Dr. Byram Bridle: The known toxicities of LNPs:

- Three different ingredients in the LNPs can potentially cause anaphylactic or allergic reactions

- LNPs can directly cause toxicity in various tissues, especially with repeated dosing; including toxicity in the lungs, the liver, and systemic toxicity

- LNPs used to deliver mRNAs are even toxic to cells of the immune system (i.e., macrophages) that play a critical role in promoting vaccine-mediated immune responses

- The latter toxicity counteracts the very immunization effect that is being sought

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