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A brief history of Anglo-French relations As Tony Blair and Jacques Chirac meet in Le Touquet.
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A brief history of Anglo-French relations As Tony Blair and Jacques Chirac meet in Le Touquet.

Pure Waves
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28 May
2023
The Norman conquest, 1066
The French-speaking descendent of a Viking leader originally awarded land in northern France in return for not attacking Paris decides to invade England. William, duke of Normandy, becomes William I (the Conqueror) and brings nobles, churchmen and a legal system from the other side of the channel to cement his rule.

Henry II and sons, 1154-1216

The accession of Henry II - a French nobleman with more territory than the king of France - brings fighting. An attempt to divide his continental dominions between his legitimate sons backfires and they go to war against him, often with the support of the king of France. When not on crusades, Henry's successor Richard the Lionheart battles in France with English resources.

Hundred years war, 1337-1453

Edward III of England claims the French throne. Battles - including English victories at Poitier and Crecy - continue for the next 40 years, but it is not until Henry V's victory at Agincourt in 1415 that an English monarch is accepted as the king of France's heir. Henry dies in 1422 - as does Charles VI of France - and his baby son is crowned King of England and France. Supporters of Charles VI's son resume hostilities and under Joan of Arc French troops beat the English in Orleans and Reims, and crown their former king's son Charles VII. An alliance between England and Burgundy then breaks down and Paris falls to the French in 1441. England's possessions in France are soon restricted to Calais.

Field of the cloth of gold, 1520

An attempt by Henry VIII of England to improve relations with Francis I of France, whom he has recently been fighting. Gold cloth tents and wine fountains accompany the meeting between the two rivals, but they fail to make an alliance.

The fall of Calais, 1558

The Duke of Guise captures the Channel port, the final remnant of the English crown's once vast possessions in France. Mary I of England - who had been led into war against France by her husband, Philip II of Spain, the previous year - says that its loss will be engraved on her heart.

War of the Spanish succession, 1701-14

Louis XIV of France attempts to take the Spanish throne, opposed by England, the Netherlands, Austria and Bavaria. The Treaty of Utrecht concludes the fighting, giving Gibraltar, Minorca and French colonial possessions to Britain.

Seven years war, 1750s-1763

France and Britain go to war. It lasts seven years in Europe but goes on for more than 15 in India, where the French are defeated by Robert Clive, and nine years in North America as James Wolfe wins Canada for Britain.

The American war of independence, 1775-83

France supports the American colonists in their fight against British rule. Declares war on Britain in 1778.

The French revolution, 1789

Britain fears the revolution may spread north and sends armies to France to support the royalists.

Napoleon, 1804-1815

A year before he had crowned himself emperor, Napoleon had made plans to invade England. Battle is not too far in the future, and in 1805 he is defeated by Admiral Nelson at the battle of Trafalgar. Napoleon then turns his attentions to continental Europe and attempts to ruin British trade by stopping British goods from being landed anywhere under his influence. Russia ends the boycott in 1812 and the French emperor launches a catastrophic invasion. Prussia and Austria then ally with Britain against France. A British army led by the Duke of Wellington then defeats Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815 with Prussian assistance.

The Fashoda crisis, 1898

French troops under Captain Marchand attempt to take a town along the Nile (then Fashoda, but now Kodok in Sudan) that Britain wanted for a trade route linking Cairo to Cape Town. An Anglo-Egyptian army under Lord Kitchener arrives to contest the claim and the two countries come close to war.

Entente cordiale, 1904

An agreement specifying both countries' spheres of influence in north Africa brings a rapprochement between Paris and London that ultimately leads to the first world war alliance against Germany, the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires.

The Normandy landings, 1944

US and British forces land in Nazi-occupied France and force out the Germans. Free French troops under General Charles de Gaulle liberate Paris.

The Suez crisis, 1956

French and British troops join an Israeli campaign against Egypt in the hoping of regaining control of the Suez canal. They withdraw under US pressure.

European economic community, 1958

Britain stays out of the EEC.

De Gaulle's veto, 1963

The French leader blocks Britain's application to join the community.

Opening of the Channel tunnel, 1994

An underground link joins the two countries by rail.

The Blair-Chirac row, 2002

The French president, Jacques Chirac, cancels an Anglo-French summit after accusing the British prime minister, Tony Blair, of speaking to him with unprecedented rudeness over the common agricultural policy and Africa.

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