The Toba Supervolcano

#paleoanthropology #human #ancienthuman
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Sources:
Gathorne-Hardy, F.J, and W.E.H Harcourt-Smith. “The Super-Eruption of Toba, Did It Cause a Human Bottleneck?” Journal of Human Evolution, Academic Press, 2 Sept. 2003, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248403001052.
SH;, Ambrose. “Late Pleistocene Human Population Bottlenecks, Volcanic Winter, and Differentiation of Modern Humans.” Journal of Human Evolution, U.S. National Library of Medicine, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9650103/.
UCT_news. “Modern Humans Flourished through Ancient Supervolcano Eruption 74,000 Years Ago.” EurekAlert!, https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/523443.
Ge, Yong, and Xing Gao. “Understanding the Overestimated Impact of the Toba Volcanic Super-Eruption on Global Environments and Ancient Hominins.” Quaternary International, Pergamon, 28 July 2020, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1040618220303335.
Williams, Martin. “The ~73 ka Toba super-eruption and its impact: History of a debate” Quaternary International May 2012 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S104061821100485X
Hawks, John. “The so-Called Toba Bottleneck Didn't Happen.” John Hawks Weblog, 9 Feb. 2018, https://johnhawks.net/weblog/reviews/climate/toba-bottleneck-didnt-happen-2018.html.
Costa, Antonio, et al. “The Magnitude and Impact of the Youngest Toba Tuff Super-Eruption.” Frontiers, Frontiers, 1 Jan. 1AD, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2014.00016/full.
Rampino, Michael R.; Self, Stephen (1993). "Climate–Volcanism Feedback and the Toba Eruption of ~74,000 Years ago" (PDF). Quaternary Research. 40 (3): 269–280. Bibcode:1993QuRes..40..269R
Oppenheimer, Clive (August 2002), "Limited global change due to largest known Quaternary eruption, Toba ≈74 kyr BP?", Quaternary Science Reviews, 21 (14–15): 1593–1609, Bibcode:2002QSRv...21.1593O, doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00154-8
Robock, A.; Ammann, C.M.; Oman, L.; Shindell, D.; Levis, S.; Stenchikov, G. (2009). "Did the Toba Volcanic Eruption of ~74k BP Produce Widespread Glaciation?". Journal of Geophysical Research. 114 (D10): D10107. Bibcode:2009JGRD..11410107R. doi:10.1029/2008JD011652
Williams, Martin. “The ~73 ka Toba super-eruption and its impact: History of a debate” Quaternary International May 2012 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S104061821100485X
Zielinski, G.A.; Mayewski, P.A.; Meeker, L.D.; Whitlow, S.; Twickler, M.S.; Taylor, K. (1996). "Potential Atmospheric Impact of the Toba Mega‐Eruption ~71,000 years ago" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 23 (8): 837–840. Bibcode:1996GeoRL..23..837Z. doi:10.1029/96GL00706. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 18, 2011.
Robock, A.; Ammann, C.M.; Oman, L.; Shindell, D.; Levis, S.; Stenchikov, G. (2009). "Did the Toba Volcanic Eruption of ~74k BP Produce Widespread Glaciation?". Journal of Geophysical Research. 114 (D10): D10107. Bibcode:2009JGRD..11410107R. doi:10.1029/2008JD01165
Smith, Eugene I., et al. “Humans Thrived in South Africa through the Toba Eruption about 74,000 Years Ago.” Nature News, Nature Publishing Group, 12 Mar. 2018, https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25967.
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