Why did the Eastern Roman Empire survive so incredibly long?
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We have already answered the question why the Eastern Roman Empire survived longer than the Western Roman Empire, but that doesn't explain why the East survived so incredibly long, despite being attacked basically all the time from all sides. Well, the answer can be essentially boiled down into one single word: Constantinople. That city was designed as an impregnable fortress, and we can really thank the strategic location of the city, being surrounded to three quarters by water, with port access, so that during sieges, the population could still receive provisions by sea. And of course the ingenious defensive design of the Theodosian land walls. These walls were really a bulwark and made it basically impossible for any attacking army to sack the city. Many attacking armies tried to take the city and failed, in fact from 378 to the final fall in 1453, Constantinople was besieged unsuccessfully an incredible 21 times, 21 times where Constantinople proved to be an unimpregnable fortress. And this was the strength of the Eastern Roman Empire, because had Constantinople had a layout like Rome, then the Eastern Roman Empire would have probably fallen already as soon as 626.
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