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#483 “Frascati method” R&D 2.2% United Kingdom
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Defining Research & Development
Research and Development (R&D) spending is analysed according to the
internationally agreed “Frascati method” for collecting and reporting on
research and experimental development, named after the town in Italy where
the original Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
guidelines were first proposed in 1963.
1
The Frascati Manual uses the following definition of R&D:2
“…creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the
stock of knowledge – including knowledge of humankind, culture and
society – and to devise new applications of available knowledge.”
For an activity to count as an R&D activity under the Frascati definition, it
must be “novel, creative, uncertain [about what the final outcome will be],
systematic and transferable/reproducible”.
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