The Commonwealth of Israel

1. First Jewish Commonwealth:
- Ancient Israelite kingdoms.
- United monarchy under King David and King Solomon.

2. Second Jewish Commonwealth (Second Temple Period):
- Time frame: 530 BCE to 70 CE.
- Events: Return from Babylonian exile, rebuilding of the Temple, rise of Jewish sects.

3. Third Jewish Commonwealth (State of Israel):
- Modern State of Israel, established in 1948.
- Fulfillment of ancient prophecies and Jewish resilience.