Sclerotherapy

Sclerosing agents are chemical compounds used medically to intentionally cause controlled inflammation and fibrosis within blood vessels or tissue, leading to their closure or obliteration.

Biologically, they work by damaging the endothelium (inner lining) of veins or abnormal tissue structures, triggering a localized immune response that leads to thrombosis and eventually collagen-mediated scarring.

Commonly used in the treatment of varicose veins, lymphatic malformations, and hemorrhoids, agents like polidocanol, sodium tetradecyl sulfate, or hypertonic saline vary in potency, half-life, and side-effect profile.

The response is dose-dependent and influenced by tissue permeability, pH, and local immune reactivity, requiring precise administration to avoid complications such as ulceration or embolism.