ILLEGAL MINERS TERRORISE SOUTH AFRICAN RESIDENTS

An estimated 2,000 illegal artisanal miners in South Africa - known locally as Zama Zamara - will be spending their Christmas underground in a disused mining shaft in the town of Stilfontein, following a police crackdown. For weeks, officers have surrounded the entrances to the mineshaft and prevented food from entering in a bid to force the Zama Zamas out.

The situation highlights the illegal-mining crisis that has bedevilled South Africa. The huge job losses in the country’s mining sector and widespread poverty have seen the illicit sector boom. And that’s also led to a boom in violent crime, as gangs vie for control of abandoned mines across the country.

Residents of one slum near Joburg have been pleading with the authorities to do more amid a surge in rapes and murders - blamed on illegal mining gangs. It’s led to a debate about what the root cause of this violence is: is it pure criminality or the lack of opportunity most face? Let us know your views on the issue in the replies.