SNIPER- THE LAST STAND Official Trailer (2025)

SNIPER- THE LAST STAND Official Trailer (2025)

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SNIPER: THE LAST STAND Trailer (2025) Action Movie
© 2025 - Sony Pictures
To stop an arms dealer (Arnold Vosloo) from unleashing a deadly superweapon, Ace sniper Brandon Beckett (Chad Michael Collins) and Agent Zero (Ryan Robbins) are deployed to Costa Verde to lead a group of elite soldiers against an unrelenting militia. Taking an untested sniper under his wing, Beckett faces his newest challenge: giving orders instead of receiving them. With both time and ammo running low in a race to save humanity, the team must overcome all odds just to survive.

CAST: Chad Michael Collins, Ryan Robbins, Arnold Vosloo
"Where will you be in the thick of it?" Sony Pictures has revealed the official trailer for an action thriller B-movie called Sniper: The Last Stand, which is being released direct-to-VOD later this month. Definitely not a theatrical movie by any means - looks more like direct-to-VHS. "One last stand for humanity." Ace sniper Brandon Beckett and Agent Zero are deployed to Costa Verde to lead a group of elite soldiers against an unrelenting militia. This is the latest in a "sniper" franchise starring Chad Michael Collins as Brandon Beckett - it also includes (yes these are real) Sniper: Reloaded (2011), Sniper: Legacy (2014), Sniper: Ghost Shooter (2016), Sniper: Ultimate Kill (2017), Sniper Assassin's End (2020), Sniper: Rogue Mission (2022), and Sniper: G.R.I.T. - Global Response & Intelligence Team (2023). The The Last Stand cast includes Ryan Robbins, Sharon Taylor, Manuel Rodriguez-Saenz, and Arnold Vosloo. Yeah this is for Sniper fans only. Why are they fighting in a fountain in this action scene? Are there even any snipers in it? Take a look.

Here's the official trailer (+ poster) for Danishka Esterhazy's Sniper: The Last Stand, from YouTube:

Sniper: The Last Stand Poster

To stop an arms dealer from unleashing a deadly superweapon, the Ace sniper Brandon Beckett (Chad Michael Collins) and Agent Zero (Ryan Robbins) are deployed to lead a group of elite soldiers in Costa Verde. Taking an untested sniper under his wing, Beckett faces his newest challenge: giving orders instead of receiving them. With time and ammo running low, they must overcome all odds just to survive. Sniper: The Last Stand is directed by Canadian filmmaker Danishka Esterhazy, director of many other B-movies including Level 16, The Banana Splits Movie, Slumber Party Massacre, The Disappearance of Cari Farver, and Killer Body Count most recently. The screenplay is written by Sean Wathen. This is produced by Lance Samuels. This hasn't premiered at any festivals or elsewhere, as far as we know. Sony Pictures will release Sniper: The Last Stand direct-to-VOD starting on January 21st, 2025 coming soon. Is anyone interested?
A while back, we shared a Best Movie You Never Saw video on the action thriller Sniper, which was given a theatrical release in 1993 and spawned a direct-to-video franchise that is continuing to this day. In fact, a trailer for the eleventh film in the franchise, Sniper: The Last Stand, has just arrived online and can be seen in the embed above. The film is set to receive a digital release on January 21st.

Tom Berenger took on the lead role of sniper Thomas Beckett in the original film, and came back for Sniper 2 (2002) and Sniper 3 (2004). As of 2011’s Sniper: Reloaded, Thomas’s son Brandon, played by Chad Michael Collins, became the lead character in the franchise, and his story has continued through Sniper: Legacy (2014), Sniper: Ghost Shooter (2016), Sniper: Ultimate Kill (2017), Sniper: Assassin’s End (2020), Sniper: Rogue Mission (2022), Sniper: G.R.I.T. – Global Response & Intelligence Team (2023), and now Sniper: The Last Stand. Berenger returned for appearances in Legacy, Ultimate Kill, and Assassin’s End, while Billy Zane, his co-star in the first movie, showed up in Reloaded, Ghost Shooter, and Ultimate Kill. Neither Berenger nor Zane seem to be in The Last Stand.

Directed by Danishka Esterhazy, whose credits include The Banana Splits Movie and the Slumber Party Massacre remake, from a screenplay by Sean Wathen (Escape the Field), Sniper: The Last Stand has the following synopsis: To stop an arms dealer from unleashing a deadly superweapon, the Ace sniper Brandon Beckett and Agent Zero are deployed to lead a group of elite soldiers in Costa Verde. Taking an untested sniper under his wing, Beckett faces his newest challenge: giving orders instead of receiving them. With time and ammo running low, they must overcome all odds just to survive.

Chad Michael Collins is joined in the cast by Ryan Robbins, who has been co-starring in these films as Agent Zero since Assassin’s End, as well as Sharon Taylor, Manuel Rodriguez-Saenz, and Arnold Vosloo.

Are you a fan of the Sniper franchise, and will you be watching Sniper: The Last Stand when Sony releases it later this month? Check out the trailer, then let us know by leaving a comment below. I have been following this series from the start, and will definitely be watching this new addition.

Sniper: The Last Stand
Tags: Chad Michael Collins, Danishka Esterhazy, film trailer, Sniper
The Sniper franchise has built a reputation for blending tactical action with personal stakes, and The Last Stand aims to up the ante. The story finds ace sniper Brandon Beckett (Collins) teaming up with Agent Zero (Ryan Robbins) to thwart an arms dealer's plan to unleash a deadly superweapon. Set in Costa Verde, the mission challenges Beckett in new ways, forcing him to shift from a lone marksman to a leader guiding elite soldiers.

Directed by Danishka Esterhazy, known for her work on Slumber Party Massacre and Level 16, the film promises stylish visuals and tightly choreographed action scenes. Esterhazy's direction gives the narrative a brisk pace, leaning heavily on B-movie sensibilities while adding a touch of character-driven storytelling.

The ensemble cast includes Ryan Robbins, Sharon Taylor, Manuel Rodriguez-Saenz, and Arnold Vosloo, whose performances contribute to the film's relentless energy. With a screenplay by Sean Wathen, the dialogue oscillates between moments of camaraderie and tension, capturing the dynamics of a team under extreme pressure.

The Franchise: A Brief Retrospective

Since the debut of Sniper: Reloaded in 2011, the franchise has carved out a niche among action enthusiasts. Over the years, it has evolved into a sprawling saga with entries like Sniper: Legacy, Sniper: Ghost Shooter, and the recent Sniper: G.R.I.T.. While these films never aimed for critical acclaim, their commitment to delivering entertaining action has garnered a loyal following.

The Last Stand seems poised to continue this tradition, catering to fans who relish tactical warfare and character-driven missions. Yet, with its emphasis on a new leadership dynamic for Beckett, the film offers a fresh narrative twist, exploring the psychological toll of command.

Sniper The Last Stand Poster
Personal Impressions: A Hit or Miss?

As a fan of action cinema, I found the trailer for Sniper: The Last Stand to be a mixed bag. On the one hand, the high-octane sequences and tropical settings are undeniably engaging. The visual aesthetics—particularly the use of vibrant locales and kinetic combat scenes—add a sense of scale that belies the film's modest budget.

However, the trailer also raises questions about tonal consistency. While the Sniper series thrives on grounded action, the inclusion of scenes like a fight in a fountain and a potentially over-the-top superweapon plot feels slightly at odds with its roots. That said, Chad Michael Collins' portrayal of Brandon Beckett continues to anchor the series, and his evolution into a mentor figure is a compelling angle worth exploring.

What do you think of the Sniper franchise's evolution over the years? Do you prefer the gritty realism of earlier installments, or are you excited to see it embrace more high-concept action?
You got me again! In the past, the Sniper franchise has famously gone undetected with new installments with radio silence with regard to a new entry coming out. Once again, there is no Intel whatsoever and then BOOM! A new trailer hits for once again for another installment featuring the return of Chad Michael Collins as Brandon Beckett, resident Black Ops bad ass and elite sniper.

Collins is back along with fellow bad ass ally Ryan Robbins as Zero and they’re taking a last stand as the new teaser for Sniper: The Last Stand has dropped like a salvo of mortars detonating the battlefield. This January sees the return of the blockbuster action franchise that started all the way back in the 90’s with OG snipers Tom Berenger and Billy Zane. It’s the continuation of the next generation so check out the swift teaser below!

Synopsis: Ace sniper Brandon Beckett and Agent Zero are deployed to Costa Verde to lead a group of elite soldiers against an unrelenting militia.

Danishka Esterhazy helms the latest installment from a script penned by Sean Wathen. Genre icon Arnold Vosloo, best known for The Mummy franchise as well as countless other action and fantasy pics, also stars.

The Sniper franchise continues to reinvent itself and ever since Collins took over with Sniper: Reloaded, this has been the go to action series to feed the adrenaline needs of its intend and target audience (which I’m a part of). The set pieces and action design in this latest entry look killer with a healthy dose of both firepower and brutal fisticuffs. Feel free to make as many more of these as you’d like.

Cut off, outmanned and outgunned, this soldier is going to complete his mission dead or alive so get ready for another round of tracer fire, explosions and body count this New Year!

Sniper: The Last Stand hits Digital on January 21st!
Sniper

Created by
Michael Frost Beckner
Crash Leyland
Original work Sniper (1993)
Years 1993–present
Films and television
Film(s) Sniper (1993)
Television film(s) Sniper 2 (2002)
Direct-to-video
Sniper 3 (2004)
Sniper: Reloaded (2011)
Sniper: Legacy (2014)
Sniper: Ghost Shooter (2016)
Sniper: Ultimate Kill (2017)
Sniper: Assassin's End (2020)
Sniper: Rogue Mission (2022)
Sniper: G.R.I.T. – Global Response & Intelligence Team (2023)
Sniper: The Last Stand (2025)
Sniper is a series of action and war films beginning with the 1993 film Sniper, which center upon the characters of Master Gunnery Sergeant Thomas Beckett (Tom Berenger) and Gunnery Sergeant Brandon Beckett (Chad Michael Collins), who work as Force Reconnaissance Scout Snipers in the United States Marine Corps.

Films
Film U.S. release date Director(s) Screenwriter(s) Producer(s)
Sniper January 29, 1993 Luis Llosa Michael Frost Beckner & Crash Leyland Robert L. Rosen
Sniper 2 December 28, 2002 Craig R. Baxley Ron Mita & Jim McClain Carol Kottenbrook & Scott Einbinder
Sniper 3 September 28, 2004 P. J. Pesce J.S. Cardone & Ross Helford Carol Kottenbrook & Scott Einbinder
Sniper: Reloaded April 26, 2011 Claudio Fäh John Fasano Claudio Fäh & David Wicht
Sniper: Legacy September 30, 2014 Don Michael Paul John Fasano & Don Michael Paul Jeffery Beach, Phillip J. Roth & Scott Einbinder
Sniper: Ghost Shooter August 2, 2016 Chris Hauty Jeffery Beach & Phillip Roth
Sniper: Ultimate Kill October 3, 2017 Claudio Fäh David Zelon
Sniper: Assassin's End June 16, 2020 Kaare Andrews Oliver Thompson Greg Malcolm, Vicki Sotheran & Oliver Thompson
Sniper: Rogue Mission August 16, 2022 Oliver Thompson Rhonda Baker, Bay Dariz & Mark Montague
Sniper: G.R.I.T. – Global Response & Intelligence Team September 26, 2023 Bay Dariz & Paul Parker
Sniper: The Last Stand January 21, 2025 Danishka Esterhazy Sean Wathen TBD
Sniper (1993)
Main article: Sniper (1993 film)
Master Gunnery Sergeant Thomas Beckett, an experienced sniper, and Richard Miller are sent on a mission to assassinate a Panamanian General.

Sniper 2 (2002)
Main article: Sniper 2
Thomas Beckett and Jake Cole are tasked with assassinating a Serbian general responsible for ethnic cleansing attacks.

Sniper 3 (2004)
Main article: Sniper 3
Sniper Thomas Beckett is hired by NSA officials William Avery and Richard Addis to perform a covert operation to eliminate a suspected terrorist kingpin in the People's Republic of Vietnam who was providing support for Jemaah Islamiyah.

Sniper: Reloaded (2011)
Main article: Sniper: Reloaded
With the assistance of Richard Miller, Marine Sergeant Brandon Beckett, son of Thomas Beckett, takes up the mantle set by his father and goes on a mission of his own.

Sniper: Legacy (2014)
Main article: Sniper: Legacy
After military leaders are assassinated, Gunnery Sergeant Brandon Beckett receives word that his father is one. Attempting to track down the assassin, Brandon finds out that his father is not dead, realizing that he is being used as bait.

Sniper: Ghost Shooter (2016)
Main article: Sniper: Ghost Shooter
Gunnery Sergeant Brandon Beckett is given yet another mission where he is tasked with protecting a Georgian gas pipeline from Arab sponsored terrorists, however, things become complicated when a professional terrorist sniper named Ravshan Gazakov enters the fray.

Sniper: Ultimate Kill (2017)
Main article: Sniper: Ultimate Kill
Master Sergeant Brandon Beckett is tasked with protecting a DEA agent from a drug cartel sniper, known as "The Devil".

Sniper: Assassin's End (2020)
Main article: Sniper: Assassin's End
Legendary sniper Thomas Beckett and his son, Special Ops Sniper Brandon Beckett, are on the run from the CIA, Russian Mercenaries, and a Yakuza-trained assassin with sniper skills that rival both legendary sharp shooters.

Sniper: Rogue Mission (2022)
After discovering a human sex trafficking ring working with a corrupt agent, Brandon Beckett teams up with allies from his past, Agent Zeke “Zero” Rosenberg and Yuki "Lady Death" Mifune, to discover the identity of the agent and stop the ring.[1][2][3][4][5]

Sniper: G.R.I.T. – Global Response & Intelligence Team (2023)
When an international terrorist cult threatens global political stability and kidnaps a fellow agent, Ace Sniper Brandon Beckett (Chad Michael Collins) and the newly-formed Global Response & Intelligence Team – or G.R.I.T. – led by Colonel Stone (Dennis Haysbert) must travel across the world to Malta, infiltrate the cult, and take out its leader to free Lady Death (Luna Fujimoto) and stop the global threat. Ryan Robbins and Josh Brener also star in this globetrotting entry to the Sniper franchise.[6]

Sniper: The Last Stand (2025)
Cast and crew
Principal cast
Characters Films
Sniper Sniper 2 Sniper 3 Sniper:
Reloaded Sniper:
Legacy Sniper:
Ghost Shooter Sniper:
Ultimate Kill Sniper:
Assassin's End Sniper:
Rogue Mission Sniper:
G.R.I.T. – Global Response & Intelligence Team Sniper:
The Last Stand
1993 2002 2004 2011 2014 2016 2017 2020 2022 2023 2025
Master Gunnery Sergeant Tom Beckett Tom Berenger Mentioned Tom Berenger Mentioned Tom Berenger
Brandon Beckett Chad Michael Collins
Richard Miller Billy Zane Mentioned Billy Zane Billy Zane
Colonel Chester Van Damme J. T. Walsh
Corporal Doug Papich Aden Young
Jake Cole Bokeem Woodbine
Pavel Tamás Puskás
CIA Agent James Eckles Dan Butler
Colonel Dan McKenna Linden Ashby Mentioned
CIA Director Bill Avery Denis Arndt
Paul "Finn" Finnegan John Doman
Detective Quan Byron Mann
Lieutenant Ellen Abramowitz Annabel Wright
Martin Chandler Patrick Lyster
Colonel Ralf Jäger Richard Sammel
Major Guy Bidwell Dominic Mafham
Gabriel "The Colonel" Stone Dennis Haysbert Mentioned Dennis Haysbert
Kate Estrada Danay García
Agent John Samson Joe Lando
Zeke "Zero" Rosenberg Ryan Robbins
Yuki "Lady Death" Mifune Sayaka Akimoto Luna Fujimoto
Gildie Brendan Sexton III
Pete Josh Brener
Additional crew
Crew/Detail Film
Sniper Sniper 2 Sniper 3 Sniper:
Reloaded Sniper:
Legacy Sniper:
Ghost Shooter Sniper:
Ultimate Kill Sniper:
Assassin's End Sniper:
Rogue Mission
Director Luis Llosa Craig R. Baxley P. J. Pesce Claudio Fäh Don Michael Paul Claudio Fäh Kaare Andrews Oliver Thompson
Composer(s) Gary Chang Tim Jones David Safritz
Marcus Trampp Frederik Wiedmann Patric Caird Oliver Thompson
Writer Michael Frost Beckner
Crash Leyland Ron Mita and
Jim McClain J. S. Cardone
Ross Helford Screenplay
John Fasano
Story by
Ross Helford
John Fasano Screenplay
John Fasano
Don Michael Paul
Story by
John Fasano Chris Hauty Oliver Thompson
Characters by Michael Frost Beckner and Crash Leyland
References
Blu-ray. "Sniper: Rogue Mission Blu-ray". Blu-ray. Blu-ray. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
"Sniper: Rogue Mission - Exclusive Official Trailer". IGN. July 6, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
"Sniper: Rogue Mission - Full Cast & Crew". TV Guide. TV Guide. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
Simpson, K.T (July 7, 2022). "Trailer : Sniper : Rogue Mission starring Chad Michael Collins". Moviehole. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
Shockey (July 7, 2022). "The Sniper Films Return With Sniper: Rogue Mission New Trailer". LRMonline. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
"Sniper G.R.I.T.: Global Response & Intelligence Team". Sony Pictures. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
External links
Sniper on Instagram
Sniper on Twitter
vte
Sniper
Films
Sniper (1993)Sniper 2 (2002)Sniper 3 (2004)Sniper: Reloaded (2011)Sniper: Legacy (2014)Sniper: Ghost Shooter (2016)Sniper: Ultimate Kill (2017)Sniper: Assassin's End (2020)Sniper: Rogue Mission (2022)Sniper: G.R.I.T. – Global Response & Intelligence Team (2023)Sniper: The Last Stand (2025)
Category
Categories: Film series introduced in 1993Action film seriesAmerican film seriesDestination Films franchisesSniper (film series)
Sniper

French and British (center) snipers equipped with FR F2, Accuracy International AWM and PGM Hécate II rifles (left to right, 2012) and camouflage Ghillie suits
Occupation
Occupation type Military / Law enforcement
Activity sectors Use of high-precision rifles and special reconnaissance

Vasily Zaytsev, left, and other Soviet snipers equipped with Mosin–Nagant M1891/30 during the Battle of Stalingrad in December 1942

A modern sniper weapon system which consists of a sniper rifle (here Barak HTR 2000 chambered in .338 Lapua Magnum), telescopic sight (Leupold Mark IV x10), and additional optics
Part of a series on
War
(outline)

History
Military
Battlespace
Weapons
Tactics
Operational
Strategy
Grand strategy
Administrative
Organization
Personnel
Logistics
Science
Law
Theory
Non-warfare
Culture
Related
Lists
vte
A sniper is a military or paramilitary marksman who engages targets from positions of concealment or at distances exceeding the target's detection capabilities.[1] Snipers generally have specialized training and are equipped with telescopic sights. Modern snipers use high-precision rifles and high-magnification optics. They often also serve as scouts/observers feeding tactical information back to their units or command headquarters.

In addition to long-range and high-grade marksmanship, military snipers are trained in a variety of special operation techniques: detection, stalking, target range estimation methods, camouflage, tracking, bushcraft, field craft, infiltration, special reconnaissance and observation, surveillance and target acquisition. Snipers need to have complete control of their bodies and senses in order to be effective. They also need to have the skill set to use data from their scope and monitors to adjust their aim to hit targets that are extremely far away. In training, snipers are given charts that they're drilled on to ensure they can make last-minute calculations when they are in the field.

Etymology
The name sniper comes from the verb to snipe, which originated in the 1770s among soldiers in British India in reference to shooting snipes,[2][3] a wader that was considered an extremely challenging game bird for hunters due to its alertness, camouflaging color and erratic flight behavior. Snipe hunters therefore needed to be stealthy in addition to being good trackers and marksmen.[2][3] In the 18th century, letters sent home by English officers in India referred to a day's rough shooting as "going sniping",[2] as it took a skilled flintlock sportsman a lot of patience and endurance to wing-shoot a snipe in flight.[2] Accomplishing such a shot was regarded as exceptional. During the late 18th century, the term snipe shooting was simplified to sniping. This evolved to the agent noun sniper, first appearing by the 1820s.[3] The term sniper was first attested militarily in 1824,[4] becoming commonplace in the First World War.[2]

The older term sharpshooter comes from the calque of German word Scharfschütze, in use by British newspapers as early as 1801.[3][5] The word alludes to good marksmanship, itself descendent of the shooting competitions (Schützenfeste)[6] that took place throughout the year in Munich in the 15th century.[6] Small companies of shooters (Schützenfähnlein)[6] from the German states and Swiss cantons would form teams of Scharfschützen[7] for such popular competitions; proudly carrying flags depicting a crossbow on one side and a target musket on the other.[6] The earliest known date for the creation of a shooting club formed specifically for the use of firearms comes from Lucerne, Switzerland, where one club has a charter dating from 1466.[6] During the American Civil War, Confederate marksmen equipped with the imported Whitworth rifles were known as the Whitworth Sharpshooters.

Snipers are also called "hunters" in many languages, due to the nature of the craft (with the hunting horn also being a symbol of marksmanship), being called caçadores, chasseurs and Jäger. Other words for sniper include franc-tireur, tireur d'élite and atirador de escol. Completely different and peculiar is the Italian term cecchino [tʃekˈkiːno], in common use since First World War. The term cecchino is derived from Cecco (Beppe), familiarly and mockingly referring to the Austro-Hungarian Emperor Franz Joseph I (in Italian Francesco Giuseppe I; Cecco and Beppe are nicknames for Francesco and Giuseppe respectively).

Modern warfare
Main articles: Snipers of the Soviet Union, Scout Sniper, Designated marksman, Special reconnaissance, and ISTAR

Over-watch being provided by an army sergeant during a high-level meeting, Baghdad, Iraq

A U.S. Army sniper using a Barrett M82
Military doctrine
Different countries use different military doctrines regarding snipers in military units, settings, and tactics.

A sniper's primary function in modern warfare is to stay concealed at all times and avoid detection. Then from long range, to provide detailed surveillance from a concealed position and, if necessary, to reduce the enemy's combat ability by neutralizing high-value targets (especially officers and other key personnel), and in the process, cause disruption, pinning down and demoralizing the enemy.[8][page needed][9][page needed] Typical sniper missions include managing intelligence information they gather during reconnaissance, target acquisition and impact feedback for air strikes and artillery, assisting employed combat force with accurate fire support and counter-sniper tactics, killing enemy commanders, selecting targets of opportunity, and even destruction of military equipment, which tend to require use of anti-materiel rifles in the larger calibers such as the .50 BMG, like the Barrett M82, McMillan Tac-50, and Denel NTW-20.[9][page needed]

Soviet- and Russian-derived military doctrines include squad-level snipers. Snipers have increasingly been demonstrated as useful by US and UK forces in the recent Iraq campaign in a fire support role to cover the movement of infantry, especially in urban areas.[9][page needed]

Military snipers from the US, UK and other countries that adopt their military doctrine are typically deployed in two-man sniper teams consisting of a shooter and a spotter.[10][page needed] A common practice is for a shooter and a spotter to take turns to avoid eye fatigue.[9][page needed] In most recent combat operations occurring in large densely populated towns, such as Fallujah, Iraq, two teams would be deployed together to increase their security and effectiveness in an urban environment. A sniper team would be armed with a long-range weapon and a rapid-firing shorter-ranged weapon in case of close quarter combat.

The German doctrine of largely independent snipers and emphasis on concealment, developed during the Second World War, has been most influential on modern sniper tactics, and is currently used throughout Western militaries (examples are specialized camouflage clothing, concealment in terrain and emphasis on coup d'œil).[11][page needed][12][13]

Sniper teams

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A U.S. Army sniper team from Jalalabad Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT)
Sniper rifles are classified as crew-served in the United States military. A sniper team (or sniper cell) consists of a combination of at least one primary weapon operator, (i.e.: the shooter), with other support personnel and force protection elements, such as a spotter or a flanker. Within the Table of Organization and Equipment for both the United States Army and Marine Corps, the shooter does not operate alone, but has a backup shooter trained to fulfill multiple roles in addition to being sniper-qualified in the operation of the main weapon.[14]

The shooter focuses mainly on firing the shot, while the spotter assists in observation of targets, accounts for atmospheric conditions and handles ancillary tasks as immediate security of their location, communication with other parties (e.g. directing artillery fire and close air support). A flanker is an extra teammate who is tasked to act as a sentry observing areas not immediately visible to the sniper and spotter, assisting with the team's rear security and perimeter defense, and therefore are usually armed with a faster-firing weapon such as an assault rifle, battle rifle or designated marksman rifle. Both the spotter and flanker carry additional ammunition and associated equipment.[15]

The spotter is responsible for detecting, identifying and assigning priority of targets for the shooter, as well as assessing the outcome of the shot. Using a spotting scope and/or a rangefinder, the spotter will predict the external ballistics and read the wind speed using an anemometer or physical indicators like the mirage caused by ground heat. Also, in conjunction with the shooter, the spotter will calculate the distance, shooting angle (slant range), mil-related correction, interference by atmospheric factors and the required leads for moving targets. It is not unusual for the spotter to be equipped with a ballistic table, a notebook or a tablet computer specifically for performing these calculations.

Law enforcement applications

YAMAM (Israel's counter-terrorism unit) sniper shooting with suppressed Barrett MRAD sniper rifles
Law enforcement snipers, commonly called police snipers, and military snipers differ in many ways, including their areas of operation and tactics. A police sharpshooter is part of a police operation and usually takes part in relatively short missions. Police forces typically deploy such sharpshooters in hostage scenarios. This differs from a military sniper, who operates as part of a larger army, engaged in warfare. Sometimes as part of a SWAT team, police snipers are deployed alongside negotiators and an assault team trained for close quarters combat. As policemen, they are trained to shoot only as a last resort, when there is a direct threat to life; the police sharpshooter has a well-known rule: "Be prepared to take a life to save a life."[16] Police snipers typically operate at much shorter ranges than military snipers, generally under 100 meters (109 yd) and sometimes even less than 50 meters (55 yd). Both types of snipers do make difficult shots under pressure, and often perform one-shot kills.

A US Secret Service sniper on the roof of the White House
Police units that are unequipped for tactical operations may rely on a specialized SWAT team, which may have a dedicated sniper.[16] Some police sniper operations begin with military assistance.[17] Police snipers placed in vantage points, such as high buildings, can provide security for events.[18] In one high-profile incident commonly referred to as "The Shot Seen Around the World" due to going viral online, Mike Plumb, a SWAT sniper in Columbus, Ohio, prevented a suicide by shooting a revolver out of the individual's hand, leaving him unharmed.[19][20]

A U.S. Coast Guard TACLET marksman uses an M107 from a helicopter
The need for specialized training for police sharpshooters was made apparent in 1972 during the Munich massacre when the German police could not deploy specialized personnel or equipment during the standoff at the airport in the closing phase of the crisis, and consequently all of the Israeli hostages were killed. While the German army did have snipers in 1972, the use of army snipers in the scenario was impossible due to the German constitution's explicit prohibition of the use of the military in domestic matters. This lack of trained snipers who could be used in civilian roles was later addressed with the founding of the specialized police counter-terrorist unit GSG 9.

Longest recorded sniper kill
Main article: Longest recorded sniper kills

Ukrainian sniper during the military training near the Belarus border in 2022
The longest confirmed sniper kill in combat was achieved by an undisclosed member of the Security Service of Ukraine in November 2023, hitting a Russian soldier at a distance of 3,800 m (4,156 yd) during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[21]

The previous record holder was a member of the Canadian JTF2 special forces who in June 2017 achieved a hit at a distance of 3,540 m (3,871 yd).[22]

British sniper in training in Northumberland, 2010
In November 2009, Craig Harrison, a Corporal of Horse (CoH) in the Blues and Royals RHG/D of the British Army struck two Taliban machine gunners consecutively south of Musa Qala in Helmand Province in Afghanistan at a range of 2,475 m (2,707 yd) or 1.54 miles using a L115A3 Long Range Rifle.[23][24] The QTU Lapua external ballistics software,[25] using continuous doppler drag coefficient (Cd) data provided by Lapua,[26] predicts that such shots traveling 2,475 m (2,707 yd) would likely have struck their targets after nearly 6.0 seconds of flight time, having lost 93% of their kinetic energy, retaining 255 m/s (840 ft/s) of their original 936 m/s (3,070 ft/s) velocity, and having dropped 121.39 m (398 ft 3 in) or 2.8° from the original bore line. Due to the extreme distances and travel time involved, even a light cross-breeze of 2.7 m/s (6.0 mph) would have diverted such shots 9.2 m (360 in) off target, which would have required compensation.

The calculation assumes a flat-fire scenario (a situation where the shooting and target positions are at equal elevation), using British military custom high-pressure .338 Lapua Magnum cartridges, loaded with 16.2 g (250 gr) Lapua LockBase B408 bullets, fired at 936 m/s (3,071 ft/s) muzzle velocity[27] under the following on-site (average) atmospheric conditions: barometric pressure: 1,019 hPa (30.1 inHg) at sea-level equivalent or 899 hPa (26.5 inHg) on-site, humidity: 25.9%, and temperature: 15 °C (59 °F) in the region for November 2009,[28] resulting in an air density ρ = 1.0854 kg/m3 at the 1,043 m (3,422 ft) elevation of Musa Qala. Harrison mentions in reports that the environmental conditions were perfect for long range shooting, "... no wind, mild weather, clear visibility."[24] In a BBC interview, Harrison reported it took about nine shots for him and his spotter to initially range the target successfully.[29]

Military history
Before the development of rifling, firearms were smoothbore and inaccurate over long distance. Barrel rifling was invented at the end of the fifteenth century, but was only employed in large cannons. Over time, rifling, along with other gunnery advances, has increased the performance of modern firearms.

1543-1600
Long range marksmanship occurred as early as the mid-sixteenth century.

One example is the Ise-no-kami school of gunnery. It was founded by the Christian feudal lord of the Saiki Domain, Mori Takamasa (毛利高政 1559- 1628). Takamasa had aspired to become a marksman from a young age, and in his prime, he used up a 10-tan sailboat's worth of ammunition in just a few years, showing his considerable passion. He is said to have always told people, "You won't improve your skills unless you fire that much ammunition." He was a master of guns, but he must have loved shooting at heart. During the battle of Ulsan Castle in Korea, he was a master of guns, firing at the enemy from a distance of seven cho ( about 770 meters ) with a 278 cm long "焔魔王 - Flaming Demon King" O-zutsu (Matchlock Cannon) throwing the enemy camp into confusion with his accurate shots. [30]

1701–1800
Later "sharpshooting" or "sniping" became implemented in shooting terminology.

For example: in the 1752 Appin Murder, Colin Roy Campbell of Glenure was shot in the back near Duror by an unknown sniper, most likely from within Clan Stewart of Appin, in retaliation for Campbell's role in an early version of the Highland Clearances; the mass eviction of Stewart clansmen and their replacement by members of Clan Campbell.

Hunting terminology was quickly adapted to warfare by British soldiers. In a 1772 letter, a soldier described enemies firing very accurately:[31]

… in erecting our batteries, the people frequently play tricks, by putting a hat with a cockade in it on a spunge staff, which the enemy fire at and often hit, to the diversion of the soldiery, who humorously call it sniping, and watch the flash to return the fire.

On 11 September 1777, during the Battle of Brandywine, British Captain Patrick Ferguson had a tall, distinguished American officer in his rifle's iron sights. Ferguson did not take the shot, as he considered shooting anyone in the back dishonourable. Only later, did Ferguson learn that George Washington had been on the battlefield that day.[32]

At the Battles of Saratoga, Morgan's Riflemen hid in the trees and used early model rifles to shoot senior British officers. Most notably, Timothy Murphy shot and killed General Simon Fraser of Balnain on 7 October 1777 at a distance of about 400 yards.[33][34][35]

In early 1800, Colonel Coote Manningham and Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon. William Stewart of the British Army proposed using what they had learned while leading light infantry to establish a special unit of marksmen. Subsequently raised as the "Experimental Corps of Riflemen", they were armed with the formidable Baker rifle rather than the inaccurate smoothbore muskets used by most troops at that time.[36] Through the combination of a leather wad and tight grooves on the inside of the barrel (rifling), this weapon was far more accurate, though slower to load. On 25 August 1800, three companies, under the command of Stewart, spearheaded an amphibious landing at Ferrol, Spain.

1801–1900
The term, "sharp shooter" was in use in British newspapers as early as 1801. In the Edinburgh Advertiser, 23 June 1801, can be found the following quote in a piece about the North British Militia; "This Regiment has several Field Pieces, and two companies of Sharp Shooters, which are very necessary in the modern Stile of War". The term appears even earlier, around 1781, in Continental Europe, translated from the German Scharfschütze. Scouts in the Ashanti army were made up of professional hunters who used their skill as marksmen to snipe at advancing enemy forces in response to detection by the enemy. They executed this often from a perch high in trees.[37] The Whitworth rifle was arguably the first long-range sniper rifle in the world.[38] A muzzleloader designed by Sir Joseph Whitworth, a prominent British engineer, it used polygonal rifling instead, which meant that the projectile did not have to bite into grooves as was done with conventional rifling. The Whitworth rifle was far more accurate than the Pattern 1853 Enfield, which had shown some weaknesses during the recent Crimean War. At trials in 1857 which tested the accuracy and range of both weapons, Whitworth's design outperformed the Enfield at a rate of about three to one. The Whitworth rifle was capable of hitting the target at a range of 2,000 yards, whereas the Enfield could only manage it at 1,400 yards.[39]

During the Crimean War, the first optical sights were designed to fit onto rifles. Much of this pioneering work was the brainchild of Colonel D. Davidson, using optical sights produced by Chance Brothers of Birmingham. This allowed a marksman to observe and target objects more accurately at a greater distance than ever before.[40] The telescopic sight, or scope, was originally fixed and could not be adjusted, which therefore limited its range.

Despite its success at the trials, the rifle was not adopted by the British Army. However, the Whitworth Rifle Company was able to sell the weapon to the French army, and also to the Confederacy during the American Civil War,[41] where both the Union and Confederate armies employed sharpshooters. The most notable incident was during the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, where on 9 May 1864, Union General John Sedgwick was killed by a Confederate Whitworth sharpshooter at a range of about 1,000 yards (910 meters) after saying the enemy "couldn't hit an elephant at this distance".[42][43][44][45]

Second Boer War

Frederick Russell Burnham in Africa
During the Boer War the latest breech-loading rifled guns with magazines and smokeless powder were used by both sides. The British were equipped with the Lee–Metford rifle, while the Boers had received the latest Mauser rifles from Germany. In the open terrain of South Africa the marksmen were a crucial component to the outcome of the battle.

The first British sniper unit began life as the Lovat Scouts, a Scottish Highland regiment formed in 1899, that earned high praise during the Second Boer War (1899–1902).[9][page needed] The unit was formed by Lord Lovat and reported to an American, Major Frederick Russell Burnham, the British Army Chief of Scouts under Lord Roberts. Burnham fittingly described these scouts as "half wolf and half jackrabbit.".[46] Just like their Boer scout opponents, these scouts were well practised in the arts of marksmanship, field craft, map reading, observation, and military tactics.[47] They were skilled woodsmen and practitioners of discretion: "He who shoots and runs away, lives to shoot another day." They were also the first known military unit to wear a ghillie suit.[48] Hesketh Hesketh-Prichard said of them that "keener men never lived",[49] and that "Burnham was the greatest scout of our time."[50] Burnham distinguished himself in wars in South Africa, Rhodesia, and in Arizona fighting the Apaches, and his definitive work, Scouting on Two Continents, provides a dramatic and enlightening picture of what a sniper was at the time and how he operated.[47]

After the war, this regiment went on to formally become the first official sniper unit, then better known as sharpshooters.[46]

World War I

An Australian sniper aims a periscope-equipped rifle at Gallipoli in 1915. The spotter beside him is helping to find targets with his own periscope.
During World War I, snipers appeared as deadly sharpshooters in the trenches. At the start of the war, only Imperial Germany had troops that were issued scoped sniper rifles. Although sharpshooters existed on all sides, the Germans specially equipped some of their soldiers with scoped rifles that could pick off enemy soldiers showing their heads out of their trench.[11][page needed] At first the French and British believed such hits to be coincidental hits, until the German scoped rifles were discovered.[11][page needed] During World War I, the German army received a reputation for the deadliness and efficiency of its snipers, partly because of the high-quality lenses that German industry could manufacture.[11][page needed]

During the First World War, the static movement of trench warfare and a need for protection from snipers created a requirement for loopholes both for discharging firearms and for observation.[51] Often a steel plate was used with a "key hole", which had a rotating piece to cover the loophole when not in use.[51]

A drawing shows three soldiers raising a dummy head on a stick above a trench parapet. A cigarette hangs from the dummy's mouth. One man holds a periscope at the ready.
Soldiers raise a Papier-mâché dummy head to locate an enemy sniper
Soon the British army began to train their own snipers in specialized sniper schools. Major Hesketh Hesketh-Prichard was given formal permission to begin sniper training in 1915, and founded the First Army School of Sniping, Observation, and Scouting at Linghem in France in 1916.[52] Starting with a first class of only six, in time he was able to lecture to large numbers of soldiers from different Allied nations, proudly proclaiming in a letter that his school was turning out snipers at three times the rate of any such other school in the world.[53]

He also devised a metal-armoured double loophole that would protect the sniper observer from enemy fire. The front loophole was fixed, but the rear was housed in a metal shutter sliding in grooves. Only when the two loopholes were lined up—a one-to-twenty chance—could an enemy shoot between them.[54] Another innovation was the use of a dummy head to find the location of an enemy sniper.[55] The papier-mâché figures were painted to resemble soldiers to draw sniper fire. Some were equipped with rubber surgical tubing so the dummy could "smoke" a cigarette and thus appear realistic. Holes punched in the dummy by enemy sniper bullets then could be used for triangulation purposes to determine the position of the enemy sniper, who could then be attacked with artillery fire. He developed many of the modern techniques in sniping, including the use of spotting scopes and working in pairs, and using Kim's Game to train observational skills.[56]

In 1920, he wrote his account of his war time activities in his book Sniping in France, to which reference is still made by modern authors regarding the subject.[57][58][59]

The main sniper rifles used during the First World War were the German Mauser Gewehr 98; the British Pattern 1914 Enfield[60] and Lee–Enfield SMLE Mk III, the Canadian Ross rifle, the American M1903 Springfield,[61] the Italian M1891 Carcano, and the Russian M1891 Mosin–Nagant.

World War II

Soviet sniper Lyudmila Pavlichenko on a 1943 stamp
During the interbellum, most nations dropped their specialized sniper units, notably the Germans. Effectiveness and dangers of snipers once again came to the fore during the Spanish Civil War. The only nation that had specially trained sniper units during the 1930s was the Soviet Union. Soviet snipers were trained in their skills as marksmen, in using the terrain to hide themselves from the enemy and the ability to work alongside regular forces. This made the Soviet sniper training focus more on "normal" combat situations than those of other nations.

Snipers reappeared as important factors on the battlefield from the first campaign of World War II. During Germany's 1940 campaigns, lone, well-hidden French and British snipers were able to halt the German advance for a considerable amount of time. For example, during the pursuit to Dunkirk, British snipers were able to significantly delay the German infantry's advance. This prompted the British once again to increase training of specialized sniper units. Apart from marksmanship, British snipers were trained to blend in with the environment, often by using special camouflage clothing for concealment. However, because the British Army offered sniper training exclusively to officers and non-commissioned officers, the resulting small number of trained snipers in combat units considerably reduced their overall effectiveness.[12]

During the Winter War, Finnish snipers took a heavy toll of the invading Red Army. Simo Häyhä is credited with 505 confirmed kills,[62][63] most with the Finnish version of the iron-sighted bolt-action Mosin–Nagant. The most successful German sniper was Matthäus Hetzenauer with 345 confirmed kills. In Germany, confirmed kills are only valid in the presence of an officer, so Hetzenauer's estimated kills are many times higher. His longest confirmed kill was reported at 1,100 meters (1,200 yards).[64] Hetzenauer received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 17 April 1945.[65]

German sniper in Stalingrad, Soviet Union (1942)
One of the best known battles involving snipers, and the battle that made the Germans reinstate their specialized sniper training, was the Battle of Stalingrad. Their defensive position inside a city filled with rubble meant that Soviet snipers were able to inflict significant casualties on the Wehrmacht troops. Because of the nature of fighting in city rubble, snipers were very hard to spot and seriously dented the morale of the German attackers. The best known of these snipers was probably Vasily Zaytsev, featured in the novel War of the Rats and the subsequent film Enemy at the Gates.

German Scharfschützen were prepared before the war, equipped with Karabiner 98 and later Gewehr 43 rifles, but there were often not enough of these weapons available, and as such some were armed with captured scoped Mosin–Nagant 1891/30, SVT, Czech Mauser rifles or scoped Gewehr 98 from WW1. The Wehrmacht re-established its sniper training in 1942, drastically increasing the number of snipers per unit with the creation of an additional 31 sniper training companies by 1944. German snipers were at the time the only snipers in the world issued with purpose-manufactured sniping ammunition, known as the 'effect-firing' sS round.[66] The 'effect-firing' sS round featured an extra carefully measured propellant charge and seated a heavy 12.8 gram (198 gr) full-metal-jacketed boat-tail projectile of match-grade build quality, lacking usual features such as a seating ring to improve the already high ballistic coefficient of .584 (G1) further.[67] For aiming optics German snipers used the Zeiss Zielvier 4x (ZF39) telescopic sight which had bullet drop compensation in 50 m increments for ranges from 100 m up to 800 m or in some variations from 100 m up to 1000 m or 1200 m. There were ZF42, Zielfernrohr 43 (ZF 4), Zeiss Zielsechs 6x, Zeiss Zielacht 8x and other telescopic sights by various manufacturers like the Ajack 4x, Hensoldt Dialytan 4x and Kahles Heliavier 4x with similar features employed on German sniper rifles. Several different mountings produced by various manufacturers were used for mounting aiming optics to the rifles. In February 1945 the Zielgerät 1229 active infrared aiming device was issued for night sniping with the StG 44 assault rifle.

A total of 428,335 individuals received Red Army sniper training, including Soviet and non-Soviet partisans, with 9,534 receiving the sniping 'higher qualification'. During World War ІІ, two six-month training courses for women alone trained nearly 55,000 snipers, of which more than two thousand later served in the army.[68][verification needed] On average there was at least one sniper in an infantry platoon and one in every reconnaissance platoon, including in tank and even artillery units.[verification needed] Some used the PTRD anti-tank rifle with an adapted scope as an early example of an anti-materiel rifle.

A British sniper in Gennep, Holland, 14 February 1945
In the United States Armed Forces, sniper training was only very elementary and was mainly concerned with being able to hit targets over long distances. Snipers were required to be able to hit a body over 400 meters away, and a head over 200 meters away. There was almost no instruction in blending into the environment. Sniper training varied from place to place, resulting in wide variation in the qualities of snipers. The main reason the US did not extend sniper training beyond long-range shooting was the limited deployment of US soldiers until the Normandy Invasion. During the campaigns in North Africa and Italy, most fighting occurred in arid and mountainous regions where the potential for concealment was limited, in contrast to Western and Central Europe.[citation needed]

Canadian Sniper during World War II
The U.S. Army's lack of familiarity with sniping tactics proved disastrous in Normandy and the campaign in Western Europe where they encountered well trained German snipers.[11][page needed] In Normandy, German snipers remained hidden in the dense vegetation and were able to encircle American units, firing at them from all sides. The American and British forces were surprised by how near the German snipers could approach in safety and attack them, as well as by their ability to hit targets at up to 1,000m. A notable mistake made by inexperienced American soldiers was to lie down and wait when targeted by German snipers, allowing the snipers to pick them off one after another.[11][page needed] German snipers often infiltrated Allied lines and sometimes when the front-lines moved, they continued to fight from their sniping positions, refusing to surrender until their rations and munitions were exhausted.

Those tactics were also a consequence of changes in German enlistment. After several years of war and heavy losses on the Eastern Front, the German army was forced to rely more heavily on enlisting teenage soldiers. Due to lack of training in more complex group tactics, and thanks to rifle training provided by the Hitlerjugend, those soldiers were often used as autonomous left-behind snipers. While an experienced sniper would take a few lethal shots and retreat to a safer position, those young boys, due both to a disregard for their own safety and to lack of tactical experience would frequently remain in a concealed position and fight until they ran out of ammunition or were killed or wounded. While this tactic generally ended in the demise of the sniper, giving rise to the nickname "Suicide Boys" that was given to those soldiers, this irrational behavior proved quite disruptive to the Allied forces' progress. After World War II, many elements of German sniper training and doctrine were copied by other countries.[11]

In the Pacific War, the Empire of Japan trained snipers. In the jungles of Asia and the Pacific Islands, snipers posed a serious threat to U.S., British, and Commonwealth troops. Japanese snipers were specially trained to use the environment to conceal themselves. Japanese snipers used foliage on their uniforms and dug well-concealed hide-outs that were often connected with small trenches. There was no need for long range accuracy because most combat in the jungle took place within a few hundred meters. Japanese snipers were known for their patience and ability to remain hidden for long periods. They almost never left their carefully camouflaged hiding spots. This meant that whenever a sniper was in the area, the location of the sniper could be determined after the sniper had fired a few shots. The Allies used their own snipers in the Pacific, notably the U.S. Marines, who used M1903 Springfield rifles.

Common sniper rifles used during the Second World War include: the Soviet M1891/30 Mosin–Nagant and, to a lesser extent, the SVT-40; the German Mauser Karabiner 98k and Gewehr 43; the British Lee–Enfield No. 4 and Pattern 1914 Enfield; the Japanese Arisaka 97; the American M1903A4 Springfield and M1C Garand. The Italians trained few snipers and supplied them with a scoped Carcano Model 1891.

Training

A US Marine extracts a fired cartridge casing and chambers a new round into his M40A3
Military sniper training aims to teach a high degree of proficiency in camouflage and concealment, stalking, observation and map reading as well as precision marksmanship under various operational conditions. Trainees typically shoot thousands of rounds over a number of weeks, while learning these core skills.

Snipers are trained to squeeze the trigger straight back with the ball of their finger, to avoid jerking the gun sideways.[9][page needed] The most accurate position is prone, with a sandbag supporting the stock, and the stock's cheek-piece against the cheek.[9][page needed] In the field, a bipod can be used instead. Sometimes a sling is wrapped around the weak arm (or both) to reduce stock movement.[9] Some doctrines train a sniper to breathe deeply before shooting, then hold their lungs empty while they line up and take their shot.[9][page needed] Other doctrines assert that exhausting the lungs results in an accelerated heart rate and suggest only a partial exhale before firing. Some go further, teaching their snipers to shoot between heartbeats to minimize barrel motion.[9][page needed]

Accuracy

Royal Marines sniper displaying his L115A1 rifle resting on three-legged shooting sticks
Range and accuracy vary depending on the cartridge and specific ammunition types that are used. Typical ranges for common battle field cartridges are as follows:
Cartridge Maximum
effective range
(m)[69]
5.56×45mm NATO
(.223 Remington) 300–500
7.62×51mm
(.308 Winchester) 800–1,000
7.62×54mmR 800–1,000
7 mm Remington Magnum 900–1,100
.300 Winchester Magnum 900–1,200
.338 Lapua Magnum 1,300–1,600
.50 BMG
(12.7×99mm NATO) 1,500–2,000
12.7×108mm (Russian) 1,500–2,000
14.5×114mm (Russian) 1,900–2,300
.408 Cheyenne Tactical 1,500–2,400
The key to sniping is accuracy, which applies to both the weapon and the shooter. The weapon should be able to consistently place shots within tight tolerances.[9][page needed] The sniper in turn must use the weapon to accurately place shots under varying conditions.[9][page needed]

A sniper must have the ability to accurately estimate the various factors that influence a bullet's trajectory and point of impact, such as range to the target, wind direction, wind velocity, altitude and elevation of the sniper, and the target and ambient temperature. Mistakes in estimation compound over distance and can decrease lethality or cause a shot to miss completely.[9][page needed]

Snipers zero their weapons at a target range or in the field. This is the process of adjusting the scope so that the bullets' points-of-impact are at the point-of-aim (centre of scope or scope's cross-hairs) for a specific distance.[9][page needed] A rifle and scope should retain its zero as long as possible under all conditions to reduce the need to re-zero during missions.[9][page needed]

A sandbag can serve as a useful platform for shooting a sniper rifle, although any soft surface such as a rucksack will steady a rifle and contribute to consistency.[9][page needed] In particular, bipods help when firing from a prone position, and enable the firing position to be sustained for an extended period of time. Many police and military sniper rifles come equipped with an adjustable bipod.[9][page needed] Makeshift bipods known as shooting sticks can be constructed from items such as tree branches or ski poles.[9][page needed] Some military snipers use three-legged shooting sticks.

U.S. military
Servicemen volunteer for the rigorous sniper training and are accepted on the basis of their aptitude, physical ability, marksmanship, patience and mental stability. Military snipers may be further trained as forward air controllers (FACs) to direct air strikes or forward observers (FOs) to direct artillery or mortar fire.[citation needed]

Russian Army
From 2011, the Russian armed forces have run newly developed sniper courses in military district training centres. In place of the Soviet practice of mainly squad sharpshooters, which were often designated during initial training (and of whom only few become snipers per se), these new army snipers are trained intensively for three months (for conscripts) or longer (for contract soldiers). The training program includes theory and practice of countersniper engagements, artillery spotting, and coordination of air support.[15] The first instructors are the graduates of the Solnechnogorsk sniper training centre.

The method of sniper deployment, according to the Ministry of Defence, is likely to be one three-platoon company at the brigade level, with one of the platoons acting independently and the other two supporting the battalions as needed.[70]

Targeting, tactics, and techniques

US Marine telescopic sight picture during high-angle marksmanship training

Aerial platform shooting training
Range finding
The range to the target is measured or estimated as precisely as conditions permit and correct range estimation becomes absolutely critical at long ranges, because a bullet travels with a curved trajectory and the sniper must compensate for this by aiming higher at longer distances.[9][page needed] If the exact distance is not known the sniper may compensate incorrectly and the bullet path may be too high or low. As an example, for a typical military sniping cartridge such as 7.62×51mm NATO (.308 Winchester) M118 Special Ball round this difference (or "drop") from 700 to 800 meters (770–870 yd) is 200 millimetres (7.9 in). This means that if the sniper incorrectly estimated the distance as 700 meters when the target was in fact 800 meters away, the bullet will be 200 millimeters lower than expected by the time it reaches the target.[9][page needed]

Laser rangefinders may be used, and range estimation is often the job of both parties in a team.[71] One useful method of range finding without a laser rangefinder is comparing the height of the target (or nearby objects) to their size on the mil dot scope, or taking a known distance and using some sort of measure (utility poles, fence posts) to determine the additional distance. The average human head is 150 millimeters (5.9 in) in width, average human shoulders are 500 millimeters (20 in) apart and the average distance from a person's pelvis to the top of their head is 1,000 millimeters (39 in).

To determine the range to a target without a laser rangefinder, the sniper may use the mil dot reticle on a scope to accurately find the range. Mil dots are used like a slide rule to measure the height of a target, and if the height is known, the range can be as well. The height of the target (in yards) ×1000, divided by the height of the target (in mils), gives the range in yards. This is only in general, however, as both scope magnification (7×, 40×) and mil dot spacing change. The USMC standard is that 1 mil (that is, 1 milliradian) equals 3.438 MOA (minute of arc, or, equivalently, minute of angle), while the US Army standard is 3.6 MOA, chosen so as to give a diameter of 1 yard at a distance of 1,000 yards (or equivalently, a diameter of 1 meter at a range of 1 kilometer.) Many commercial manufacturers use 3.5, splitting the difference, since it is easier to work with.[9][page needed][verification needed]

It is important to note that angular mil (mil) is only an approximation of a milliradian and different organizations use different approximations.

At longer ranges, bullet drop plays a significant role in targeting.[9][page needed] The effect can be estimated from a chart, which may be memorized or taped to the rifle, although some scopes come with Bullet Drop Compensator (BDC) systems that only require the range be dialed in. These are tuned to both a specific class of rifle and specific ammunition. Every bullet type and load will have different ballistics. .308 Federal 175 grain (11.3 g) BTHP match shoots at 2,600 ft/s (790 m/s). Zeroed at 100 yards (100 m), a 16.2 MOA adjustment would have to be made to hit a target at 600 yards (500 m). If the same bullet was shot with 168 grain (10.9 g), a 17.1 MOA adjustment would be necessary.[9][page needed]

Shooting uphill or downhill is confusing for many because gravity does not act perpendicular to the direction the bullet is traveling. Thus, gravity must be divided into its component vectors. Only the fraction of gravity equal to the cosine of the angle of fire with respect to the horizon affects the rate of fall of the bullet, with the remainder adding or subtracting negligible velocity to the bullet along its trajectory. To find the correct zero, the sniper multiplies the actual distance to the range by this fraction and aims as if the target were that distance away. For example, a sniper who observes a target 500 meters away at a 45-degree angle downhill would multiply the range by the cosine of 45 degrees, which is 0.707. The resulting distance will be 353 meters. This number is equal to the horizontal distance to the target. All other values, such as windage, time-to-target, impact velocity, and energy will be calculated based on the actual range of 500 meters. Recently, a small device known as a cosine indicator has been developed.[9][page needed] This device is clamped to the tubular body of the telescopic sight, and gives an indicative readout in numerical form as the rifle is aimed up or down at the target.[9][page needed] This is translated into a figure used to compute the horizontal range to the target.

Windage plays a significant role, with the effect increasing with wind speed or the distance of the shot. The slant of visible convections near the ground can be used to estimate crosswinds, and correct the point of aim. All adjustments for range, wind, and elevation can be performed by aiming off the target, called "holding over" or Kentucky windage.[9][page needed] Alternatively, the scope can be adjusted so that the point of aim is changed to compensate for these factors, sometimes referred to as "dialing in". The shooter must remember to return the scope to zeroed position. Adjusting the scope allows for more accurate shots, because the cross-hairs can be aligned with the target more accurately, but the sniper must know exactly what differences the changes will have on the point-of-impact at each target range.[9][page needed]

For moving targets, the point-of-aim is ahead of the target in the direction of movement. Known as "leading" the target, the amount of "lead" depends on the speed and angle of the target's movement as well as the distance to the target. For this technique, holding over is the preferred method.[9][page needed] Anticipating the behavior of the target is necessary to accurately place the shot.[9][page needed]

Hide sites and hiding techniques

A sniper wearing a ghillie suit to remain hidden in grassland terrain
The term "hide site" refers to a covered and concealed position from which a sniper and his team can conduct surveillance or fire at targets. A good hide conceals and camouflages the sniper effectively, provides cover from enemy fire and allows a wide view of the surrounding area.

The main purpose of ghillie suits and hide sites is to break up the outline of a person with a rifle.

Many snipers use ghillie suits to hide and stay hidden. Ghillie suits vary according to the terrain into which the sniper wishes to blend. For example, in dry grassland the sniper will typically wear a ghillie suit covered in dead grass.

Shot placement
Shot placement, which is where on the body the sniper is aiming, varies with the type of sniper. Military snipers, who generally do not shoot at targets at less than 300 m (330 yd), usually attempt body shots, aiming at the chest. These shots depend on tissue damage, organ trauma, and blood loss to kill the target. Body shots are used because the chest is a larger target.

Police snipers, who generally shoot at much shorter distances, may attempt a more precise shot at particular parts of body or particular devices: in one incident in 2007 in Marseille, a GIPN sniper took a shot from 80 m (87 yd) at the pistol of a police officer threatening to commit suicide, destroying the weapon and preventing the police officer from killing himself.[72]

In a high-risk or hostage-taking situation where a suspect is imminently threatening to kill a hostage, police snipers may take head shots to ensure an instant kill. The snipers aim for the medulla oblongata to sever the spine from the brain. W

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