The Universe is Turning 100 Years Old! 🎂 ( but is it real? )

How Empty is the Universe?

To understand how empty the universe is, we need to explore several key concepts: the size of the universe, the distribution of matter within it, and the nature of cosmic voids.

1. Size of the Universe

The universe is vast and largely uncharted. For the sake of estimation, let’s assume that the observable universe is a cube approximately 30 billion light-years on each side. This assumption leads us to a total volume of about 2.7 x 10^31 cubic light-years. This immense volume provides a backdrop against which we can measure how much matter actually exists.

2. Amount of Matter in the Universe

Estimating the total mass of the universe is complex due to its vastness and our inability to weigh it directly. Current estimates suggest that the mass of the universe is around 1.6 x 10^60 kilograms. This figure includes all forms of matter—ordinary (baryonic) matter, dark matter, and dark energy.

3. Density Calculation

To understand how empty space is relative to this mass, we need to calculate density:

The density of ordinary matter in our universe can be approximated using known values:
The density of our sun is about 1,410 kg/m³.

If we were to compress all this mass into a volume with a similar density as that of our sun, we would find that all matter in the universe could fit into a cube roughly 1,000 light-years on each side, which translates to about 1 billion cubic light-years.

This means that only about 0.0000000000000000000042% (or 4.2 x 10^-21 percent) of the entire volume of the universe contains any significant amount of matter.

4. Cosmic Voids

The structure of the universe reveals that most regions are not filled with galaxies or stars but rather consist of vast empty spaces known as cosmic voids. These voids dominate over 80% of the volume in our universe yet contain less than 10% of its total mass. They are like holes in Swiss cheese—regions where very little matter exists compared to surrounding areas filled with galaxies and clusters.

Even in these voids, while they may seem empty by human standards (with densities billions of times lower than even our best vacuum chambers), they are not entirely devoid of particles or radiation; they still contain low-density hydrogen atoms and cosmic background radiation.

5. Quantum Fields and Vacuum Energy

Furthermore, according to quantum physics, even “empty” space has intrinsic properties due to vacuum energy—a phenomenon where quantum fields permeate all space regardless of whether particles are present or not. Thus, even if you could create an ideal vacuum devoid of particles, you would still encounter vacuum energy.

In summary:

The observable universe is incredibly vast but mostly empty.
Only an infinitesimal fraction contains significant amounts of matter.
Cosmic voids make up most volumes but hold little mass.
Even “empty” space has properties due to quantum mechanics.

Therefore, while there are regions that might appear empty from one perspective, on a universal scale, the universe is predominantly empty, filled with vast stretches where very little exists compared to its overall size.

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