6 natural substances that affect fertility and sperm

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In mammals, adult testicles participate in the biosynthesis and secretion of sex steroid hormones and the production of testicular fluid and spermatozoa. These endocrine and exocrine functions are crucial for male fertility [1]. The production of male gametes is a complex, dynamic, and continuous process that occurs inside the seminiferous tubules (SeT), the functional unit of the testis. Spermatogenesis encompasses three different sequential processes: (i) mitotic division of spermatogonia (spermatocytogenesis); (ii) meiosis; and (iii) spermiogenesis, the differentiation of spermatids into spermatozoa, which are released in the lumen of the SeT (spermiation) [1,2].
Several factors have been shown to affect the normal progression of spermatogenesis, which may lead to a significant decrease in the production and/or quality of spermatozoa, causing infertility. Oxidative stress is one of the most harmful factors and a major cause of male infertility, with relevant damaging effects on the development of germ cells and sperm function [3]. The endogenous cellular antioxidant defense system protects the cells against reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can be generated via endogenous processes or in response to exogenous agents. When ROS production exceeds the capacity of the endogenous cellular antioxidant defense system, oxidative stress occurs [4]. ROS can damage biological macromolecules such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. These ROS actions will disturb the structure and function of the sperm membrane and DNA, declining the normal sperm parameters (e.g., motility, counts and viability) as well as the capacity to fertilize the oocyte [5,6]. Even with poor intratesticular vascularization and low oxygen tension, spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis are very susceptible to damage due to the high levels of ROS production in the testis [7]. In addition, it is well established that increased levels of ROS are associated with an inflammatory response, which may be triggered by several conditions, such as varicocele, tobacco, alcohol, and metabolic syndromes [8]. Finally, the testis is very sensitive to exogenous agents, such as several pharmacological, treatments that can induce adverse effects on spermatogenesis, sperm parameters, and sexual function [9].

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