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The two normal heart sounds are called the first heart sound (S1) and the second heart sound (S2)
The two normal heart sounds are called the first heart sound (S1) and the second heart sound (S2).
S1 is caused by the closure of the atrioventricular valves (mitral and tricuspid valves). It is a low-pitched, "lub" sound that occurs at the beginning of ventricular systole.
S2 is caused by the closure of the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic valves). It is a high-pitched, "dub" sound that occurs at the end of ventricular systole.
In addition to S1 and S2, there are also three abnormal heart sounds:
Third heart sound (S3) is a low-pitched, "gallop" sound that occurs in late diastole. It is often heard in children and young adults, but it can also be a sign of heart failure in adults.
Fourth heart sound (S4) is a high-pitched, "gallop" sound that occurs in early diastole. It is often heard in people with heart disease, such as hypertension or coronary artery disease.
Murmurs are abnormal sounds caused by turbulent blood flow through the heart valves. Murmurs can be caused by a variety of conditions, including valve stenosis, valve regurgitation, and congenital heart defects.
The title for a book about heart sounds could be something like:
The Heart Sounds: A Guide to Normal and Abnormal Sounds
Heart Sounds: A Clinical Handbook
Heart Sounds: A Primer for Medical Students and Residents
Heart Sounds: A Comprehensive Guide for Healthcare Professionals
Heart Sounds: A Visual Guide
Heart sounds
Cardiology
Medical
Anatomy
Physiology
Auscultation
Murmurs
Valve disease
Heart failure
Hypertension
Coronary artery disease
Congenital heart defects
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