Evolutionary Biology: History of Life, Mass Extinction Events, and Dinosaurs

In this video I go over the evolutionary history of life on Earth, which evolved from an universal common ancestor that lived about 3.5 billion years ago. There have been several mass extinction events, the most severe of which was the Permian-Triassic (P-Tr) event which wiped out 57% of all biological families, and paved the way for dinosaurs to dominate in the recovery phase. During the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) extinction event, an asteroid impact is hypothesized as killing off all non-avian dinosaurs, which allowed mammals (including ancestors of humans) to rapidly increase in size and diversity.

Time stamps:

- History of life: All life descended from a common ancestor 3.5 billion years ago: 0:00
- Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA): 1:05
- Similarities of species indicates divergence from a common ancestor: 5:49
- Life timeline diagram: 6:44
- Cambrian explosion occurred 541 million years ago when most animal phyla first appeared in fossil record: 13:26
- Chronostratigraphic charge of rock strata with time: 14:15
- Microbal mats of bacteria and archaea were dominant life forms in early Archean Epoch: 18:30
- Eukrayotes were present 1.85 billion years ago but diversification accelerated when they used oxygen for metabolism: 22:19
- Comparison of mass extinction events in Earth's history: 24:24
- Permian-Triassic (P-Tr) or Great Dying extinction event is the most severe and occurred 251.9 million years ago, due to elevated temperatures, depletion of oxygen, and acidification of oceans: 25:50
- Vertebrates originated 525 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion: 30:00
- Dinosaurs dominated during the recovery phase after the P-Tr extinction event: 31:49
- Diagram of diapsid skull (extra holes in skull) and anapsid skull (lack extra holes in skulls): 38:31
- Human skull diagram: 40:56
- Crocodilia species chart: 45:20
- Alligators vs Crocodiles comparison: 46:17
- Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event involved an asteroid impact 66 million years ago that killed off non-avian dinosaurs: 50:14
- Humans lived during the period of smaller dinosaurs whom were the ancestors of modern birds: 55:03

Full video below:

- Full video and playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLai3U8-WIK0FYO6bxFbBAtVJ9sDOJnH72
- Notes: https://peakd.com/hive-128780/@mes/messcience-3-overview-of-biology
- MES Science playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLai3U8-WIK0FjJpwnxwdrOR7L8Ul8VZoZ .

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