006 study also led by Freeth, revealed scores of never-before-seen inscriptions that helpfully amount to a user’s guide to the mechanism. Now, Freeth and his colleagues believe they have tackled the missing piece of the puzzle: the complicated gearworks underlying the front “Cosmos” display of the calculator. Virtually nothing from this front section survived, and “no previous reconstruction has come close to matching the data” that does exist, according to the study. The new paper “has synthesized other people’s work, and dealt with all the loose ends and the uncomfortable nuances that other people just simply ignored,” Wojcik said. “For example, there are certain features in the surviving bits -- holes and pillars and things like that -- which people have said: ‘well, we’ll just ignore that in our explanation. There must be a use for that but we don’t know what it is so we’ll just ignore it.’” “Effectively, what we’ve done is we’ve not ignored anything,” he added. “So the enigmatic pillars and holes, all of a sudden, now make sense in our solution. It all comes together and it fits the inscriptional evidence.” The inscriptions from the 2006 study suggest that the missing Cosmos display was a moving set of rings charting out the motion of Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn -- each represented by a small gem -- along with the path of the Sun, the phases of the Moon, and the positions of the Zodiac constellations. In addition to studying these inscriptions, the researchers created computer simulations and partial replicas of the device to test out their novel model. One of the biggest hints emerged from analysis conducted in 2016 that revealed inscriptions in the front cover that included a pair of values, 462 years and 442 years, which the mechanism’s makers associated with Venus and Saturn. The researchers were able to identify a possible source for these numbers, derived from the work of the pre-Socratic philosopher Parmenides. These values are ancient Greek calculations of the synodic periods of the planets, meaning they represent the time it takes for planets to return to the same apparent position in the sky as viewed from Earth, according to the study. The cycles were complicated by the ancient belief that Earth was at the center of the solar system. This geocentric bias required the invention of complex models to account for the retrograde motion of planets: a phenomenon in which planets appear to move in occasional backward loops. The effect is an optical illusion that occurs when faster moving planets overtake slower counterparts during their orbits around the Sun, but the Greeks devised intricate mechanisms and cycles to find alternate explanations. The synodic cycles revealed for Venus and Saturn enabled the team to reverse-engineer a system of gears with the right amount of teeth to produce the kind of planetary motion described in the inscriptions -- complete with retrograde motions that showed up on the front face. This would be a relatively easy task for one planet, but representing all five known planets involved extremely ingenious engineers. “If you’re going to show all the planets, you’re going to have to get all their positions correct,” explained Wojcik. “As you rotate the handle on the side of the mechanism, all these little planets start to move around like clockwork in this kind of mini-planetarium and occasionally, one of them will turn backwards, and then it would move forwards again, and then another one, further out, will start to turn backwards.” “But at any one point, when you stop the machine, it’s got to give you a faithful reproduction of the heavens because that’s the purpose of the machine,” he said. To recreate this effect in their model, the team deduced the cycles for the other planets, based on the Venus and Saturn data, then devised an elaborate system of gears that could reproduce them. The whole gear drive was meticulously optimized to fit into a small space between the front and back plates. The complete digital reconstruction of the artifact is exceptionally intricate, so you should definitely watch the documentary embedded above to see the visualizations of all the overlapping gears, pins, dials, and plates that the team thinks meshed together into this mind-boggling astronomical computer. The new work reveals a spectacular rendering of the complete mechanism, which comes closer to fitting all of the bizarre pieces of the puzzle together than any previous model. But that does not mean that the artifact has divulged all of its mysteries -- not even close. Freeth, Wojcik, and their colleagues now hope to replicate the full machinery of their model using the technologies available to its Greek creators, which presents both an enormous challenge and an exhilarating new chapter in the ongoing saga of the Antikythera Mechanism. “It is so remarkable in terms of its requirements for accuracy and manufacturing ability that it’s out of sync with what we think Greeks could have achieved,” Wojcik said. “But we have to accept that that is the way the machine worked, and the Greeks made it.” “Unless it’s from outer space, we have to find a way in which the Greeks could have made it,” he concluded. “That’s the next stage and the exciting bit is, I think that’s the final piece of the jigsaw.” See also: The Antikythera Mechanism https://rumble.com/v6svoa5-the-antikythera-mechanism.html ......................... Learn more about Ancient Greece and the enormous contributions they made to human civilization: https://www.sunfellow.com/the-greeks/

The Antikythera Mechanism is an ancient Greek hand-powered device, widely considered the world’s first analog computer and orrery (a mechanical model of the solar system). It was designed to predict and display astronomical phenomena, including the positions of the Sun, Moon, and known planets, as well as to forecast solar and lunar eclipses, track the phases and age of the Moon, and follow the cycles of ancient athletic games such as the Olympiad. The mechanism was discovered in 1901 by sponge divers investigating a Roman-era shipwreck off the coast of the Greek island of Antikythera. The shipwreck itself dates to between 60 and 70 BCE, but the device may have been constructed as early as the late 2nd century BCE (around 205–60 BCE). The Antikythera Mechanism could: • Predict the positions of the Sun, Moon, and planets for any chosen date in the past or future. • Calculate the timing of solar and lunar eclipses using complex cycles such as the Saros and Metonic cycles. • Track lunar phases and the age of the Moon. • Display the dates of major athletic competitions, like the ancient Olympic Games. • Indicate the heliacal risings and settings of prominent stars and constellations. The device was housed in a wooden box with bronze gears and dials, and it was operated by turning a hand crank. Its complexity and precision are unmatched by any other known artifact from antiquity, and it incorporates knowledge from both Babylonian and Greek astronomy. The mechanism’s fragments, now totaling 82, are preserved at the National Archaeological Museum in Athens. In summary, the Antikythera Mechanism is a remarkable testament to ancient Greek engineering, serving as a sophisticated astronomical calculator and predictive tool over two millennia ago. No other ancient devices like the Antikythera Mechanism -- sometimes called the “Antikythera Cosmos” -- have ever been discovered. The Antikythera Mechanism remains unique; it is the only known example of such a sophisticated ancient Greek analog computer or astronomical calculator. See also: The Antikythera Cosmos https://rumble.com/v2zkgey-the-antikythera-cosmos.html Learn more about Ancient Greece and the enormous contributions they made to human civilization: https://www.sunfellow.com/the-greeks/ Extraordinary Human Capabilities & Accomplishments https://sunfellow.com/extraordinary-human-capabilities/