Russian heavy flamethrower system TOS - 01A "Solntsepyok" . The most feared non-nuclear weapon.

A heavy flamethrower system (TOS) is used to destroy light armored vehicles and enemy manpower in open areas, as well as to destroy fortifications by means of creating high-temperature field and overpressure by a salvo of unguided thermobaric rockets.
The TOS-1A system is intended for direct support of motorized infantry and tanks in various types of offensive and defensive combat operations, moving with supported troops.
It has high accuracy of fire at an area target due to direct aiming of the launcher at the target.

Shooting is carried out without the crew getting out of the vehicle. The process of aiming at the target and firing is provided by an automated fire control system.
Firing range is 600metres to 6000metres.
Damage area is no less than 40000 square metres.
There are at least two types of warheads - incendiary and thermobaric. The thermobaric weapons are also called vacuum or fuel-air explosives. This type of munitions releases a large cloud of flammable gas and causes massive explosions.

After instantaneous detonation the atmospheric pressure in the cloud jumps sharply, only to then drop just as rapidly by about 160 millimeters of of mercury.
As a result, even if the enemy managed to survive after the explosion itself, such a sharp pressure drop is almost guaranteed to lead to death from rupture of internal organs.
• Number of launch tubes 24.
• • the duration of a full volley with paired launches - 6 seconds, single launches - 12 seconds;
• • firing is carried out with unguided rockets of 220 mm caliber, 3,300 mm long and weighing up to 217 kg.
The System’s Ready to open fire from the moment of stopping, in 90 seconds.
The combat vehicle BM-1 is a multiple launch rocket system on a tank T-72 or T-90 chassis.

This heavy flamethrower is supported by a new TZM-T reloading vehicle, which is used to transport and reload rockets. It carries a full set of rockets in two pods of 12 rockets each. A crane is mounted between these units. Reloading vehicle also carries 400 liters of fuel for the BM-1 launcher vehicle. The TZM-T is operated by a crew of three.

The high efficiency of TOS-1A has been proven in the course of use in real combat operations.
Solntsepyok is exported to Azerbaijan Kazakhstan and Iraq. Price of the TOS-1A rocket systems is over $6.5 million
It was adopted by the Russian Army in 2001. The TOS-1A was first used by the Russian Army in Chechnya. This heavy flamethrower system has been exported to Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iraq and Kazakhstan. Algeria ordered a number of these systems. A number these systems is in service with Saudi Arabia. Iraqi systems have seen combat during the fights with Islamic State fighters. The TOS-1A was used during the Syrian Civil War. In 2020 Armenian and Azerbaijani systems were used during a military conflict between the countries. In 2022 Saudi Arabia used its systems against Houthi rebels.