Will AI be an economic blessing or curse? History offers clues - Reuters

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Will AI be an economic blessing or curse? History offers clues - Reuters

Technological leaps have patchy economic records AI creates fears about job destruction, workers' rights Competition policy, access to training is key Aug 7 (Reuters) - If medieval advances in the plough didn't lift Europe's peasants out of poverty, it was largely because their rulers took the wealth generated by the new gains in output and used it to build cathedrals instead. Economists say something similar could happen with artificial intelligence (AI) if it enters our lives in such a way that the touted benefits are enjoyed by the few rather than the many. "AI has got a lot of potential - but potential to go either way," argues Simon Johnson, professor of global economics and management at MIT Sloan School of Management. "We are at a fork in the road." Backers of AI predict a productivity leap that will generate wealth and improve living standards. Consultancy McKinsey in June estimated it could add between $14 trillion and $22 trillion of value annually - that upper figure being roughly the current size of the U.S economy. Some techno-optimists go further, suggesting that, along with robots, AI is the technology that will finally free humanity from humdrum tasks and launch us into lives of more creativity and leisure. Yet worries abound about its impact on livelihoods, including its potential to destroy jobs in all kinds of sectors - witness the strike in July by Hollywood actors who fear being made redundant by their AI-generated doubles. Reuters Graphics WHAT PRODUCTIVITY GAIN? Such concerns are not unfounded. History shows the economic impact of technological advances is generally uncertain, unequal and sometimes outright malign. A book published this year by Johnson and fellow MIT economist Daron Acemoglu surveyed a thousand years of technology - from the plough through to automated self-checkout kiosks - in terms of their success in creating jobs and spreading wealth. While the spinning jenny was key to 18th century automation of the textiles industry, they found it led to longer working hours in harsher conditions. Mechanical cotton gins facilitated the 19th century expansion of slavery in the American South. The track record of the Internet is complex: it has created many new job roles even as much of the wealth generated has gone to a handful of billionaires. The productivity gains it was once lauded for have slowed across many economies. A June research note by French bank Natixis suggested that was because even a technology as pervasive as the Internet left many sectors untouched, while many of the jobs it created were low-skilled - think of the delivery chain for online purchases. [1/5]High school student Richard Erkhov is reflected on a screen of "Alnstein", a robot powered with ChatGPT, in Pascal school in Nicosia, Cyprus, March 30, 2023. REUTERS/Yiannis Kourtoglou/File Photo "Conclusion: We should be cautious when estimating the effects of artificial intelligence on labour productivity," Natixis warned. In a globalised economy, there are other reasons to doubt whether the potential gains of AI will be felt evenly. On the one hand, there is the risk of a "race to the bottom" as governments compete for AI investment with increasingly lax regulation. On the other, the barriers to luring that investment might be so high as to leave many poorer countries behind. "You have to have the right infrastructure – huge computing capacity," said Stefano Scarpetta, Director of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs at the Paris-based Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). "We have the G7 Hiroshima Process, we need to go further to the G20 and UN," he said, advocating the expansion of an accord at a May summit of Group of Seven (G7) powers to jointly seek to understand the opportunities and challenges of generative AI. WORKER POWER Innovation, it turns out, is the easy bit. Harder is making it work for everyone - which is where politics comes in. For MIT's Johnson, the arrival of railways in 19th century England at a moment of rapid democratic reform allowed those advances to be enjoyed by wider society, be it through faster transport of fresh food or a first taste of leisure travel. Similar democratic gains elsewhere helped millions enjoy the fruits of technological advance well into the 20th century. But Johns...