Repurposed Medications Offering New Hope for Breast Cancer

1. Metformin
* Use: Originally for type 2 diabetes.
* Benefits: May reduce breast cancer risk, inhibit cancer cell proliferation, and improve survival rates by influencing metabolic pathways.
* Niraula S et al., Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 2012.

2. Aspirin
* Use: Anti-inflammatory and pain reliever.
* Benefits: May lower the risk of breast cancer recurrence and metastasis by inhibiting COX enzymes, reducing inflammation and platelet aggregation.
* Holmes MD et al., Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2010.

3. Statins
* Use: Cholesterol-lowering drugs.
* Benefits: Associated with decreased breast cancer cell growth and increased apoptosis (programmed cell death).
* Borgquist S et al., BMC Cancer, 2019.

4. Bisphosphonates (e.g., Zoledronic Acid)
* Use: Treat osteoporosis and prevent bone metastases.
* Benefits: May reduce breast cancer recurrence in postmenopausal women and decrease metastasis to bones.
* Coleman R et al., The Lancet Oncology, 2014.

5. Itraconazole
* Use: Antifungal medication.
* Benefits: Inhibits the Hedgehog signaling pathway (involved in cancer growth) and angiogenesis, potentially reducing tumor growth.
* Kim DJ et al., Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2014.

6. Doxycycline
* Use: Antibiotic.
* Benefits: Inhibits mitochondrial biogenesis and cancer stem cell renewal, which may slow breast cancer progression.
* Lamb R et al., Frontiers in Oncology, 2015.

7. Propranolol
* Use: Beta-blocker for cardiovascular conditions.
* Benefits: Linked to reduced breast cancer recurrence by inhibiting stress-related pathways that promote tumor growth.
* Barron TI et al., Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2011.

Supporting Evidence:

* Niraula S, Dowling RJ, Ennis M, et al. Metformin in early breast cancer: a prospective window of opportunity neoadjuvant study. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012;135(3):821-830. doi:10.1007/s10549-012-2223-1

* Holmes MD, Chen WY, Li L, Hertzmark E, Spiegelman D. Aspirin intake and survival after breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(9):1467-1472. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.22.7918

* Borgquist S, Broberg P, Tojjar J, et al. Statin use and breast cancer survival—a Swedish nationwide study. BMC Cancer. 2019;19(1):1-9. doi:10.1186/s12885-019-5580-1

* Coleman R, Gnant M, Paterson A, et al. Effects of adjuvant zoledronic acid on disease-free and overall survival: results of the AZURE (BIG 01/04) randomised open-label phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(9):997-1006. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70302-X

* Kim DJ, Kim J, Spaunhurst K, et al. Open-label, exploratory phase II trial of oral itraconazole for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(8):745-751. doi:10.1200/JCO.2013.52.5181

* Lamb R, Fiorillo M, Chadwick A, et al. Doxycycline downregulates DNA-PK and radiosensitizes tumor initiating cells: implications for breast cancer treatment. Front Oncol. 2015;5:248. doi:10.3389/fonc.2015.00248

* Barron TI, Connolly RM, Sharp L, Bennett K, Visvanathan K. Beta-blocker use and breast cancer survival: a population-based cohort study. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(19):2635-2644. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.33.5422

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