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Cited paper

COVID-19 and Cancer Diseases—The Potential of Coriolus versicolor Mushroom to Combat Global Health Challenges

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4. Effect of CV Extract on Viral Infections
Among the bioactive properties of compounds derived from CV, their anti-viral activity against numerous viruses is well described. The high therapeutic index of CV extract was discovered against herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and HSV type 2 in the experiments conducted on the kidney epithelial cells in vitro (EC50 = 77 µg/mL measured for the both HSV types) [75]. Liu et al. revealed that PSK can inhibit Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-infected B and T cells and activate natural killer (NK) cells [76]. It has also been reported that PSP has an inhibitory effect against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type l reverse transcriptase and protease that are two enzymes of paramount importance to the life cycle of HIV (IC50 = 150 μg/mL and IC50 = 6.25 μg/mL measured for the interaction between HIV-1 gp120 and immobilized CD4 receptor and for the potent inhibition of recombinant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, respectively) [77]. Rodriguez-Valentín et al. observed that PSP exerts an anti-HIV activity mediated by TLR4 and promotes the upregulation of specific anti-viral chemokines (RANTES, MIP-1) and stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1α)) known to block HIV-1 co-receptors [78]. Furthermore, oral administration of β-glucans from CV improves survival and reduces lung viral titers and weight loss in chickens and mice infected with the influenza virus [21]. CV-based vaginal gel is also available for treating women with cervical uterine high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection [79,80].

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Hetland et al. believe that CV may be utilized directly against SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as to prevent the immunological overreaction and harmful inflammation associated with COVID-19 [84]. According to Saxe, who is leading the MACH-19 (Mushrooms and Chinese Herbs for COVID-19) ongoing clinical trials approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the combination of CV with another fungus–agarikon (Fomitopsis officinalis) offers physiologically plausible immunomodulating capabilities against SARS-CoV-2 through the interaction with T lymphocyte receptors [85]. Rangsinth et al. examined 36 mushroom-derived bioactive compounds that potentially serve as the inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease. Indeed, 25 of 36 candidate compounds displayed the potential to inhibit this main viral protease. The most promising seems to be a betulinic acid derived from CV [86].

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This mushroom shows a wide spectrum of benefits, which may be useful in combating modern medical challenges. Herein, we have presented data determining the proof of strong anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and immunostimulating properties of CV. Simultaneously, other reports confirmed the impressive anti-cancer response of CV extract and its compounds directed towards wide range of cancer types and revealed the molecular background of this process. By induction of different cell death modalities, such as apoptosis or necroptosis, CV extract appears to be an effective adjuvant therapy. Moreover, analysis of other reports revealed that CV also affects fever, the innate immunity mechanism beneficial for both cancer and viral infections recovery.

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