Where Galaxies Come From, How They Operate, and Their Ultimate Fate

We inhabit a galaxy known as the Milky Way, which contains hundreds of billions of stars. How did we arrive at this point, and what is our future? These concerns involve galaxies in every aspect. The known universe contains 200 billion galaxies, each of which is unique, immense, and dynamic.
Where do galaxies come from? How do they work and their ultimate fate?